Appendix:Gothic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Gothic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
β„–EnglishGothic
edit (165)		IPA
(key)
1I (1sg)𐌹𐌺 (ik)/ˈik/
2you (2sg)𐌸𐌿 (þu)/ˈθuː/
3he, she, it (3sg)πŒΉπƒ (is) (masculine), πƒπŒΉ (si) (feminine), πŒΉπ„πŒ° (ita) (neuter)/ˈis/, /ˈsi/, /ˈi.ta/
4we (1pl)π…πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ (weis)/ˈwiːs/
5you (2pl)πŒΎπŒΏπƒ (jus)/ˈjuːs/
6they (3pl)πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ (eis)/ˈiːs/
7thisπƒπŒ° (sa)/ˈsa/
8thatπŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πƒ (jains)/ˈjɛːns/
9hereπŒ·πŒ΄π‚ (hΔ“r)/ˈheːr/
10thereπŒΈπŒ°π‚ (ΓΎar)/ˈθar/
11whoπˆπŒ°πƒ (Ζ•as) (masculine), πˆπ‰ (ƕō) (feminine)/ˈʍas/, /ˈʍoː/
12what𐍈𐌰 (Ζ•a)/ˈʍa/
13whereπˆπŒ°π‚ (Ζ•ar)/ˈʍar/
14when𐍈𐌰𐌽 (Ζ•an)/ˈʍan/
15howπˆπŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ° (Ζ•aiwa)/ΛˆΚΙ›Λ.wa/
16not𐌽𐌹 (ni)/ˈni/
17allπŒ°πŒ»πŒ»πƒ (alls)/ˈalːs/
18manyπŒΌπŒ°πŒ½πŒ°πŒ²πƒ (manags)/ˈma.naΙ‘s/
19someπƒπŒΏπŒΌπƒ (sums)/ˈsums/
20fewπ†πŒ°πŒΏπƒ (faus)/ˈfɔːs/
21otherπŒ°πŒ½πŒΈπŒ°π‚ (anΓΎar)/ˈan.ΞΈar/
22oneπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πƒ (ains)/ΛˆΙ›Λns/
23twoπ„π…πŒ°πŒΉ (twai)/ˈtwɛː/
24threeπŒΈπ‚πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ (ΓΎreis)/ˈθriːs/
25fourπ†πŒΉπŒ³π…π‰π‚ (fidwōr)/ˈfid.woːr/
26fiveπ†πŒΉπŒΌπ† (fimf)/ˈfimf/
27bigπŒΌπŒΉπŒΊπŒΉπŒ»πƒ (mikils)/ˈmi.kils/
28longπŒ»πŒ°πŒ²πŒ²πƒ (laggs)/ˈlanΙ‘s/
29wideπŒ±π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒΈπƒ (braiΓΎs)/ˈbrɛːθs/
30thick
31heavyπŒΊπŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒΏπƒ (kaurus)/ˈkΙ”.rus/
32smallπŒ»πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πŒΉπŒ»πƒ (leitils)/ˈliː.tils/
33short
34narrowπŒ°πŒ²πŒ²π…πŒΏπƒ (aggwus)/ˈan.Ι‘Κ·us/
35thin
36womanπŒ΅πŒΉπŒ½π‰ (qinō)/ˈkΚ·i.noː/
37man (adult male)π…πŒ°πŒΉπ‚ (wair), 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma)/ˈwΙ›r/, /ˈɑu.ma/
38man (human being)𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 (manna)/ˈman.na/
39childπŒ±πŒ°π‚πŒ½ (barn)/ˈbarn/
40wifeπŒ΅πŒ΄πŒ½πƒ (qΔ“ns)/ˈkΚ·eːns/
41husband𐌰𐌱𐌰 (aba)/ˈa.ba/
42mother𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 (aiΓΎei)/ΛˆΙ›Λ.ΞΈiː/
43fatherπŒ°π„π„πŒ° (atta), π†πŒ°πŒ³πŒ°π‚ (fadar)/ˈat.ta/, /ˈfa.dar/
44animalπŒ³πŒΉπŒΏπƒ (dius)/ˈdiuΜ―s/
45fishπ†πŒΉπƒπŒΊπƒ (fisks)/ˈfisks/
46birdπ†πŒΏπŒ²πŒ»πƒ (fugls)/ˈfuΙ‘ls/
47dogπŒ·πŒΏπŒ½πŒ³πƒ (hunds)/ˈhunds/
48louse
49snakeπ…πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒΌπƒ (waurms)/ˈwΙ”rms/
50worm𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰 (maþa)/ˈma.θa/
51treeπŒ±πŒ°πŒ²πŒΌπƒ (bagms)/ˈbaΙ‘ms/
52forest
53stickπ…πŒ°πŒ»πŒΏπƒ (walus), πŒ·π‚πŒΏπŒ²πŒ²πŒ° (hrugga)/ˈwa.lus/, /ˈhrun.Ι‘a/
54fruitπŒ°πŒΊπ‚πŒ°πŒ½ (akran)/ˈak.ran/
55seedπ†π‚πŒ°πŒΉπ… (fraiw)/ˈfrɛːw/
56leafπŒ»πŒ°πŒΏπ†πƒ (laufs)/ˈlɔːfs/
57rootπ…πŒ°πŒΏπ‚π„πƒ (waurts)/ˈwΙ”rts/
58bark (of a tree)
59flowerπŒ±πŒ»π‰πŒΌπŒ° (blōma)/ˈbloː.ma/
60grassπŒ·πŒ°π…πŒΉ (hawi)/ˈha.wi/
61rope
62skin
63meat𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌢 (mimz)/ˈmims/
64bloodπŒ±πŒ»π‰πŒΈ (blōþ)/ˈbloːθ/
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68hornπŒ·πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ½ (haurn)/ˈhΙ”rn/
69tail
70feather
71hairπ„πŒ°πŒ²πŒ» (tagl) (singulative), πƒπŒΊπŒΏπ†π„πŒ° (skufta) (collective)/ˈtaΙ‘l/, /ˈskuf.ta/
72head𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiΓΎ)/ˈhɔː.biΞΈ/
73earπŒ°πŒΏπƒπ‰ (ausō)/ΛˆΙ”Λsoː/
74eyeπŒ°πŒΏπŒ²π‰ (augō)/ΛˆΙ”ΛΙ‘oː/
75nose
76mouthπŒΌπŒΏπŒ½πŒΈπƒ (munΓΎs)/ˈmunΞΈs/
77toothπ„πŒΏπŒ½πŒΈπŒΏπƒ (tunΓΎus)/ˈtun.ΞΈus/
78tongue (organ)π„πŒΏπŒ²πŒ²π‰ (tuggō)/ˈtun.Ι‘oː/
79fingernail
80footπ†π‰π„πŒΏπƒ (fōtus)/ˈfoːtus/
81leg
82knee𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 (kniu)/ˈkniu̯/
83handπŒ·πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒΏπƒ (handus)/ˈhan.dus/
84wing
85bellyπ…πŒ°πŒΌπŒ±πŒ° (wamba)/ˈwam.ba/
86gutsπŒ·πŒ°πŒΉπ‚πŒΈπ‚πŒ°πŒΌ (hairΓΎram)/ˈhΙ›r.ΞΈram/
87neckπŒ·πŒ°πŒ»πƒ (hals)/ˈhals/
88back
89breastπŒ±π‚πŒΏπƒπ„πƒ (brusts)/ˈbrusts/
90heartπŒ·πŒ°πŒΉπ‚π„π‰ (hairtō)/ˈhΙ›r.toː/
91liver
92to drinkπŒ³π‚πŒΉπŒ²πŒΊπŒ°πŒ½ (drigkan)/ˈdrin.kan/
93to eatπŒΌπŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (matjan)/ˈmat.jan/
94to biteπŒ±πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πŒ°πŒ½ (beitan)/ˈbiː.tan/
95to suck
96to spitπƒπ€πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°πŒ½ (speiwan)/ˈspiː.wan/
97to vomit
98to blowπ…πŒ°πŒΉπŒ°πŒ½ (waian)/ˈwɛː.an/
99to breathe
100to laugh𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan)/ˈhlah.jan/
101to seeπƒπŒ°πŒΉπˆπŒ°πŒ½ (saiΖ•an)/ˈsΙ›.ʍan/
102to hearπŒ·πŒ°πŒΏπƒπŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (hausjan)/ˈhɔːs.jand/
103to knowπ…πŒΉπ„πŒ°πŒ½ (witan)/ˈwi.tan/
104to think𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan) (to suppose, to mind), 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ΓΎagkjan) (to ponder), 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ΓΎugkjan) (to opine, to seem), π†π‚πŒ°πŒΈπŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (fraΓΎjan) (understand, realise)/ˈhuΙ‘.jan/, /ˈθank.jan/, /ˈθunk.jan/, /ˈfraΞΈ.jan/
105to smell
106to fearπ‰πŒ²πŒ°πŒ½ (ōgan), π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ·π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (faurhtjan)/ˈoː.Ι‘an/, /ˈfΙ”rht.jan/
107to sleepπƒπŒ»πŒ΄π€πŒ°πŒ½ (slΔ“pan)/ˈsleː.pan/
108to live𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (liban)/ˈliː.baːn/
109to die𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gadauΓΎnan), πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ…πŒΉπŒ»π„πŒ°πŒ½ (gaswiltan)/Ι‘aˈdɔːθ.nan/, /Ι‘aˈswil.tan/
110to killπŒΏπƒπŒ΅πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°πŒ½ (usqiman), πŒ°π†πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏπŒΈπŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (afdauΓΎjan)/usˈkΚ·i.man/, /afˈdɔːθ.jan/
111to fightπ…πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ·πŒ°πŒ½ (weihan)/ˈwiː.han/
112to hunt
113to hitπƒπŒ»πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°πŒ½ (slahan)/ˈsla.han/
114to cutπŒΌπŒ°πŒΉπ„πŒ°πŒ½ (maitan)/ˈmɛː.tan/
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to digπŒ²π‚πŒ°πŒ±πŒ°πŒ½ (graban)/ˈɑra.ban/
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan), 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (galeiþan)/ˈɑan.ɑan, /ˈga.liːθan/
122to come𐌡𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman)/ˈkʷi.man/
123to lie (as in a bed)𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan)/ˈli.ɑan/
124to sitπƒπŒΉπ„πŒ°πŒ½ (sitan)/ˈsi.tan/
125to standπƒπ„πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒ½ (standan)/ˈstan.dan/
126to turn (intransitive)π…πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (wandjan)/ˈwand.jan/
127to fallπŒ³π‚πŒΉπŒΏπƒπŒ°πŒ½ (driusan)/ˈdriuΜ―.san/
128to give𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban)/ˈɑi.ban/
129to hold𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban)/ˈha.baːn/
130to squeezeπŒΈπ‚πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ·πŒ°πŒ½ (ΓΎreihan)/ˈθriː.han/
131to rub𐌱𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (bnauan)/ˈbnɔː.an/
132to washπŒΈπ…πŒ°πŒ·πŒ°πŒ½ (ΓΎwahan)/ˈθwa.han/
133to wipeπŒ±πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°πŒΉπ‚πŒ±πŒ°πŒ½ (biswairban)/biˈswΙ›r.ban/
134to pullπŒΈπŒΉπŒ½πƒπŒ°πŒ½ (ΓΎinsan), π„πŒΉπŒΏπŒ·πŒ°πŒ½ (tiuhan)/ˈθin.san/, /ˈtiuΜ―.han/
135to pushπŒ°π†πƒπŒΊπŒΉπŒΏπŒ±πŒ°πŒ½ (afskiuban)/afˈskiuΜ―.ban/
136to throwπ…πŒ°πŒΉπ‚π€πŒ°πŒ½ (wairpan)/ˈwΙ›r.pan/
137to tie𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan)/ˈbin.dan/
138to sewπƒπŒΉπŒΏπŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (siujan)/ˈsiuΜ―.jan/
139to countπŒ²πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΈπŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (garaΓΎjan)/Ι‘aˈraΞΈ.jan/
140to say𐌡𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (qiþan)/ˈkʷi.θan/
141to singπŒ»πŒΉπŒΏπŒΈπ‰πŒ½ (liuþōn)/ˈliuΜ―.ΞΈoːn/
142to play
143to float
144to flowπ‚πŒΉπŒ½πŒ½πŒ°πŒ½ (rinnan)/ˈrin.nan/
145to freeze
146to swell
147sunπƒπŒΏπŒ½πŒ½π‰ (sunnō), πƒπŒ°πŒΏπŒΉπŒ» (sauil)/ˈsun.noː/, /ˈsɔː.il/
148moon𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 (mΔ“na)/ˈmeː.na/
149starπƒπ„πŒ°πŒΉπ‚πŒ½π‰ (stairnō)/ˈstΙ›r.noː/
150waterπ…πŒ°π„π‰ (watō)/ˈwa.toː/
151rainπ‚πŒΉπŒ²πŒ½ (rign)/ˈriΙ‘n/
152river𐌰𐍈𐌰 (aΖ•a)/ˈa.ʍa/
153lakeπƒπŒ°πŒΉπ…πƒ (saiws), πŒΌπŒ°π‚πŒΉπƒπŒ°πŒΉπ…πƒ (marisaiws)/ˈsɛːws/, /ˈma.ri.sɛːws/
154seaπŒΌπŒ°π‚πŒ΄πŒΉ (marei)/ˈma.riː/
155saltπƒπŒ°πŒ»π„ (salt)/ˈsalt/
156stoneπƒπ„πŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πƒ (stains)/ˈstɛːns/
157sand𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰 (malma)/ˈmal.ma/
158dustπƒπ„πŒΏπŒ±πŒΎπŒΏπƒ (stubjus), 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 (mulda)/ˈstub.jus/, /ˈmul.da/
159earthπŒ°πŒΉπ‚πŒΈπŒ° (airΓΎa)/ΛˆΙ›r.ΞΈa/
160cloud𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌼𐌰 (milhma)/ˈmilh.ma/
161fog
162skyπŒ·πŒΉπŒΌπŒΉπŒ½πƒ (himins)/ˈhi.mins/
163windπ…πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πƒ (winds)/ˈwinds/
164snowπƒπŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπ…πƒ (snaiws)/ˈsnɛːws/
165ice
166smoke
167fireπ†π‰πŒ½ (fōn)/ˈfoːn/
168ashπŒ°πŒΆπŒ²π‰ (azgō)/ˈaz.Ι‘oː/
169to burnπŒ±π‚πŒΉπŒ½πŒ½πŒ°πŒ½ (brinnan)/ˈbrin.nan/
170roadπ…πŒΉπŒ²πƒ (wigs)/ˈwiΙ‘s/
171mountainπ†πŒ°πŒΉπ‚πŒ²πŒΏπŒ½πŒΉ (fairguni)/ˈfΙ›r.Ι‘u.ni/
172redπ‚πŒ°πŒΏπŒΈπƒ (rauΓΎs)/ˈrauΞΈs/
173green
174yellow
175whiteπˆπŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ (Ζ•eits)/ˈʍiːts/
176blackπƒπ…πŒ°π‚π„πƒ (swarts)/ˈswarts/
177nightπŒ½πŒ°πŒ·π„πƒ (nahts)/ˈnahts/
178dayπŒ³πŒ°πŒ²πƒ (dags)/ˈdaΙ‘s/
179yearπŒΎπŒ΄π‚ (jΔ“r), 𐌰𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌼 (aΓΎnam)/ˈjeːr/, /ˈaΞΈ.nam/
180warm
181coldπŒΊπŒ°πŒ»πŒ³πƒ (kalds)/ˈkalds/
182fullπ†πŒΏπŒ»πŒ»πƒ (fulls)/ˈfulːs/
183newπŒ½πŒΉπŒΏπŒΎπŒΉπƒ (niujis)/ˈniuΜ―.jis/
184oldπƒπŒΉπŒ½πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ²πƒ (sineigs) (of people), π†πŒ°πŒΉπ‚πŒ½πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ (fairneis) (of things)/ˈsi.niːɑs/, /ˈfΙ›r.niːs/
185goodπŒ²π‰πŒΈπƒ (gōþs)/ˈɑoːθs/
186badπŒΏπŒ±πŒΉπŒ»πƒ (ubils)/ˈu.bils/
187rottenπ†πŒΏπŒ»πƒ (fuls)/ˈfuːls/
188dirtyπŒΏπŒ½πŒ·π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πƒ (unhrains)/ˈunˌhrɛːns/
189straightπ‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ·π„πƒ (raihts)/ˈrΙ›hts/
190round
191sharp (as a knife)*πˆπŒ°πƒπƒ (*Ζ•ass)/ˈʍasː/
192dull (as a knife)
193smoothπƒπŒ»πŒ°πŒΉπŒ·π„πƒ (slaihts)/ˈslΙ›hts/
194wet
195dryπŒΈπŒ°πŒΏπ‚πƒπŒΏπƒ (ΓΎaursus)/ΛˆΞΈΙ”r.sus/
196correctπŒ²πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ·π„πƒ (garaihts)/Ι‘aˈrΙ›hts/
197near𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 (nΔ“Ζ•a), 𐌽𐌴𐍈 (nΔ“Ζ•)/ˈneː.ʍa/, /ˈneːʍ/
198farπ†πŒ°πŒΉπ‚π‚πŒ° (fairra)/ˈfΙ›r.ra/
199rightπ„πŒ°πŒΉπŒ·πƒπ…πŒ° (taihswa)/ˈtΙ›hs.wa/
200left𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hleiduma)/ˈhliː.du.ma/
201atπŒ°π„ (at)/ˈat/
202in𐌹𐌽 (in)/ˈin/
203with𐌼𐌹𐌸 (miþ)/ˈmiθ/
204and𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah)/ˈjah/
205if𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 (jabai)/ˈja.bɛː/
206becauseπŒΏπŒ½π„πŒ΄ (untΔ“)/ˈun.teː/
207nameπŒ½πŒ°πŒΌπ‰ (namō)/ˈna.moː/

Bibliography

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Further reading

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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