Greece

O itiraay i katimol no sakawalian no Yoropa, mihawangay to karopaw a kitakit,nawhani, o pinapina akanatal no Aycin-riyar ono Aciya. I kacacapa’an no Yoropa, Aciya ato Afrika ko kaitiraan no Kirisiya, tadakakalimelan ko kaitiraan, isakatimolan no Paerkan Pecihan-kanatal (巴爾幹半島Ikiris a sowal:Balkans) , isaka’amis no saka’etipan malafiyaw ato Aerpaniya, isaka’amisan malafiyaw ato Maciton ato Pawciyaliya, isaka’amis no sakawalian malafiyaw ato Torki.

Siwaay ko kasa’eta’etal no Kirisiya:

Maciton, Sifo’an-Kirisiya,Polopennisa, Sesali, Ypilos, Aycin-riyaran patatekoan-kanatanatal( mahaop ko 12 a kanatanatal ato Cikolaces), Seroys, Kolito ato Yiawniya-kanatanatal. Isakawaliay no kitakit ko Aycin-riyar,isaka’etipay ko Ayawniya-riyar, o Kolito-riyar ato Sifo’ay-riyar isakatimolay. O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar no Kirisiya ira ko 13,676 km, itini i masadangahay a Sifo’ay-riyar o sakakaay ko ka to’edaw no lilis no riyar i masadangahay Sifo'ay-riyar. Patahtahay to kanatanatal ko Kirisiya, olaloma’ noninian kanatal ira ko 227 a kanatal iraay ko tamdaw a maro’. O polong no kitakit mahaop ko 80% o tokos, Awlipos-tokos ko pocok, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,918 laya’.

O tadamato’asay ko rikisi a kitakit ko Kirisiya itini i hekal, nani ‘ayawan ni Yiso to 2700 miheca iraay to ko taamdaw a maro’ itini. O kaitiraan ato kapatahtah palalafang, o cananoyan no sa’etipay-ponka hananay a pangangan, o kalengawan no finawlan-faco no sieci, sa’etipay-haratengan, Awlinpiko-ontokay, sa’etipay-nipitilidan, rikis,sieci,sakakaay-nikafana’ ato nipisa’osi, sa’etipay-sifay(kakahemekan ato kakeseman).^[1] i’ayaw ni Yiso to saka 4 sici mapalacecay ni Fili-sakatosa(腓力二世;Kirisiya a sowal:Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών) ^{[2] [3]} no Maciton ko Kirisiya, o wawa ningra ci Alisanta Tata’angay-honti(馬其頓的亞歷山大三世;Katelangay sowal no kirisiya:Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ὁ Μακεδών) cowa ka pahoda a micowat to kakahaday sera no to’asan hekal, mapatenak nani saka’etipan no Sifo’ay-riyar ko ponka ato sakakaay-fana’ patayra i taliyokan no Indo-‘alo. I’ayaw no saka 2 sici macowat no Roma ko Kirisiya, mala Roma-hontian-kitakit ato mirocokay a Paycantin hotian-kitakit ko i kakocay a heci no kitakit, ona Paycantin hotian-kitakit o masiwaray no ponka ato nipitilidan no Kirisiya. I sakacecay sici mapatireng ko Kirisiya So’elina-kyokay, masaloma’ ko aniniay a ponka no Kirisiya, mapatenak heca ko tato’asan pinangan no Kirisiya tayra i So’elinay-Kyokay(正統教會; Kirisiya a sowal:Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Romaan tilid:Orthódoxi Ekklisía; Rosiya a sowal:Православная Церковь, Romaan tilid:Pravoslavnaja Cerkovʹ) a hekal.^[4]

Isasifo’an no saka 15 sici, ma’afas no Wotoman hontian-kitakit ko Kirisiya. Isaka 19sici tahira isaka 20 sici mapalaheci ko sapisiikedaw-lalood, 1830 miheca mihayi to polong a kasakitakit to o fainacadan-kitakit ko Kirisiya saan.

Ira ko 18 a rocokan no hekalay-kitakit, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 16 rocokan no ponka, 2 ko matata’edipay rocokan ko ponka ato palapalan, ika’ayaway rayray itini i Yoropa ato kasakitakit koninian sa’osi no rocokan.^[5]

O Finawlan-sieci a faco a kitakit, macemahay-kitakit ato takaraway ko pilipayso a kitakit, cemahaday-kitakit, Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(Human Development Index) takaraway ko heci no ‘orip. O mioatirengay to Linheko a kitakit, o sakamo’etep a kapot no Masakapotay-Yoropa(’ayaway no Yoropa-Lekatep),nani 2001 miheca o kapot no Yoropa-payso a etal. Adihay ho ko pikapotan, tinako han o Yoropa-Licikay, Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO), Mapapadangay to Saka’orip ato Kacemahadan-kapot, Hekalay-malali’acaay Lekatep(World Trade Organization, WTO), Sakarihaday ato Sakapapadang a Lekatep no Yoropa(Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe，OSCE), ato Somowalay-Fransu a Hekalay-Saopo. O misiieday a ponka, mihamhamay-tayal, micolo’ay ato sofitayan-kamaro’an no Kirisiya ko sakacakat malasifo’ay Ci’icelay-kitakit.^[6][7][8]

Do’edoen ko to’asan ho a nitilidan, latek i’ayaw no 20 ’ofa a mihecaan isasifo’an no katelangay-fokelohan miheca iraay to ko masaniyaro’ay tamdaw a maro’ itini. Latek i’ayaw no no 3200 miheca, i fodawan-miheca mapalengaw to ko samatelangay a ponka no Yoropa, onini i, o Maynos-payrayrang(邁諾斯文明;Minoan civilization, itiraay i Koriko-kanatal), Cikolaces-payrayrang(基克拉澤斯文明,itiraay i Cikolaces-kanatanatalan) ato Helas-payrayranga(赫拉斯文明,Ikieis a sowal:Helladic, Kirisiya a sowal:Ελλαδικός; itiraay i Kirisiya-karopaw). Latek i’ayaw ni Yisoan to 1600 miheca maceror no Maysini-payrayrang (邁錫尼文明; Ikiris a sowal:Mycenaean Greece;Fransu a sowal: Civilisation mycénne), o polong no nini o Acin-payrayrang( 愛琴文明;The Orehistoric Archaeology of Aegean) hananay konini ponka.maceror no Tolian-tamdaw (多利安人入侵;Ikiris a aowal:Dorian invasion) ko Maysini-payrayrang, ikor to nonini marimamoh ko Kirisiya to To’emanay-mihecahecan^[9], tahira i’ayaw ni Yisoan to saka 9 sici yo mapatireng ko Kirisiya-niyaro’an kitakit, ira masadak ko matiyaay o Homa Rikisian-’olic a Kirisiya tilid a ponka-nitilidan, onini i, o katelangay-faco a mihecahecaan hananay, tona mihecahecaan patireng i lilis no Sifo’an-riyar ato Kohetingay-riyar to niyahan a nocowatan-sera, patokeled sa i’ayaw ni Yisoan to 776 miheca midemak to sarakatay a Awlinpiko-ontokay(奧林匹克運動會;Kirisiya a sowal:Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες; Fransu a sowal:Jeux olympiques; Ikiris a sowal:Olympic Games). I’ayaw ni Yisoan to saka 5 sici, makafili a mitaker to pi’eco no Posi hontian-kitakit ko sofitay no Niyaroan-kitakit no Kirisiya, tona mihecahecaan macakat tahapocok ko sakakaay-fana’ ato ponka no Kirisiya, o To’asan-mihecahecaan(古典時代; Ikiris a sowal:classical antiquity) hananay konini. O Kirisiya, Maciton ato Seroys-etal a payrayrang polong han o Hayloniko(Ελληνιστική) hananay a pangangan, o lalengawan no "Kiris»ya" a ngangan konini.

Talacowa madocepay a malowid no Roma Kapolongan-kitakit( 羅馬共和國; Latin a sowal:Res publica Romana) ko Kirisiya i 'ayaw ni Yisoan to 168 miheca, nikawrira mafelih a marecep no ponka ko ‘orip no Roma-tamdaw. Talacowa o cecaay a kowan no Roma Hontian-kitakit ko Kirisiya, nikawrira pararid a misiwar ko ponka no Kirisiya to sakawalian Sifo’an-riyar, tahira to mapecih makilatosa ko Roma Hontian-kitakit. O sasifo’an kahiceraan no Sawalian-Roma hontian kitakit(Paycantin hontian-kitakit) a Cinstantinpaw(君士坦丁堡; Kirisiya a sowal:Κωνσταντινούπολις, Romaan tilid:Κωνσταντινούπολη; Latin a sowal:Constantinopolis), tahakokoc malakirisiyaay ko wayway. Sawalian-Rom a hontian kitakit mataker ko nani sawalianay to saka’etipanay to a pilood to pinapina a sici, tahira to i 1453 miheca matekop ko Cinstantinpaw, noyanan to nornor sato ko Awtoman hontian-kitakit a ’eco to polong a Kirisiya.

O pikowan no Awtoman hontian-kitakit pararid tahira i 1821 miheca to milekalan no Kirisiya a misiiked. 1828 miheca malaheci to ko Pisiikedaw-Lalood no Kirisiya,ptireng to Hontian-faco no sieci ko Kirisiya.

1922-1927 mihecaan, nanoHontian-faco no sieci mafalic mala no kapolongan-kitakit ko Kirisiya, caka halafing o sofitay ko mitekeday-mikowan, to ikor palolol haeca malakapolongan-kitakit; Kinatolo a misanga’ to kinpo i toloay mihecaan, to ikor tono nini ira ko sepat a miheca to temenekay a mihecaan, nikawrira, marawraw no kaawaan no saka’oirip, ma’emed ko payso to tolo no kalisepay, awaawa ko sap’songila' a tayal no sifo. Tahira to i 1936 miheca tekep sato ko sifo o mitekeday-mikowan ko miceroray, mipalasawad to Kitakit-Kalomaocan, palasawad to kinpo, mipa’eker to mitokeray-sieci kasafelaw ato milalang to saopo, laheci sato a ma’afas ko paifaloco’an a sieci, matongal ko pipenec no sofitay a mikowan, sacicicing sa ko misaopoan a pakamaro’ a mipespes, mipatireng heca to matyaay o Fasise-saopo no kapah no kitakit, nisafaloco’an a misanga’ ko sapipLtata’ang to Tapang no kitakit.^[10] i edef no saka 19sici ato satapangan no saka 20 sici, pararid a micowat to sera no tao, masolot ko somowalay to sowal no Kirisiya a tamdaw no Awtoman hontian-kitakit malatamdaw no Kirisiya, tahira to i 1947 miheca ta malaheci masafaco to aniniay a Kirisiya a kitakit.

I Sakatos-lalood, mi’eco ko sofitay no Itali nani niyahan Aerpaniya to Kirisiya, mapacekil ko lalood no Itali ato Kirisiya (希義戰爭;Kirisiya a sowal:Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος或Πόλεμος του Σαράντα; Italiya a sowal:Guerra di Grecia),malowid no Kirisiya ko Itali, ikor mikihar ko Nacoy-Toic to Paerkan-pecihan kanatal, malacafay ato Itali, Pawciyaliya milood to Kirisiya, ma’eco a maaro’ no Tokodan-Kitakit(軸心國;Ikiris a sowal:Axis power; Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte) ko Kirisiya. I 1944 miheca pasitira i Nisakapotay-Kitakit (同盟國; Ikiris a sowal:Allies of World War II; Rosiya a sowal:Антигитлеровская коалиция), miliyas ko sofitay no Toic nani Kirisiya,mapalolol ko Kirisiya a kitakit. Ikor no Sakatosa-lalood ira ho ko kinacecay a laloma’an-lalood ko Kirisiya.

1949 miheca malepon to kona laloma’an-lalood, mikapot ko Kirisiya i Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep(北大西洋公約組織; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO).1967 miheca saka 4 folad saka 21 romi’ad mifelih to sifo ko sofitay, mato’or sa mipalasawad to honti. I 1974 miheca matekop kona nikowanan no sofitay a sifo to nika Rawraw no Sayporoso(賽普勒斯問題; Kirisiya a sowal:Κυπριακό (ζήτημα; Torki a sowal:Kıbrıs Sorunu),tona mihecaan midemak to kapolongan-pitopa milaheci palasawad to Sawara’an-faco no sieci, patireng to Kapolongan-kitakit. 1977 miheca a pisinkiw matongal ko ‘icel no misakawiliay ko harateng a kasafelaw, nikawrira malemed cowa ka sasifod ko sieci, sanoyanan sato a temonek ko sieci no Kirisiya. 1981 miheca makapot to Kapolongan-Yoropa(歐洲共同體; Ikiris a sowal:European Community), i 2001 miheca mihayi to Yoropa-payso malapayso no niyah o Kirisiya.^[11] 2009 miheca, nika kakatalawan ko kacikiyam no kitakit ko pasitira no kasakitakit.^[12][13]

Oya mipatalahekalan a kinpo i 1975 miheca mahaopay ko sapi’ading to salongoc no kalotandaw, ira heca matilid ko cecay a sasinkiwen a congtong malatapang no kitakit. O congli ato kakeirdan no sifo ko matayalay,o kacingangan aca a congtong ira ko mamang a tayal no sifo. O katayalan no congtong ato congli sepat miheca, o kalomaocan ko misinkiway, manga’ay a pararid to kinacecay riyad.

O cecayay ko kalomaocan ko pikaykian no kitakit, o kiing no pikaykian tahira i sepat ko mihecaan ko tolas no katayalan, nikawrira, pali’ayaway ko sinkiw ano roma. O tadamasasifoday faco ko pisinkiw to mamalakiing to tatinakoan a niocoran,itini tona matinay a faco no sinkiw awaay ko ‘icel no mamangay a kasafelaw a misiwar to sieci, ano tata’angay a kasafelaw to ano cowa ka ira ko kalitosa no kiing, ira ko ’icel a misiwar to demak no kalomaocan. O kahacecacecay a kasafelaw no sieci sa awaay pakaala to 3% no 300 a kiing ta cikilac to kiing.

O Kirisiya cowa ka lecad ato fiyaw a Pawciyaliya ato Aerpaniya, dengan o Kirisiya ko cowa ka pidemak to siyakaysyuki a kitakit i kalepongan no Li’etecay-lalood itini i katimol no sakawalian no Yoropa.

O sakakaay a sera o itiraay i sakatimolan no Paerkan-pecihan kanatal(Ikiris a sowal: Balkans)a Polopenisa-pecihan-kanatal, mahaop ko Korito-kanatal, Loto-kanatal ato Aycin-riyar kanatanatal. O to’edaw no lilis no riyar ira ko 14,880 km,ono sera a kalalaedan ira ko 1,160 km. Mahaop ko 80% o tokotokosan ko Kirisiya, sahetoay o ma’icangay ko sera: dengan 28% a sera ka matatodongay maomahen. I saka’etipan ira ko henot ato fanaw. I sasifoan a lotok nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,650 laya’ ko takaraww. O kakafahekan a Awlinpis-lotok o ’apocok no Kirisiya, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,917 laya’.

O kakarayan no Kirisiya ono Sifo’an-kakarayan. O kasasiromaan no matiniay a kakarayan i, o makedalay i kaciferangan kala’oraday i kasi’enawan, orasaka dengan kasi’enawan ira ko ‘orad, roma i cowa ka ’orad. Patahtahay to cidal itini, icowacowa to ira ko 2000 toki ko lalen no cecay a romi’ad.

O sasafaay ko kafa’edetan itiraay i saka 1 ato saka 2 folad, o sakakaay ko kafa’edet itiraay i saka 7 ato saka 8 folad, i saka 1 folad a lalen kafa’edet 13°C i saka7 ato saka 8 folad a lalen kafa’edet 33°C. I tokotokosan mangalef i misatokayay a Yatin ciso’eday ano roma a kakarayan.

O saka’orip a tayal no Kirisiya patatekoan ko mali’acaay demak ato no sifoan a demak to saka’orip(onini i makalitosaay ko GDP no Kirisiya), o mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ko sakakaay mahaop ko adihayay a GDP ato kaci’etan to payso no roma a kitakit(latek 15%). O milayapay to padafo’an mikomi no Yoropa-Lekatep, o nipadafo’an no Yoropa-Lekatep mahaop ko 3.3% no GDP, orasaka hato matemenekay to ko saka’orip no Kirisiya tona pinapina a mihecaan.

O kacalohan a lalahecien a tayal o pikeror to awaay ko tayal a tamdaw, miliyaw a misongila’ to faco no saka’orip, ona tayal mahaop ko sapipafeli to kalotamdaw to katayalan no kitakit mala no kalotamdawan katayalan( 私有化; Ikiris a sowal:Privatisation; Amilika a sowal:Privatization）, misongila’ heca to sapipa’ading to ’orip no tamdaw(社會保障:Ikiris a sowal:social security) , misalof heca to pilisata no sifo ato mipalahedaw to patelacay a tayal no sifo.

I 2002 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad malacecay ato Yoropa-payso a kitakit miraoy to Yoropa-payso malopayso no kaloromi’ad palasawaden ko payso no Kirisiya.

I 2020 miheca saka 2 folad o kiyam no Kirisiya sifo ira ko 3000 ok a Yoropa-payso, karihanawan to caka pakapatikol a mapinko ko kitakit, matalaw ko roma a kitakit no Yoropa makihar kono niyah a kitakit, anana to matekop ko Yoropa-payso etal i 2011 miheca.^[14] 2014 miheca lacemcem ko Yoropa a kitakit to sapiliyasaw no Kirisiya to Yoropa-payso etal , macekil ko katekes no pacaliwan-payso no Kirisiya, matefad to ko kupiyaw mamafetas to ko kacikiyam no Yoropa.^[15]

O maomahay a tamdaw no Kirisiya cecay no kalitolo. O sakakaay a losay o olif, parok ato tamako. O simal no olif cowa ko palaheker aca to tamdaw no Kirisiya,adihay ho konipasadakan a paliwal. Ira ho moki,’arilay,kodasing, tamato,fadisoso, mami’ ato limon. Mahaop ko 30% no polong a sera no Kirisiya o omah, nikawrira, ‘akawang kona pala, orasaka cowa ka patahtah to kaka’enen no nipa’oripan, dengan to o siri ko nipaka’enan.

I 2011 miheca a sa’osi ira ko 10,816,286 ko polong a tamdaw. Sahetoay o Kirisiya a tamdaw(98%) mitooray to Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran. Mapa’adingay no kitakit ko

Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran, ira heca ko niyah-pikowan salongoc,nikawrira, mapasifana’ no mato’asay no misakeristoay i Cinstantingpaw(君士坦丁堡;Kirisiya a sowal:Κωνσταντινούπολις; Romaan a tilid:Κωνσταντινούπολη: Latin a sowal:Constantinopolis). O roma a pitooran ira ko Islam-pitooran, o nihayian no sifo konini a pitooran.

Mihayi ko “Kinpo no Kirisiya” to o mihayian no ‘alomanay ko Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooransanay, talacowa mahaen to ko sowal, malecaday ko pipa’ading to polong a apitooran. Ano misa’osi to tamdaw ko sifo no Kirisiya cowa ka pipahapingang to pitooran no tamdaw. Do’edo’en ko Sakakaay-sakowan no Amilika(美國國務院;Ikiris a sowal:United States Department of State) a pisa’osi ira ko 97% a tamdaw no Kirisiya o Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran kako sanay, ono Kirisiya a Mo’ecelay-Kyokay(希臘正教會; Kirisiya a sowal:Ελληνορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Ikiris a sowal:Greek Orthodox Church). I 2005 miheca a pisa’osi no Yoropa-pisa’osian, mahaop ko 81% tamdaw no nilicayan a paca’ofay ” pakaso’elinay to kaira no Pa’oripay kawas” saan, mido’edoay to Marta(馬爾他共和國:Marta a sowal:Repubblika ta' Malta; Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Malta) ato Sayporoso(賽普勒斯共和國;Kirisiya a sowal:Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία;Torki a sowal:Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti) ko ka’aloman no paka so’elinay to kawas a tamdaw itini i Yoropa-Lekatep. Do’edoen ho koroma a sa’osi, ira ko 15.8% a tamdaw no Kirisiya o “ci’icelay ko pakaso’elin ako” sanay, o sakakaay kona sa’osi itini i Yoropa a kasakitakit,tona sa’osi ira ko 3.5% cowa ka tayra i kyokay sanay.

Mahapinang ko mitooray to Islam a Muslin a mamangay finacadan,itiraay i Soroys a maro’ cangra, latek ira ko safar no mo’etep ’ofad tamdaw no Kirisiya ira ko 20-30 ’ofad ko Muslin a maforaway.

Ono sifoan a sowal ono Kirisiya a sowal. Nikawrira matanekay ko roma kitakit a sowal a Ikiris sowal. Roma sato i, o tiraay i Yiatin tokay a tamdaw sahetoay a Fransu ko hasowal to daday romi’ad, ora sa tiraay i Ayawniya-kanatal ato Yipiros a tamdaw ono Italiya a sowal ko kalosowal to romi’ami’ad.

Nani pinapinaay patak a mihecahecan ko nikafalic no Ponka no Kirisiya, nani Maysini-ponka( 邁錫尼文明;Ikiris a sowal:Mycenaean Greece;Fransu a sowal: Civilisation mycénne) i nikalata’angan a To’asan a Kirisiya-ponka mihecaan, ikor to marecep no Roma hontian-kitakit ato Paycantin hontian-kitakit( 東羅馬帝國;Imperium Romanum)^[16] ato roma a ponka ato kitakit, tinako han o Latin-ponka, Faranko hontian-kitakit, Awtoman-Torki hontian-kitakit, Winis kapolongan-kitakit, Reniya kapolongan-kitakit, ato Tata’angay-Ikiris hontian-kitakit, sahetoay misiwaray to aniniay a Kirisiya. O ‘alomanay a citanengay to rikis a tamdaw, oya Pisiikedan-Lalood no Kirisiya ^[17]o tatapangan to pilolol to ponka no Kirisiya, orasaka mapalacecay ko masasiromaromaay a ponka.

Itiya no to’asan ho a mihecaan, o malalalengawan to no Sa’etipay-Payrayrang( 西方文明)ko Kirisiya. O lalengatan no aniniay a Finawlan-sieci ko Kirisiya-sieci, midamaay-misawkit a faco ato malalenay ko tamtamdaw i ’ayaw no rikec. Mapacemahad no Kirisiya tamdaw ko Sakakaay-kacitaneng, tinako han o Kina’orip-taneng, Sa’osi-taneng, Rikisi-taneng, Haratengan-taneng ato Nadafongan-taneng, nawhan ni masado’edoay ko pisaharateng nangra. ’Adihay ko kasafaco no Nitilidan-ponka no Kirisiya-tamdaw, tinako han o olic no rikisi, olic a radiw, rikisi, kakakesman-sifay, kakaolahan-sifay. Miroroday sidateng ato pisi’erod to sakarihadayaw, o matiniay a salongan harateng mirecep to i Sa’etipay-kitakit a Nipinengnengan.

1. ↑ Carol Strickland. The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2007: 2 [2016-10-10]. ISBN 978-1-4027-4860-8. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-07）. Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers — the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile — the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, "We are all Greeks."
2. ↑ 《Alexander the Great in His World》 Carol G. Thomas著..
3. ↑ 《Perseus》 Daniel Ogden著; 《A History of Greece to 322 B.C.》， N. G. L. Hammond著.ISBN 0-19-873095-0,page 56,1986。.
4. ↑ Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.
5. ↑ Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17). Unesco. Unesco. [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-24）.
6. ↑ Aronsson, Albin. The Geostrategic Value of Greece and Sweden in the Current Struggle between Russia and NATO. [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-17）.
7. ↑ http://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2017-01-11.
8. ↑ Geopolitical Consequences Of 'Grexit' Would Be Huge, Country Risk-Defence and Security-Financial Markets. 2015-07-01 [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.
9. ↑ 希臘黑暗時代（英語：Greek Dark Ages），又稱荷馬時代（根據荷馬史詩）、幾何時代（根據當時的幾何藝術），是指希臘歷史中從公元前11世紀邁錫尼文明覆滅到公元前9世紀第一個城邦的建立的歷史時期，也是荷馬史詩的年代。
10. ↑ Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 202、282. ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3.
11. ↑ 劉增泉. 第十章第七節〈民主政治的新起點〉. 《希臘史—歐洲文明的起源》. 2003: 165-168頁.
12. ↑ George Matlock. Peripheral euro zone government bond spreads widen. Reuters. 16 February 2010 [28 April 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-14）.
13. ↑ Acropolis now. The Economist. 29 April 2010 [22 June 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-20）.
14. ↑ 希臘應借鑑愛爾蘭 實事求是由奢入儉 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-11-06.
15. ↑ 希腊股市暴跌6.25% 欧债危机忧虑重燃. [2014-11-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-07）.
16. ↑ 西歐學界普遍稱之為拜占庭帝國。然而其國祚一千餘年期間仍自封為羅馬帝國（拉丁語：Imperium Romanum；希臘語：Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων；中古希臘語：Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων 轉寫：Basileía Rhōmaíōn）正統繼承國、公民皆自認為羅馬人（中古希臘語：Ῥωμαῖοι 轉寫：Rhōmaîoi），而非「拜占庭人」或「希臘人」。
17. ↑ 希臘獨立戰爭（希臘語：Ελληνική Επανάσταση，羅馬化：Elliniki Epanastasi；鄂圖曼土耳其語：يونان عصياني‎，羅馬化：Yunan İsyanı），或可之稱為希臘革命、希臘起義，是由希臘革命者於1821年至1832年間發起的成功反抗鄂圖曼帝國的獨立戰爭

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