Appendix:Middle Indo-Aryan Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Middle Indo-Aryan languages, specifically Pali, Prakrit, Prakrit, Prakrit, Prakrit and Gandhari, compared with that of Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-Iranian, as well as English.

List

[edit]
№EnglishProto-Indo-Iranian
edit (148)		Sanskrit
संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam)
edit (207)		Ashokan Prakrit
edit (8)		Pali
pāli
edit (204)		Sauraseni Prakrit
𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀤 (pāuda)
edit (16)		Maharastri Prakrit
𑀫𑀭𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀻 𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀅 (marahaṭṭhī pāua)
edit (127)		Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
𑀧𑀸𑀬𑀬 (pāyaya)
edit (1)		Magadhi Prakrit
𑀧𑀸𑀓𑀺𑀤 (pākida)
edit (1)		Gandhari
edit (1)
1I (1sg)*aȷ́ʰámahámahaṃ, hakaṃ, ahaṃ, aaṃahaṃahaṃahaṃ, ahaaṃahaṃhageaha‎
2you (2sg)*túH, *tuHámtvámtvaṃtumaṃtumaṃ, taṃ
3he, she, it (3sg)*sásáso, sasoso, sa
4we (1pl)*wayámvayám, nasamhe, mayaṃamheamhe, vaaṃ
5you (2pl)*yúH, *yuHyámyūyám, vastumhetumhetumhe
6they (3pl)*tā́stéte, tā, tānitete*, tāo*, tāi*, tāṇi*
7this*ayámidámayaṃ, saaaṃ, iaṃ, idaṃaaṃ, ima
8that*sátátasu, tadta
9here*Hidʰáátra, íhaidha, atthaattaiha, ettha
10there*tátratátratatthatattatattha
11who*káskákakoka, kiṃ
12what*kím, *čímkímka, kiṃkiṃ, kadhaṃka, kiṃ
13where*kúHkútra, kúha, kvàkatthakahiṃkattha, kahiṃ
14when*kadáHkadā́karāhi, kadākaā, kāhe
15how*káynakathámkathaṃkadhaṃkahaṃ
16not*na, *a-nánanaṇa
17all*sárwas, *wíćwassárva, víśvasabbasavva
18many*pr̥Húšbahúbahu
19some*kínčidkiñcideke*, koci
20few*īšátálpaappa
21other*Hanyásanyáañña, aparaaṇṇa, iara
22one*Háywas, *Háykasékaekaekka, ega
23two*dwáHdvádvedo, duve, donni
24three*tráyastrítayotiṇṇi
25four*čatwā́rascáturcatpārocaturcattāri
26five*pánčapáñcanpañcapaṃca
27big*maȷ́ʰásmahátmahant
28long*dr̥Hgʰásdīrghádīghadīha
29wide*pr̥tʰúšurúuru
30thick*stʰuHrásghanábahala, gahana, ghana
31heavy*gr̥Húšgurúgaru
32small*tusćásálpakhudda, thoka
33short*kr̥dʰúšhrasvá
34narrow*Hánȷ́ʰušaṃhú
35thin*kr̥ćás, *tánuštanú
36woman*ǰánHs, *gnáHs, *stríHstrī́itthī
37man (adult male)*wiHrás, *Hnáraspúruṣa, nárapulisapurisa, narapurisa, ṇara
38man (human being)*manušyás, *mártyasmanuṣyá, mānavajana, manussajaṇa, maṇussa
39child*ȷ́aHtásbā́la, śíśubālakabālaa, vaccha
40wife*pátniHpátnī, bhāryā́dāra, bhariyābhajjā
41husband*pátišpátipatipaī, bhattu
42mother*máHtāmā́tṛmātarmāu
43father*pHtā́pitṛ́pitarpiu
44animal*páćupáśumig*
45fish*mátsyasmátsyamachamacchamaccha
46bird*Háwišví, pakṣinpakkhinpakkhi
47dog*ćwā́śvánkukkura, suvaṇa
48louse*ćwíšasyūkāūkā
49snake*sarpás, *nāgássarpásappa, ahisappa
50worm*kŕ̥miškṛ́mikimi
51tree*dā́ruvṛkṣá, tarúlukha, vracharukkharukkha
52forestvánavanavaṇa
53stick*waytasásdaṇḍálaṭṭhi
54fruitphálaphalaphala
55seed*bíHȷ́ambī́jabījabīa
56leaf*parnámpáttrapattipaṇṇa
57rootmū́lamūlamūla
58bark (of a tree)*twákš, *varkástváctaca
59flowerpúṣpapupphapuppha, phulla
60grass*tŕ̥namtṛ́ṇatiṇa, ghāsa
61rope*rázǰuš, *rać-*rájjurajjurajju
62skin*čármacárman, tváccamma
63meat*māmsásmāṃsámaṃsamaṃsa
64blood*HásHr̥rakta, ásṛjlohita
65bone*Hástʰiásthiaṭṭhiaṭṭhi, haḍḍa
66fat (noun)*píHwaspī́vas, médasmeda
67egg*Hāwyámaṇḍáaṇḍa
68horn*ćáypasśṛṅgásinga
69tail*púšćas, *wā́raspúcchapucchapuccha, puṃcha
70feather*parnámparṇápaṇṇa, pattapaṇṇa
71hair*Hráwma*, *káyćas*kéśakesa
72head*ćŕ̥Has, *ćr̥Hšáśírassira
73ear*kárnaskárṇakaṇṇakaṇṇa
74eye*čákšuš, *čáćšmaákṣiakkhiakkhi, acchi
75nose*náHsaHnā́sānāsāṇakka
76mouth*Hā́s, *wáktramvaktra, múkhamukhamuha
77tooth*Hdánts, *ȷ́ámbʰasdántadantadaṃta
78tongue (organ)*ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáHjihvā́jivhājibbhā
79fingernail*Hnā́kšnakhánakhaṇaha
80foot*pā́tspadápādapāa
81legjáṅghajanghāpāa
82knee*ȷ́ā́nujā́nujānu
83hand*ȷ́ʰástashásta, pāṇíhatthahattha
84wing*parnámpakṣápakkha
85belly*udárasudáraudarapoṭṭa
86guts*Hántramántra, āntra, gudáantavaṭṭi
87neck*griHwáH*gala, grīvā́gīvagala
88back*pr̥štʰáspṛṣṭhápiṭṭha
89breast*pstánas, *HúrHas*stánathanathaṇa, vaccha
90heart*ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayamhṛ́dayahadaya
91liver*Hyákr̥yákṛtyakana
92to drink*píbatipíbatipivatipivaï
93to eat*Hátˢtikhā́dati, áttiadetikhāaï, bhakkhaï
94to bite*dáćatidáśatiḍasatiḍasaï
95to suck*dʰáyatidháyaticūsati
96to spitṣṭhī́vatioṭṭhubhatithukkaï
97to vomit*wámHativámativamati
98to blow*Hwā́ti*, *dʰámativā́tidhamatiphukkaï
99to breatheánitisasati
100to laugh*smáyataysmáyate, hásatihasatihasaï
101to see*čáštaypáśyati*, dṛś*pasatidakkhatidissaï*, pāsaï*
102to hear*ćr̥náwtiśṛṇótisuṇātisuṇaï
103to know*ȷ́ānáHtijānā́tijānātijāṇaï
104to think*mányataymányate, cintayaticinteticiṃtei
105to smelljíghratigandha
106to fear*bʰáyHtibibhéti, bháyate*dara
107to sleep*swápatisvápitisupatisuvaï
108to live*ǰíHwatijī́vatijīvati
109to die*mriyátaymriyátemaratimaraï
110to kill*ǰʰántihántimāretimārei
111to fight*Hyáwdʰati, *Hyúdʰyatiyúdhyateyodhetijujjhaï
112to hunt*wáyHti*vetimigava
113to hithánti, tāḍáyatiabhihanati
114to cut*śćinátˢtikṛntátikaraticiṃdaï*
115to split*bʰinátˢtibhináttibhindativaṃṭaï*
116to stabvídhyatichūriyāhanati
117to scratchlikhátilikhatilihaï
118to digkhánatikhaṇatikhaṇaï
119to swimplávatepilavati
120to flypátatiuḍḍetiuḍḍei
121to walk*pádyatiéti, gácchati, cáraticaraticalaï, gacchaï*
122to comeā́gacchatiāyāti, āgacchatiāgacchaï, ei
123to lie (as in a bed)śéteseti
124to sit*síždatisī́datinisīdatiuvavisaï
125to stand*stíštaHtitíṣṭhatitiṭṭhaticiṭṭhaï*, ṭhāi, ṭhāāi*
126to turn (intransitive)vártatevaṭṭativalaï
127to fallpádyatepatatipaḍaï
128to give*dádaHtidádātidadātidei
129to hold*dʰárati, *dʰāráyatidháratidharatidharaï
130to squeezemṛdnā́tinippīḷeti
131to rubghárṣatighaṃsatighāsaï
132to washkṣā́layatidhopati
133to wipemā́rṣṭimajjati
134to pullkárṣatikhaḍḍati
135to pushnudátinudati
136to throwkṣipátikhipatikhivaï
137to tiebadhnā́ti, bandhatibandhatibaṃdhaï
138to sewsī́vyatisibbatisivvaï
139to countgáṇayati, kálategaṇetigaṇei
140to say*Háwǰʰati, *wákti, *mráwHtiváktivattibollaï*, bhaṇaï*
141to sing*gáHyatigā́yatigāyatigāaï
142to playdī́vyatikīḷatikīlaï, khelaï
143to floatplávatepalavati
144to flowsárati, kṣáratidhāvatisaraï
145to freeześī́yatesīyati
146to swellśváyatiphāti
147sun*súHarsū́rya, ravi, sū́ra, bhāskarasuriya
148moon*mā́Hasmā́sa, candramas, candrácanda
149star*Hstā́nákṣatra, stṛ́, tārātārakā
150water*Hā́pšjalá, áp, pānīya, vā́ri, udán, tojajala, āpajala, vāri
151rainvarṣávassapāusa
152rivernadī́nadīṇaī
153lakesárassara
154seasamudrásamudda
155saltlavaṇáloṇa
156stoneáśmanasama
157sandpāṃsú, śíkatāsikatāvāluā
158dustreṇúreṇudhūlī
159earth*ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, *bʰúHmiškṣám, pṛthvī́bhūmipuhavī, mahī, bhūmi
160cloud*Hmaygʰás, *abʰrásnábhas, meghámeghaabbha, meha
161fog*dʰuHmásmíhmahikā
162sky*dyā́wšākāśáakāsaṇaha
163windvāyú, vā́tavātavāu
164snowhimá, tuṣāra, tuhinahima
165icehimáphāti
166smoke*dʰuHmásdhūmádhūma
167fire*Hagníš*, *HaHtar-*agníaggiaggi
168ashā́sabhasma
169to burndahatidahatijalaï
170roadpatha, ádhvan, mārgapatha, maggamagga, vaṭṭa
171mountain*gr̥Híš, *párwatasgirí, párvatapabbata, giripavvaya
172red*Hráwdʰitas, *Hrudʰrás, *ĉáwnasrakta, róhitalohita
173green*j́ʰárišharit, harita, pā́lāśa, palāśahari
174yellowpīta, pītalapītapīvala
175white*ćwaytásśvetásukkapaṃḍura
176black*kr̥šnás, *ćyaHwáskṛṣṇákanhakāla
177night*kšáp, *náktsrā́tri, nákti, kṣáp, rajanīratti
178daydiná, áhar, divasadiva, aṇha
179year*ćarHátsvarṣá, saṃvatsaravassa, sanvacchara
180warmtaptághamma
181cold*ȷ́ʰimásśītásītasīala
182full*pr̥Hnáspūrṇápuṇṇa
183new*náwasnáva, nū́tananava
184old*ȷ́r̥Hnásjīrṇá, vṛddhá, purātanavuḍḍhajuṇṇa
185good*Hwásuš, *ćriHrás, *Hsu-vásu, bhadrásādhu*bhaddaka, sundarasāhu*
186bad*ákas, *pāpás, *Hagʰás, *duš-pāpá, duṣṭapāpaduṭṭha*
187rottenpū́tipūtika
188dirtymalina, samalamalina
189straight*Hr̥ȷ́úšṛjú, sādhúujjuuju
190roundvṛttá, vartulaguḷa
191sharp (as a knife)*tigmástīkṣṇátikkhatikkha
192dull (as a knife)kuṇṭhakuṇtha
193smoothślakṣṇá, snigdhásaṇha
194wetārdrá, klinnáaddaolla
195dry*Hsúškasśúṣkasukkha
196correct*Hr̥ȷ́úšśuddhá, satyáutu
197nearneda*, prati*antikauva-*
198fardūrádūradūra
199right*dáćšinasdákṣiṇadakhiṇadakkhiṇa
200left*sawyássavyávāma
201atlocative caselocative caselocative case
202inlocative caseantaralocative case
203withsahásahasaha
204and*-čacacaca
205ifyádiyadiyadijaï
206becausehíyāvatā
207name*Hnā́manā́mannāmaṇāma
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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