Appendix:Saraiki Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Saraiki, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Saraiki سرائیکی (srā'īkī) edit (204) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | مَیں (ma͠i) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | تُوں (tū̃) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | او (o) (distal) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | اَسّاں (assā̃) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | تُسّاں (tussā̃) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | او (o) (distal) |
| 7 | this | اے (e) |
| 8 | that | او (o) |
| 9 | here | اِتّھے (itthe), اِتّھاں (itthā̃) |
| 10 | there | اُتّھے (utthe), اُتّھاں (utthā̃) |
| 11 | who | کَوݨ (kauṇ) |
| 12 | what | کی شے (kī śe) |
| 13 | where | کِتّھاں (kitthā̃) |
| 14 | when | کݙّاں (kaɗɗā̃) |
| 15 | how | کِیویں (kĩvẽ) |
| 16 | not | نہ (na) |
| 17 | all | سارے (sāre), یکے (yakke) |
| 18 | many | ٻہُوں (ɓahũ) |
| 19 | some | کُجھ (kujh) |
| 20 | few | تھوڑا (thoṛā) |
| 21 | other | ݙُوجھا (ɗujjhā) |
| 22 | one | ہِک (hik) |
| 23 | two | ݙُو (ɗū) |
| 24 | three | ترائے (trāe) |
| 25 | four | چار (cār) |
| 26 | five | پنج (pãj) |
| 27 | big | وݙّا (vaɗɗā) |
| 28 | long | لمبا (lambā) |
| 29 | wide | |
| 30 | thick | موٹا (moṭā) |
| 31 | heavy | بارا (bārā) |
| 32 | small | چھوٹا (choṭā) |
| 33 | short | چھوٹا (choṭā) |
| 34 | narrow | سَوڑا (soṛā) |
| 35 | thin | پَتلا (patlā) |
| 36 | woman | رن (ran), تریمِت (tremit) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ڄݨا (ʄaṇā), مَرد (mard), جُوان (juvān) |
| 38 | man (human being) | بَندہ (banda) |
| 39 | child | ٻال (ɓāl) |
| 40 | wife | زال (zāl) |
| 41 | husband | پَے (pae) |
| 42 | mother | ما (mā) |
| 43 | father | پِیؤُ (pīu) |
| 44 | animal | جانوَر (jānvar) |
| 45 | fish | مَچّھی (macchī) |
| 46 | bird | پَکّھی (pakkhī) |
| 47 | dog | کُتّا (kuttā) |
| 48 | louse | جُوں (jū̃) |
| 49 | snake | نانگ (nāṅg) |
| 50 | worm | کِیڑا (kīṛā) |
| 51 | tree | درَخت (draxt), وَݨ (vaṇ) |
| 52 | forest | جنگل (jaṅgal) |
| 53 | stick | ݙنْڈا (ɗaṇḍā), سوٹا (soṭā) |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | بِیج (bīj) |
| 56 | leaf | پَتْر (patr) |
| 57 | root | پاڑ (pāṛ), مُنْڈھ (mũḍh) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | چِھل (chill), کَھل (khal) |
| 59 | flower | پُھل (phul) |
| 60 | grass | گھاہ (ghāh) |
| 61 | rope | رسّا (rassā), رسّی (rassī) |
| 62 | skin | کَھل (khal), چمڑی (camṛī) |
| 63 | meat | گوشت (gośt) |
| 64 | blood | رَتّ (ratt), خُون (xūn), لَہُو (lahū) |
| 65 | bone | ہݙّی (haɗɗī) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | مین٘جھ (mī̃jh), چرٻی (carɓī) |
| 67 | egg | انڈہ (anḍā), آناں (ānā̃) |
| 68 | horn | سِنْگھ (siṅgh) |
| 69 | tail | پچھ (puch), پُوچَھڑ (puchaṛ) |
| 70 | feather | کھمبھ (khambh), پَر (par) |
| 71 | hair | وال (vāl) |
| 72 | head | سِر (sir) |
| 73 | ear | کَنّ (kann) |
| 74 | eye | اَکّھ (akkh) |
| 75 | nose | نَکّ (nakk) |
| 76 | mouth | مُنْہ (mũh) |
| 77 | tooth | ݙنْد (ɗand) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ڄِبّھ (ʄibbh), زبان (zabān) |
| 79 | fingernail | نَؤُں (naū̃) |
| 80 | foot | پیر (per) |
| 81 | leg | ڄنْگھ (ʄaṅgh), لت (lat) |
| 82 | knee | ڳوݙا (ɠoɗā) |
| 83 | hand | ہَتّھ (hatth) |
| 84 | wing | پَر (par) |
| 85 | belly | ڈِھڈھ (ḍhiḍh) |
| 86 | guts | آنْدْر (āndr) |
| 87 | neck | ڳِچّی (ɠiccī) |
| 88 | back | کَنْڈھ (kanḍh) |
| 89 | breast | سِینہ (sīnā), بُبّا (bubbā) |
| 90 | heart | دِل (dil), ہاں (hā̃) |
| 91 | liver | جِگَر (jigar), کلیجی (kalejā), زیرہ (zerā) |
| 92 | to drink | پِیوݨ (pīvaṇ) |
| 93 | to eat | کھاوَݨ (khāvaṇ) |
| 94 | to bite | پَٹّݨ (paṭṭaṇ) |
| 95 | to suck | چُوپݨ (cūpaṇ) |
| 96 | to spit | تُھک سٹݨ (thukk saṭṭaṇ) |
| 97 | to vomit | اُلٹی کرݨ (ulṭī karaṇ), اُٻَتّے آوَݨ (uɓaṭṭe āvaṇ) |
| 98 | to blow | پُھوکَݨ (phūkaṇ) |
| 99 | to breathe | ساہ گِھنّݨ (sāh ghinnaṇ) |
| 100 | to laugh | کِھلّݨ (khillaṇ) |
| 101 | to see | ݙیکھݨ (ɗekhaṇ) |
| 102 | to hear | سُݨݨ (suṇaṇ) |
| 103 | to know | ڄاݨݨ (ʄāṇaṇ) |
| 104 | to think | سوچݨ (socaṇ) |
| 105 | to smell | سِنْگھݨ (siṅghaṇ) |
| 106 | to fear | ݙرݨ (ɗaraṇ) |
| 107 | to sleep | سُمھݨ (sumhaṇ) |
| 108 | to live | جِیوَݨ (jīvaṇ), رَہوَݨ (rahvaṇ) |
| 109 | to die | مَرَݨ (maraṇ) |
| 110 | to kill | مارَݨ (māraṇ) |
| 111 | to fight | بِھڑَݨ (bhiṛaṇ) |
| 112 | to hunt | شِکار کرݨ (śikār karaṇ) |
| 113 | to hit | ٹکراوَݨ (ṭakrāvaṇ) |
| 114 | to cut | کپݨ (kappaṇ) |
| 115 | to split | چیرݨ (cīraṇ), پاڑݨ (pāṛaṇ) |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | کھنھݨ (khanhaṇ) |
| 118 | to dig | کھٹݨ (khaṭṭaṇ) |
| 119 | to swim | تَرَݨ (taraṇ) |
| 120 | to fly | اُݙَّݨ (uɗaṇ), اُݙْرَݨ (uɗraṇ) |
| 121 | to walk | ٹُرَݨ (ṭuraṇ) |
| 122 | to come | آوَݨ (āvaṇ) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | لیٹݨ (leṭaṇ) |
| 124 | to sit | ٻَہوَݨ (ɓahvaṇ) |
| 125 | to stand | کھڑݨ (khaṛaṇ), اُٹِھیچݨ (uṭhīcaṇ) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | مُڑَݨ (muṛaṇ) |
| 127 | to fall | ڈھاوݨ (ḍhāvaṇ) |
| 128 | to give | ݙیوَݨ (ɗevaṇ) |
| 129 | to hold | نپّݨ (nappaṇ) |
| 130 | to squeeze | گُھٹَّݨ (ghuṭṭaṇ) |
| 131 | to rub | رَڳْڑَݨ (raɠṛaṇ) |
| 132 | to wash | دھووَݨ (dhovaṇ) |
| 133 | to wipe | پُونجھݨ (pū̃jhaṇ) |
| 134 | to pull | چِھکَّݨ (chikkaṇ) |
| 135 | to push | دِھکّا ݙِیوَݨ (dhakkā dīvaṇ) |
| 136 | to throw | سَٹَّݨ (saṭṭaṇ) |
| 137 | to tie | ٻنھݨ (ɓanhaṇ), ٻدّھَݨ (ɓaddhaṇ) |
| 138 | to sew | سِیوَݨ (sīvaṇ) |
| 139 | to count | ڳِݨݨ (ɠiṇaṇ) |
| 140 | to say | آکھݨ (ākhaṇ) |
| 141 | to sing | ڳاوَݨ (ɠāvaṇ) |
| 142 | to play | کھیݙَݨ (kheɗaṇ) |
| 143 | to float | تَرَݨ (taraṇ) |
| 144 | to flow | واہَݨ (vāhaṇ) |
| 145 | to freeze | ڄَم وَنْڄَݨ (ʄam vanʄaṇ) |
| 146 | to swell | سُڄَّݨ (suʄʄaṇ) |
| 147 | sun | ݙین٘ہہ (ɗẽh), سِجّھ (sijjh) |
| 148 | moon | چن (can) |
| 149 | star | تارا (tārā) |
| 150 | water | پاݨی (pāṇī) |
| 151 | rain | مِینْہہ (mī̃h) |
| 152 | river | دریا (daryā) |
| 153 | lake | جِھیل (jhīl), ڈَھنْڈھ (ḍhãḍh) |
| 154 | sea | سَمَنْدَر (samandar) |
| 155 | salt | لُوݨ (lūṇ) |
| 156 | stone | پتّھر (patthar) |
| 157 | sand | ریت (ret) |
| 158 | dust | دُھوڑ (dhūṛ) |
| 159 | earth | بھوئیں (bhūī̃), زمِین (zamīn) |
| 160 | cloud | بَدَّل (baddal) |
| 161 | fog | دُھند (dhund), کُہِیڑ (kuhīṛ) |
| 162 | sky | اَسمان (āsmān) |
| 163 | wind | ہَوا (havā) |
| 164 | snow | بَرَف (baraf) |
| 165 | ice | بَرَف (baraf) |
| 166 | smoke | دُھواں (dhū̃ā̃) |
| 167 | fire | بھاہ (bhāh) |
| 168 | ash | سُؤا (suā), کیری (kerī) |
| 169 | to burn | ٻَلَّݨ (ɓallaṇ) |
| 170 | road | سَڑْک (saṛk), رستہ (rastā) |
| 171 | mountain | روہ (ravā), پہاڑ (pahāṛ) |
| 172 | red | رَتّا (rattā), لال (lāl) |
| 173 | green | ساوا (sāvā) |
| 174 | yellow | پِیلا (pīlā) |
| 175 | white | چِٹّا (ciṭṭā), بَگّا (bagga) |
| 176 | black | کالا (kālā) |
| 177 | night | رات (rāt) |
| 178 | day | ݙِینْہہ (ɗī̃hā) |
| 179 | year | سال (sāl) |
| 180 | warm | تَتّا (tattā) |
| 181 | cold | ٹَھڈھا (ṭhaḍhā) |
| 182 | full | پُورا (pūrā) |
| 183 | new | نَواں (navā̃) |
| 184 | old | ٻُڈّھا (ɓuḍḍhā), پُراݨا (purāṇā) |
| 185 | good | چنْڳاں (caṅɠā̃) |
| 186 | bad | گنْدا (gandā), خراب (xarāb) |
| 187 | rotten | ڳلیا ہویا (ɠalel hoyā) |
| 188 | dirty | گنْدا (gandā), مَیلا (mailā) |
| 189 | straight | سِدّھا (siddhā) |
| 190 | round | گول (gol) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | تِکّھا (tikkhā), تيز (tez) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | کَودَن (kaudan), احمَق (ahmaq) |
| 193 | smooth | برابر (barābar), پدھرا (padhrā), سِدّھا (siddhā) |
| 194 | wet | سِنّاں (sinnā̃) |
| 195 | dry | سُکّا (sukkā) |
| 196 | correct | درُست (darust), صحِیح (sahīh), ٹِھیک (ṭhīk) |
| 197 | near | نیڑے (neṛe), کولھو (kolho) |
| 198 | far | پَریں (parẽ) |
| 199 | right | سڄّا (saʄʄā) |
| 200 | left | کھٻّا (khaɓɓā) |
| 201 | at | اُتے (ute), تے (te) |
| 202 | in | اِچ (ic), وِچ (vic) |
| 203 | with | نال (nāl) |
| 204 | and | اتے (ate), تے (te) |
| 205 | if | جے (je) |
| 206 | because | کِیُونْجو (kīū̃jo) |
| 207 | name | ناں (nā̃) |