Koisaan Soviet
Koisaan Republik Sosialis Soviet Союз Советских Социалистических Республик Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik[lower-alpha 1][1] | |
|---|---|
| 1922–1991 | |
 Bondira
(1955–1991)  Jata pogun
(1956–1991) | |
| Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! "Oinsanan Kukumaraja Pointongkop Pomogunan, Miiso!" | |
Anthem:
| |
 Koisaan Soviet ontok Sangod Osogit | |
| Capital om kakadayan bobos agayo | Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.750°N 37.617°E |
| Boros rasmi | Rusia[lower-alpha 3] |
| Recognised regional languages | |
| Tinimungan etnik (1989) | |
| Ugama | Templat:Ubli |
| Demonim | Soviet |
| Government | See Government of the Soviet Union |
| Leader | |
• 1922–1924 (first) | Vladimir Lenin[lower-alpha 4] |
• 1924–1953 | Joseph Stalin[lower-alpha 5] |
• 1953[lower-alpha 7] | Georgy Malenkov[lower-alpha 6] |
• 1953–1964 | Nikita Khrushchev[lower-alpha 8] |
• 1964–1982 | Leonid Brezhnev[lower-alpha 9] |
• 1982–1984 | Yuri Andropov |
• 1984–1985 | Konstantin Chernenko |
• 1985–1991 (last) | Mikhail Gorbachev[lower-alpha 10] |
• 1991[lower-alpha 12] | Gennady Yanayev (acting, disputed)[lower-alpha 11] |
| Head of State | |
• 1922–1946 (first) | Mikhail Kalinin[lower-alpha 13] |
• 1988–1991 (last) | Mikhail Gorbachev[lower-alpha 14] |
| Premier | |
• 1922–1924 (first) | Vladimir Lenin[lower-alpha 15] |
• 1991 (last) | Ivan Silayev[lower-alpha 16] |
| Kotinanan perundangan | Templat:Ubli |
| Templat:Ubli | |
| Soviet of the Union (1936–1991) | |
| Era sajara | |
| 7 November 1917 | |
| 30 December 1922 | |
| 31 January 1924 | |
| 5 December 1936 | |
| 1939–1940 | |
| 1941–1945 | |
| 24 October 1945 | |
| 25 February 1956 | |
| 9 October 1977 | |
| 1988–1991 | |
| 19–22 August 1991 | |
| 8 December 1991[lower-alpha 17] | |
| 26 December 1991[lower-alpha 18] | |
| Area | |
• Total | 22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi) (1st) |
• Waig | 2,767,198 km2 (1,068,421 sq mi) |
• Waig (%) | 12.3 |
| Population | |
• 1989 census |  286,730,819[2] (3rd) |
• Density | 12.7/km2 (32.9/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 1990 estimate |
• Total | $2.7 trillion (2nd) |
• Per kapita | $9,000 |
| GDP (nominal) | 1990 estimate |
• Ginumu | $2.7 trillion[3] (2nd) |
• Per kapita | $9,000 (28th) |
| Gini (1989) | 0.275 low |
| HDI (1990 formula) | 0.920[4] very high |
| Mato tusin | Soviet ruble (Rbl) (SUR) |
| Zon timpu | (UTC+2 to +12) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +7 |
| Kod ISO 3166 | SU |
| Internet TLD | .su[lower-alpha 19] |
Koisaan Soviet, ointutunan maya rasmi sabaagi Koisaan Republik Sosialis Soviet nopo nga iso pogun sosialis persekutuan id Eurasia Koibutan i haro mantad toun 1922 gisom 1991. Ii nopo nga iso pogun koisaan di mogisusuai Republik Soviet kabansaan id ngaran tomod, ii nopo nga iso pogun iso parti (gisom toun 1990) i pinorinta' do Parti Komunis, Miampai Moscow sabaagi longkod pogun dau id suang republik bobos agayo dau, RSPS Rusia. Longkod-longkod kakadayan apangkal dau di suai nopo nga Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata om Novosibirsk. Ii nopo nga pogun di bobos agayo id pomogunan tumanud do linaab soribau dau, i poinwalad lobi do 10,000 kilometer (6,200 wt) mantad kosilahon kumaa kotonobon i kawaya do 11 zon timpu om lobi 7,200 kilometer (4,500 wt) mantad koibutan kumaa kabaatan.
Pomungaranan
[simbanai | simbanai toud]Ngaran diti nopo nga mantad do asas pomuruanan i pinaharo ontok kotimpuun o pomorintaan diti i popohompit do piipiro majlis-majlis perwakilan toi ko' sovyet (boros Rusia: совет - kikomoyon do "pitimungan", "majlis").[5][6]
Sajara
[simbanai | simbanai toud]Kinorotuon Empayar Rusia ontok Gomot 1917, ponokotanda' do titik kinotimpuunon Koisaan Republik Sosialis Soviet. Revolusi diti pinoimbulai do tulun Petrograd (dinondo lohowon do Leningrad) i tuminungag do sumaap regim Tsar di araat om tuminilombus yolo do sumaap gisom no tuminuhu takhta i Tsar Nikolai II. Soira nahaba o karajaan dau, naanu o kuasa' dau do perwakilan pilihan rakyat Duma, i minombontuk iso karajaan daamot. Sundung ingkaa ontok Milau 1917, pinaratu o karajaan diti do tinimungan Bolshevik, id siriba pomuruanan di Vladimir I. Lenin. Nakalantoi o tinimungan Bolshevik (i momolohou yolo do komunis ontok 1918) do minangala' Bolshevik kalapas do sangod tobpinai i pointilombus solinaid do tolu toun (1918-21). Minaganu yolo do kuasa' maya rasmi ontok Momuhau 1922 om minonuridong Koisaan Republik Sosialis Soviet (Koisaan Soviet), i papahanggum do koinsanai wilayah jajahan bagas do Empayar Rusia. Minanalob o karajaan wagu diti do oinsanan organisasi pulitik om popohimagon pomorintaan iso parti one-party rule, hinonggo manamong o karajaan pusat oinsanan aspek pulitik, ekonomi, sosial, om koubasanan tulun ginumuan dau. Lenin, sabaagi luguan parti Komunis, pinoingkakat sabaagi pomorinta' kumoiso id pogun dii.
Kalapas kinapatayon di Lenin ontok 1924, nosowoli isio di Joseph Stalin. Stalin nopo nga songulun di lobi araat mantad di Lenn om minononsog isio do pengindustrian om nogi pomutanaman maya kolektif di agayo id pogun diti. Suai ko' mantad dii, ogumu syarikat swasta om kinoyonon pomutanaman sinaladan do karajaan dau. Sabap no diti poimpasi o tulun ginumuan dau id suang koinggoritan. Boriong-riong o tulun dau di pinatai, ginakom toi ko' pinologos do nowingkat. Suai ko' ii, minamatai nogi isio do tongosusumaap karajaan. Mantad dii nointutunan o era pomorintaan dau sabaagi the Great Terror. Sundung ingkaa, nakalantoi o polisi Stalin om nokoburu o wilayah-wilayah Soviet, sundung do koburuon nopo nga lobi kumaa do industri tawagat om soudor, om okon ko' tumanud do kosionuon momoomoguno. Otumbayaan i Stalin do koburuon ekonomi di asarok nopo nga oponsol montok kotilombuson koposion Koisaan Soviet.
Era pasca-sangod pinopokito do Koisaan Soviet di minonimban koiyanan militari dau id Eropah Kosilahon kumaa dominasi pulitik om ekonomi, hinonggo pinoingkawas o regim-regim pro-komunis id siriba pongintangan do Moscow sabaagi pomorinta'. Suai ko' ii, minggoos o karajaan komunis Soviet montok papalaab talad dau kumaa pogun-pogun labus kaampai no pogun sombol dau miagal do Finland om Afghanistan. Nokotorimo iti do reaksi negatif mantad pogun-pogun kotonobon, om nokoimbulai o sangod di lohowon do Sangod Osogit. Ontok timpu dii nogi, sumontob i Stalin do momonsoi kawagu ekonomi Soviet i nopiang sabap no do sangod, daamot do popotilombus polisi laid dau ii nopo nga popoingkakat industri tawagat om soudor, om nogi mamaraat do tongosusumaap om manahub do hak asasi tulun.
Kalapas kinapatayon di Stalin ontok 1953, mogot-logot i Nikita Khrushchev suminiliu do luguan Soviet i dominan. Minumbal isio minogowit do pisuayan miampai monimbar karalano' pomorintaan Stalin di popotosol do korongitan om karaatan. Sundung ingkaa, pinotilombus dau o polisi labus kiwoyo do konfrontasi kumaa pogun Kotonobon. Era dau nointutunan sabaagi pigusaan sanjata nuklear om tumongkop do angkasa lepas. Sundung ingkaa, kohompitan dau id suang krisis pinulu berpandu Cuba, i osomok no do popoimbulai sangod nuklear, nosiliu do tadon kinorotuon dau sabaagi luguan parti om luguan pogun ontok 1964. Monowoli di Kruschev nopo nga i Leonid Brezhnev i minonilombus polisi dau ii nopo nga détente miampai pogun Kotonobon om ponumpuan kumaa perindustrian awagat om soudor.
Pulitik
[simbanai | simbanai toud]Id siriba parlambagaan pogun, Parti Komunis Koisaan Soviet (CPSU) no i pasagaan do manamong jentera karajaan om momonsoi kootuson kokomoi do ekonomi om ahal tulun ginumuan. Monokodung o CPSU do ideologi Marxisme-Leninisme om mindalan tumanud prinsip demokratik sentralisme. Organisasi apangkal do CPSU nopo nga: Politburo, kotinanan karajaan agung; Sekretariat, tutumamong birokrasi parti; om Jawatankuasa Longkod (Central Committee), forum i moboros kokomoi do polisi parti. Ontok 1987, surupu CPSU nokodimpot do lobi 19 riong tulun (9.7 piatus mogigion nosukod ontok toun 1987), kogumuan kusai mantad tinimungan profesional. Soginumu agayo surupu parti mongigit do jawatan toponsol id agensi-agensi karajaan id pointongkop do koisaan diti.
Milo boroson do karajaan nopo nga sabaagi boneka parti CPSU om popoindalan ngaangawi i pinolulus do parti diti kaampai no ahal-ahal di mionit do ekonomi, kotinoligan saralom om isu-isu sosial. Ontok 1988, nosimbanan o Parlambagaan montok papaharo kotinanan wagu i lohowon do "Congress of People's Duties", kotinanan legislatif om eksekutif takawas; i haro 2,250 "deputies", hinonggo 87 piatus nopo nga surupu toi ko' calun surupu CPSU.
Sukuon
[simbanai | simbanai toud]- ↑ "Language Policy in the former Soviet Union". H. Schiffman. University of Pennsylvania. 19 November 2002. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 21 February 2024.
- ↑ Almanaque Mundial 1996, Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 (Demografía/Biometría table).
- ↑ "GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 12 June 2018. Linoyog ontok 29 August 2018.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 1990" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. January 1990. p. 111. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 7 February 2019. Linoyog ontok 1 September 2020.
- ↑ http://pwerth.faculty.unlv.edu/Const-USSR-1924(abridge).pdf
- ↑ "Full text of "1918 Soviet Constitution"". archive.org.
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