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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Eric Jondeau; Grégory Levieuge; Jean-Guillaume Sahuc; Gauthier Vermandel |
| Abstract: | We explore the role of public subsidies in mitigating the transition risk associated with a climate-neutral objective by 2060. We develop and estimate an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the world economy featuring an endogenous market structure for green products. We show that public subsidies, financed by a carbon tax, are an efficient instrument to promote firm entry into the abatement goods sector by fostering competition and lowering the selling price of such products. We estimate that the subsidy, optimally distributed between startups at 60% and existing companies at 40%, will save nearly $2.9 trillion in world GDP each year by 2060. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, E-DSGE model, Bayesian estimation, stochastic growth, endogenous market structure, environment-related products |
| JEL: | E32 H23 Q50 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2022-21&r= |
| By: | Schmidt, Klaus M. (LMU Munich); Herweg, Fabian (University of Bayreuth) |
| Abstract: | It is widely believed that an environmental tax (price regulation) and cap-and-trade (quantity regulation) are equally e |
| Keywords: | emissions trading; carbon tax; climate change; prices versus quantities; behavioral industrial organization; |
| JEL: | D62 H23 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:272&r= |
| By: | Pomogaev, Vitalii |
| Abstract: | Scientific and experimental data, mathematical modeling of climate change confirm the inevitability of warming as a result of anthropogenic impact. Agriculture, and especially crop production, is the most sensitive to climate change, in connection with which the world-famous practices for preventing and combating the effects of climate change in agriculture have become actively used in Russia: mitigation, adaptation and food monitoring. At the same time, agriculture is both a global sink and the world's third largest emitter of CO2. All together, this gives rise to a new trend in agriculture – climate-optimized agriculture (the UN version of the name). One of the tools for its implementation are climate projects based on geoengineering technologies. Of all the known methods of geoengineering, the most attractive are those related to natural technologies: based on photosynthesis and carbon storage tanks in the form of soil and biomass. In the Altai Territory in recent decades, there has been an increase in the temperature of the warm season, which is not compensated by an increase in precipitation, which leads to the desiccation of the territory. Arable land is being reduced and the proportion of fallow land (including degraded) is increasing. There is a reduction in the forests of the Forestry of the region. When planning climate projects, it is necessary to take into account two biogeochemical climate-regulating factors of terrestrial ecosystems in the region: 1) the rate of removal of carbon from the atmosphere; 2) reserves and stability of deposited carbon derived from the biogeochemical cycle. To do this, it is recommended to conduct full-scale experiments on the territory where it is breaded before the start of the climate project. The total cost of carbon sequestration by the ecosystems of the region amounted to 2782.7 million rubles, and the potential of the territories of the region is very unequal. This should be taken into account when planning climate projects in the region. It is advisable at the regional level to have a decarbonization strategy for agriculture (including subsidiary support measures) that takes into account the prospects for changing natural and climatic conditions. It is extremely important to develop a system of measures to train industry workers in both low-carbon farming methods and new rules for the functioning of the economy in conditions of adaptation to climate change and the maintenance of "green" standards. |
| Keywords: | Mitigation, adaptation, food monitoring, food security, climate change, geoengineering, agriculture, carbon market, nature-like technologies, carbon landfill, carbon farm. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q52 Q54 Q55 Q56 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114303&r= |
| By: | De Jesús, Indhira |
| Abstract: | The city of Belmopan, built away from the coast during the second half of the twentieth century to ensure continuity of government functions even after severe storms, is an early example of climate adaptation. In the past 20 years, the city’s fast population growth, driven mostly by immigration, has strained services and infrastructure. Belmopan —the “garden city”— has ample green spaces and an overall negative carbon footprint, but faces challenges posed by climate change. The Climate action guidelines 2022–2030 respond to the need to address those challenges while contributing to Belize’s overall ambition, expressed in its nationally determined contribution (NDC). The guidelines aim to reduce Belmopan´s emissions, mainly by expanding green areas and forestation, promoting non-vehicular transportation and improving waste management. Adaptation will involve improving the city’s stormwater management system, prioritizing nature-based solutions, conducting risk assessments and enforcing zoning regulations to reduce population vulnerability. Implementing these guidelines will require the city to improve capacities at City Hall, revise regulations and create citizen awareness and engagement programmes. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, CIUDADES, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, SERVICIOS BASICOS, EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, MITIGACION DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ADAPTACION AL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, CITIES, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC SERVICES, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2022–08–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48097&r= |
| By: | Lipman, Timothy PhD; Horvath, Arpad PhD; Collins, Stephanie; Kendall, Allisa PhD; Fulton, Lewis PhD; Busch, Pablo |
| Abstract: | As interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier has increased, the various ways that hydrogen is made are being categorized as “green,” “blue,” “gray,” and other colors in relation to their environmental impact. While these categorizations are somewhat useful to indicate the environmental and climate change impacts of different production pathways, they are not especially useful for policy making or industry decisionmaking purposes because they are subjective. For example, most definitions of green pathways for hydrogen production only include electrolysis from renewable electricity sources; however, Figure 1 indicates additional production pathways with some of these having near-zero or even negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as low or no other emissions of concern. To help clarify the role of hydrogen in decarbonizing California, this brief summarizes the latest scientific findings from recent and in-progress research across the University of California Institute of Transportation Studies (UC ITS) concerning the relative carbon intensity (CI) of hydrogen production pathways. It also briefly covers the availability of biomass and biogas in California that could be applied to the production of low-CI hydrogen. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6v67k43x&r= |
| By: | Jan Willem van den End; Guido Schotten; Sophie Steins Bisschop |
| Abstract: | Over five years ago the world’s leaders signed the Paris Climate Agreement. That set a clear limit for global warming, namely a maximum of 2°C or preferably 1.5°C. Many countries translated the Paris objectives into specific greenhouse gas reduction targets enshrined in climate laws. The EU aims to be climate-neutral in 2050, with an intermediate target of a reduction of at least 55% of CO2 in 2030 compared to 1990. This is a more ambitious target than the Netherlands has set at national level in the Climate Act (-49%). Despite these clear, ambitious climate targets, the current efforts are still insufficient. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbocs:1902&r= |
| By: | Lipman, Timothy PhD; Horvath, Arpad PhD; Collins, Stephanie; Kendall, Allisa PhD; Fulton, Lewis PhD; Busch, Pablo |
| Abstract: | As interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier has increased, the various ways that hydrogen is made are being categorized as “green,” “blue,” “gray,” and other colors in relation to their environmental impact. While these categorizations are somewhat useful to indicate the environmental and climate change impacts of different production pathways, they are not especially useful for policy making or industry decisionmaking purposes because they are subjective. For example, most definitions of green pathways for hydrogen production only include electrolysis from renewable electricity sources; however, Figure 1 indicates additional production pathways with some of these having near-zero or even negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as low or no other emissions of concern. To help clarify the role of hydrogen in decarbonizing California, this brief summarizes the latest scientific findings from recent and in-progress research across the University of California Institute of Transportation Studies (UC ITS) concerning the relative carbon intensity (CI) of hydrogen production pathways. It also briefly covers the availability of biomass and biogas in California that could be applied to the production of low-CI hydrogen. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt6v67k43x&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (Teesside University, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Generally, the revolutionary idea behind using information and communication technology (ICT) has improved potential productivity in many industries, particularly in Africa. ICT is an essential tool in the oil and gas industry and plays a complementary role in technological dynamics and cross-sectoral productivity. For the educational sector, ICT facilitates research and development as well as in imparting knowledge. ICT remains the password to essential inputs required for any given output in terms of improved productivity and economic development. With regard to employment creation, ICT accounts for more than 50% of employment globally. Despite the significant role of ICT in the economy, evidence shows that more than 90% of carbon emissions have been linked to ICT production, installation, and usage. This study aims to determine whether ICT causes environmental sustainability in Nigeria and South Africa. The methodological contribution of the study lies in combining the STIRPAT framework and time series based on the VAR/VEC Granger causality, enabling the study to uncouple the dynamic interaction among environmental sustainability indicators. The findings show that ICT has contributed to South Africa's environmental sustainability, whereas evidence in Nigeria is relatively mixed. Therefore, the study recommends the urgent need to provide intervention programs tailored toward investing in environmental infrastructure to mitigate the threat of climate change in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; ICT; Economic development; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/062&r= |
| By: | Martin Pfaffenbach; Tobias Kronenberg; Wolf Rogowski |
| Abstract: | In the light of anthropogenic climate change, a polarized discussion about the right measures to keep economic activity within the planet's ecological boundaries has emerged: Advocates of de-growth argue that continuous GDP growth is impossible because of natural limits to growth. They call for measures to change individual consumption patterns, to constrain affluence in wealthy countries, and to reform the economic system in such a way that it can fulfil its functions even without continuously growing GDP. Advocates of green growth argue that GDP growth and ecological impacts are conceptionally independent and call for promoting entrepreneurial activity which facilitates the transition towards a carbon-neutral, circular economy without curtailing economic growth. At first sight, the two views appear in unresolvable conflict. After sketching the two approaches, we point towards their common ground and argue that the conflict may concern ideologies rather than evidence-based policy proposals. Taken seriously, both call e.g. for urgent action; for fundamental reforms to correct faulty price signals; for promoting a circular economy powered by regenerative energy sources; for political measures which enable sufficient life styles; and for evidence-based rather than ideological economic analysis. Focusing on this common ground may accelerate the vital transition to a sustainable economy. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, green growth, de-growth, ideological economics |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 D63 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2207&r= |
| By: | Okyere, Charles Yaw; Kornher, Lukas |
| Abstract: | Carbon farming, particularly soil carbon climate strategies, has emerged as a popular tool in addressing climate change and variability in worldwide agriculture. Yet, there is a paucity of evidence on its application, and even more so, limited evidence exists on the welfare impacts in developing countries, where the negative impacts of climate change and variability remain disproportionately higher. This paper presents the results of a study on biochar and compost production training and its welfare effects on farm households in Northern Ghana using doubly robust estimators. We find that the intervention had statistically significant positive effects on agricultural productivity and welfare outcomes. The results show the prospect of using soil carbon climate strategies in improving the welfare of farm households in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:324738&r= |
| By: | Hofmann, Elisa (University of Jena); Kyriacou, Lucas (University of Bern); Schmidt, Klaus M. (LMU Munich) |
| Abstract: | Weitzman (2014) proposed that focusing international climate negotiations on a uniform carbon price is more effective than Paris style negotiations in achieving ambitious climate action. We put this hypothesis to an experimental test by simulating international negotiations on climate change in collaboration with Model United Nations associations. This novel experimental format combines some of the advantages of lab and field experiments. Our results show that negotiating a common commitment on a uniform carbon price yields significantly higher emissions reductions, more participation, and more equal contributions than individual commitments to a non-binding common goal à la Paris. |
| Keywords: | climate negotiations; negotiation design; model United Nations; uniform carbon price; |
| JEL: | C81 C93 F51 H87 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:266&r= |
| By: | Ram Mohan, M.P.; Kini, Els Reynaers; Prasad, Sriram |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how the long-standing tradition of common law countries such as India, which have acknowledged the fundamental right to a healthy and pollution free life for many decades, can assist Judges in other jurisdictions and inform global climate governance. More specifically, many other common law and civil law jurisdictions are faced for the first time with having to interpret and assess whether there is a fundamental right to a healthy and pollution free environment. This question forces them to review whether state inaction on climate change infringes this fundamental right. This paper examines how Indian courts have adjudicated environment and climate litigation. We further scrutinize the classification of cases as climate litigation in the Indian context to try and truly unearth Indian jurisprudence on environment and climate protection. The paper also examines the trends observable and the way forward for environment and climate litigation in India. We compare the four human rights based climate litigations before the European Court of Human Rights with Indian jurisprudence to understand transnational climate litigation better. |
| Date: | 2022–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14682&r= |
| By: | Oya Celasun; Ms. Aiko Mineshima; Mr. Nicolas Arregui; Victor Mylonas; Mr. Anil Ari; Iulia Teodoru; Mr. Simon Black; Karlygash Zhunussova; Ms. Dora M Iakova; Ian W.H. Parry |
| Abstract: | We estimate that the recent surge in international fossil fuel prices will raise European households’ cost of living in 2022 by close to 7 percent of consumption on average. Household burdens vary significantly across and within countries, but in most cases they are regressive. Policymakers have mostly responded to the shock with broad-based price-suppressing measures, including subsidies, tax reductions, and price controls. Going forward, the policy emphasis should shift rapidly towards allowing price signals to operate more freely and providing income relief to the vulnerable. The surge in energy prices will encourage energy conservation and investments in renewable energy, but the manyfold rise in natural gas prices could lead to a persistent switch towards coal. To ensure steady progress towards carbon emissions reduction goals, authorities could use the opportunity to strengthen carbon pricing when global fossil fuel prices decline in the future. Non-price incentives for investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy should also be enhanced, as envisaged in the RePowerEU plan. |
| Keywords: | energy prices; price pass-through; household incidence; distributional analysis; social programs; carbon pricing; climate mitigation; price signal; natural gas price; fossil fuel price; price decomposition; Fuel prices; Natural gas sector; Inflation; Non-renewable resources; Europe; Global; electricity price; Energy conservation |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/152&r= |
| By: | Kai A. Konrad; Raisa Sherif |
| Abstract: | Climate experts delegated by countries to COP 24 and COP 25 show much agreement on international energy policy measures in the context of climate protection. Experts on average also agree with the proposal of compensating countries with large oil and gas reserves for not extracting them. But experts are more likely to agree with the proposed policy when they believe that their countries are reliant on oil and gas revenues, and hence potential recipients of the compensation. |
| Keywords: | Hydrocarbons Climate Change Energy Transition UN Climate Change Conference Climate Policy Compensation Payments Natural Gas Oil Reserves |
| JEL: | Q54 Q35 Q38 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpi:wpaper:tax-mpg-rps-2022-10&r= |
| By: | Mr. Matthieu Bellon; Emanuele Massetti; Berkay Akyapi |
| Abstract: | A growing literature estimates the macroeconomic effect of weather using variations in annual country-level averages of temperature and precipitation. However, averages may not reveal the effects of extreme events that occur at a higher time frequency or higher spatial resolution. To address this issue, we rely on global daily weather measurements with a 30-km spatial resolution from 1979 to 2019 and construct 164 weather variables and their lags. We select a parsimonious subset of relevant weather variables using an algorithm based on the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. We also expand the literature by analyzing weather impacts on government revenue, expenditure, and debt, in addition to GDP per capita. We find that an increase in the occurrence of high temperatures and droughts reduce GDP, whereas more frequent mild temperatures have a positive impact. The share of GDP variations that is explained by weather as captured by the handful of our selected variables is much higher than what was previously implied by using annual temperature and precipitation averages. We also find evidence of counter-cyclical fiscal policies that mitigate adverse weather shocks, especially excessive or unusually low precipitation episodes. |
| Keywords: | climate; extreme weather; macro economy; big data; weather variable; weather shock; OLS estimation outcome; climate variable; weather data sources; Natural disasters; Climate change; Global; Middle East; Sub-Saharan Africa; East Asia; East Africa; GDP effect; weather observation |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/156&r= |
| By: | Grace Weishi Gu; Galina Hale |
| Abstract: | Climate-related risks have increased in recent decades, both in terms of the frequency of extreme weather events (physical risk) and implementation of climate-change mitigation policies (transition risk). This paper explores whether multinational firms react to such risks by altering their presence in countries that are more affected. We measure this by examining foreign direct investment (FDI) dynamics at different levels of aggregation as well as at firm level. We propose a theoretical framework for firm production location choice that explicitly incorporates transition and physical risks. The model predicts a reduction in FDI resulting from both physical and transition risks but an ambiguous interaction effect of these risks with emission productivity of the firm. In an extensive empirical analysis we find some support for model predictions, but overall we do not find consistent evidence for statistically significant effects of physical and transition risks on FDI. However, firm-level evidence suggests that firms that are more exposed to climate risks react more negatively to physical climate risk following Paris Climate Accord. We also find that FDI outflows following extreme weather events from affected countries are smaller for industries with higher emission productivity. Our theory and empirical results point to the importance of accounting for heterogeneity in emission productivity when analyzing effects of climate risks. |
| JEL: | F21 F23 F64 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30452&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This Technical Report discusses the results of applying the climate-focused module of the Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) to the United Kingdom (UK) in October 2021. The UK has some of the most ambitious climate mitigation targets in the world, requiring a strong role for public investment. The Climate-PIMA found that the UK has a relatively well-designed system to manage climate relevant public investment, but there is room to strengthen its institutional design and improve effectiveness. The application of the PIMA is covered in a separate companion report. |
| Keywords: | A. climate change framework; B. climate change objective; climate change governance framework; I. climate change; climate change risk priority area; Climate change; Public investment spending; Global |
| Date: | 2022–09–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/286&r= |
| By: | Claudia Custodio; Miguel A. Ferreira; Emilia Garcia-Appendini; Adrian Lam |
| Abstract: | We estimate the economic impact of climate change by exploiting variation in local temperature across suppliers of the same client. We find that suppliers experiencing a 1°C increase in average daily temperature decrease their sales by 2%. The effect is more pronounced among suppliers in manufacturing and heat-sensitive industries, which is consistent with lower labor productivity and supply when temperatures are higher. Financially constrained suppliers are more affected due to their lack of financial flexibility to adapt to changes in temperatures. We also find that episodes of extremely hot and cold weather lead to large drops in sales. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Climate finance, Economic costs, Firm sales, Production networks, Productivity, Financial constraints |
| JEL: | G31 G32 L11 L14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:unlfep:wp645&r= |
| By: | Francesco Caloia; David-Jan Jansen; Remco van der Molen; Lu Zhang; Helga Koo |
| Abstract: | Real estate plays an important role in debates on the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. Based on detailed real-estate data and climate scenario analysis, this study analyzes climate transition risks in real estate and their impact on Dutch financial institutions. First, for a substantial part of the real estate exposure, transition risk may already materialize before 2030. Second, a significant share of homeowners may face financing constraints, which would increase credit risks. Third, stricter standards may impair asset values, which would mean significant financial losses for investors. Such climate financial risks underline the importance of an orderly and, therefore, timely transition to carbon neutrality. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbocs:1904&r= |
| By: | Schmidt, Klaus M. (LMU Munich); Ockenfels, Axel (University of Cologne) |
| Abstract: | International cooperation on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, disarmament, or free trade needs to be negotiated. The success of such negotiations depends on how they are designed. In the context of international climate change policy, it has been proposed [e.g., Weitzman J of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (2014)] that shifting the negotiation focus to a uniform common commitment (such as a uniform minimum carbon price) would lead to more ambitious cooperation. Yet, a proof-of-concept for this important claim is lacking. Based on game theoretical analyses, we present experimental evidence that strongly supports this conjecture. In our study, human subjects negotiate contributions to a public good. Subjects differ in their benefits and costs of cooperation. Participation in the negotiations and all commitments are voluntary. We consider treatments in which agreements are enforceable, and treatments in which they have to be self-enforcing. In both situations, negotiating a uniform common commitment is more successful in promoting cooperation than negotiating individual commitments (as in the Paris agreement) and complex common commitments that tailor the commitment to the specific situation of each party (as attempted with the Kyoto protocol). Furthermore, as suggested by our model, a uniform common commitment benefits most from being enforced. |
| Keywords: | cooperation; negotiation design; common commitment; reciprocity; climate policy; |
| Date: | 2021–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:267&r= |
| By: | Julien GUYOT; Akhil RAO; Sébastien ROUILLON |
| Abstract: | All space-based economic growth requires use of Earth’s orbital space. But as rocket and satellite technologies become cheaper, congestion and pollution threaten to reduce terrestrial access to space-based services like GPS and remote sensing and severely limit the potential for space-based growth. We propose a unifying model and a graphical framework to represent the long-term sustainable size of the satellite fleet and its economic value as a function of the launch rate, as well as its effects on the orbital environment. We show how the framework can be used to consider long-term orbital outcomes emerging under different management institutions, derive policy instruments which maximize the economic value of orbit use, and consider the effects of different technological innovations accounting for behavioral responses to the innovations. We conclude with a discussion of open questions in orbit-use management which are both relevant to policymakers around the world and likely to generate insights into environmental management and sustainable growth. |
| Keywords: | Space economics, Orbital debris, Sustainability |
| JEL: | L1 L9 Q2 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2022-13&r= |
| By: | Anwesha Banerjee; Stefano Barbieri; Kai A. Konrad |
| Abstract: | Global systematic economic shocks may affect the Nash equilibrium contributions to international climate mitigation. We study how this effect depends on the flexibility countries have to adjust to these shocks. The kind of rigidities countries face because of technological irreversibilities plays a crucial role. Under the plausible assumption of “prudence,†higher global uncertainty tends to reduce equilibrium climate contributions if irreversibilities in the level of climate policy choices exist. And, if countries are committed to allocating a proportion of income to climate protection, rigidities may increase welfare. Thus, exercising the option to perfectly adjust oneís contributions to shocks may be another form of free riding. |
| Keywords: | Global Warming, Climate Protection, Irreversibilities Climate Policy, Global Income Shocks, International Public Goods, Option Value |
| JEL: | Q54 H41 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpi:wpaper:tax-mpg-rps-2022-11&r= |
| By: | Filippo Maria D’Arcangelo (OECD); Giulia Pavan (Compass Lexecon); Sara Calligaris |
| Abstract: | The European Union Emissions Trading System has raised concerns about possible detrimental effects on firms production through an increase in polluting costs, unless firms change inputs or increase the efficiency in the way they produce. We provide evidence of the causal impact of this policy on firms’ input choices and on total factor productivity on Italian manufacturing firms. Our empirical strategy combines structural estimation of firms’ production function and techniques for policy evaluation. Moreover, we argue that a commonly used strategy in this literature, consisting in using propensity score matching on the productivity obtained from estimating the production function, does not provide valid inference. We rely instead on an innovative structural approach. We find that the policy has a small negative effect on productivity that is heterogeneous across industries. We show that these findings are consistent with firms switching fuels in production, rather than undergoing a substantial process change. |
| Keywords: | Emission trading, EU ETS, Environmental Policy, Manufacturing, Productivity, Production Function |
| JEL: | Q58 L23 L26 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.24&r= |
| By: | Mads Greaker; David Popp |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a primer on the economics of environmental innovation. Our intention is not to write a pure review paper, but to also provide an up-to-date textbook treatment on the issue. Thus, we start by defining the marginal costs of both emissions and of emissions abatement. We then analyze theoretically how innovation may affect marginal abatement costs. We also cover the different modelling choices with respect to how the innovation process is represented mathematically and how different environmental policy measures could affect environmental innovation. Our theoretical propositions are all illustrated with examples from the empirical literature. A special emphasis is placed on the recent literature on directed technical change and the potential impact of government intervention in the research and development choices of private firms. |
| JEL: | Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30415&r= |
| By: | Leonardo Becchetti; Sara Mancini; Sara Savastano |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awm:wpaper:5&r= |
| By: | Javier Amores‐salvadó (UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]); Gregorio Martin‐de Castro (UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]); Elisabeth Albertini (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | In recent years, corporate environmental commitment is showing different postures going from greenwashing to undue modesty and from environmental excellence to environmental inaction. In this paper, we go a step beyond the most recent research work on the dichotomy greenwashing-brownwashing and develop a more comprehensive model that reflect more subtly four main corporate environmental strategic positions based on both firm's environmental performance and disclosure achievements. Jointly with their characterization, and adopting a question-driven approach we add to the literature on environmental disclosure-firm performance proposing an explorative research question that consider cluster membership on market firm performance under the general assumption that, at least theoretically, each of the four main corporate environmental strategic positions under analysis can result in market performance improvements. Our empirical results from a panel data of international industrial companies show very interesting and novel insights, highlighting the fact that being green is good, but above all, it is good to look green. |
| Keywords: | brownwashing,environmental disclosure,environmental performance,greenwashing,market performance,panel data,question-driven approach,stakeholder engagement |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03760088&r= |
| By: | Abhyankar, Nikit; Lin, Jiang; Kahrl, Fredrich; Yin, Shengfei; Paliwal, Umed; Liu, Xu; Khanna, Nina; Phadke, Amol A; Luo, Qian |
| Abstract: | Dramatic reductions in solar, wind, and battery storage costs create new opportunities to reduce emissions and costs in China’s electricity sector, beyond current policy goals. This study examines the cost, reliability, emissions, public health, and employment implications of increasing the share of non-fossil fuel (“carbon free”) electricity generation in China to 80% by 2035. The analysis uses state-of-the-art modeling with high resolution load, wind, and solar inputs. The study finds that achieving an 80% carbon free electricity system in China by 2035 could reduce wholesale electricity costs, relative to a current policy baseline, while maintaining high levels of reliability, reducing deaths from air pollution, and increasing employment. In our 80% scenario, wind and solar generation capacity reach 3 TW and battery storage capacity reaches 0.4 TW by 2035, implying a rapid scale up in these resources that will require changes in policy targets, markets and regulation, and land use policies. |
| Date: | 2022–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt9183b502&r= |
| By: | Osberghaus, Daniel; Schenker, Oliver |
| Abstract: | We examine how the adverse impacts of weather shocks are distributed through the trade network. Exploiting a rich, theoretically derived, fixed effects structure, we find significant negative short-run effects of high temperature on exports. A month with an average temperature above 30 êC implies export losses of around three percent. These effects are increasing in the labour-intensity of exports. Using our structural Gravity model, we assess the general equilibrium incidence of these temperature shocks. We find that equilibrium adjustments reduce the economic costs by around 20 percent, but significant costs arise also for countries not directly exposed to high temperatures. |
| Keywords: | International trade,Temperature,Extreme weather,Structural Gravity |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22035&r= |
| By: | Elie Bouri (School of Business, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Hardik A. Marfatia (Department of Economics, Northeastern Illinois University, BBH 344G, 5500 N. St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60625, USA); Jacobus Nel (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | We analyse the ability of textual-analysis-based daily proxies of physical (natural disasters and global warming) and transition (US climate policy and international summits) climate risks to predict daily movements in the US housing market over the period 2nd August, 2007 to 29th November, 2019. To this end, we apply a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test not only to uncover potential predictability in the entire conditional distribution of housing returns and volatility but also to account for nonlinearity and structural breaks which exist between housing returns and climate risk factors. We find that climate risk factors (and the associated uncertainty) do predict housing returns and volatility across the conditional distribution. These results are robust to alternative daily data of aggregate housing prices for the US and ten major metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Insights from our findings can benefit academics, investors, and policymakers in their decision-making. |
| Keywords: | Physical and transitional climate risks, US housing returns and volatility, higher-order nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test, natural disasters and global warming, US climate policy and international summits |
| JEL: | C22 C32 Q54 R30 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202240&r= |
| By: | Olga Masyutina; Ekaterina Paustyan; Grigory Yakovlev |
| Abstract: | Russian regions display a significant variation in terms of waste management efforts. This is puzzling considering the importance of waste management for all regional governments and the urgency of the problem for the Russian public as reflected in opinion polls. We study whether more authoritarian regional governments in Russia are better able to solve the problem of waste management. Using a regional panel data set for the period of 2012-2019, we find that our measure of the degree of authoritarianism - the share of votes for the United Russia party in parliamentary elections - has a strong positive effect on the share of recycled waste in the Russian regions. This result indicates that more authoritarian regions tend to recycle more household waste than less authoritarian regions. This finding is consistent with the theory of environmental authoritarianism that suggests that authoritarian governments are better able to tackle environmental challenges. |
| Keywords: | Environmental authoritarianism, waste recycling, Russia, subnational politics |
| JEL: | Q53 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2206&r= |
| By: | Ms. Hiroko Oura; Mr. Fabian Lipinsky; Stephane Hallegatte; Paola Morales; Nicola Ranger; Martijn Gert Jan Regelink; Henk Jan Reinders |
| Abstract: | Bank stress tests of climate change risks are relatively new, but are rapidly proliferating. The IMF and World Bank staff collaborated to develop an experimental macro scenario stress testing approach to examine physical risks for banks by building a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model linked to global climate and a catastrophe risk model specifically for the Philippines. Our model shows that the impact of extremely rare typhoons on GDP could already be systemic and worsen substantially with climate change. However, bank capital declines only modestly unless the event is compounded with other disasters, partly thanks to the strength of Philippines’ banks and economy before the COVID crisis. However, more work is needed before drawing strong conclusions about the relevance of climate risk, as the model focused only on typhoons’ physical capital destructions and their macroeconomic-level transmissions to banks. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; bank; stress test; financial stability; CAT model; disasters; bank stress testing; bank stress tests; climate change macro scenario; annex I. macro scenario model; climate change stress test; Natural disasters; Stress testing; Financial sector stability; Global; climate scenario; climate model; physical capital; simulation result |
| Date: | 2022–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/163&r= |
| By: | Clarissa Caimol (University of Ferrara – Department of Economics and Management (Ferrara, Italy);) |
| Abstract: | The importance of local stakeholders in the regional governments regarding climate change policies has received a deeper attention during the last years, especially include adaptation policies. The achievement of the European targets is the implementation of both mitigation and adaptation policies by providing multiple funds from European to sub-national level. The directives to combat the issues of climate heating system come from the international level to the regional one. However, European regions require a higher level of adaptation than mitigation commitments due to the vulnerability of the territories. This paper applies a network perspective in the Emilia Romagna region to map the level of climate commitment in the local stakeholders’ involvement. These local actors have been clustered to facilitate the investigation in order to uncover the way specific stakeholders has relevant impact on climate change issues. A particular consideration has been given to the degree of participation in adaptation policies |
| Keywords: | climate change, adaptation, local stakeholders, social network analysis, regional policy |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0922&r= |
| By: | Leruth, Luc; Mazarei, Adnan; Regibeau, Pierre; Renneboog, Luc (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:61051d4e-26c6-4cbd-b039-47bcc210866d&r= |
| By: | Mr. Marcos d Chamon; Mr. Vimal V Thakoor; Erik Klok; Mr. Jeromin Zettelmeyer |
| Abstract: | This paper compares debt-for-climate swaps—partial debt relief operations conditional on debtor commitments to undertake climate-related investments—to alternative fiscal support instruments. Because some of the benefits of debt-climate swaps accrue to non-participating creditors, they are generally less efficient forms of support than conditional grants and/or broad debt restructuring (which could be linked to climate adaptation when the latter significantly reduces credit risk). This said, debt-climate swaps could be superior to conditional grants when they can be structured in a way that makes the climate commitment de facto senior to debt service; and they could be superior to comprehensive debt restructuring in narrow settings, when the latter is expected to produce large economic dislocations and the debt-climate swap is expected to materially reduce debt risks (and achieve debt sustainability). Furthermore, debt-climate swaps could be useful to expand fiscal space for climate investment when grants or more comprehensive debt relief are just not on the table. The paper explores policy actions that would benefit both debt-climate swaps and other forms of climate finance, including developing markets for debt instruments linked to climate performance. |
| Keywords: | Debt-for-climate swaps; climate mitigation; climate adaptation; climate finance; fiscal space; debt; NDCs; climate swap; debt risk; Debt-Climate swap; IMF working papers; climate investment; Debt conversion; Debt relief; Debt restructuring; Debt service; Global; debt swap operation; trilateral debt swaps; financial support; debt relief debt swap |
| Date: | 2022–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/162&r= |
| By: | Sayar Karmakar (Department of Statistics, University of Florida, 230 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcel16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark; Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Haci Bayram Mah. Istiklal Cad. No:10 06050, Ankara, Turkey); Lavinia Rognone (Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Booth St W, Manchester M15 6PB, UK) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the ability of textual analysis-based metrics of physical or transition risks associated with climate change in forecasting the daily volume of trade contracts of gold. Given the count-valued nature of gold volume data, our econometric framework is a loglinear Poisson integer-valued generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (INGARCH) model with a particular climate change-related covariate. We detect a significant predictive power for gold volume at 5- and 22-day-ahead horizons when we extend our model using physical risks. Given the underlying positively evolving impact of such risks on the trading volume of gold, as derived from a full-sample analysis using a time-varying INGARCH model, we can say that gold acts as a hedge against physical risks at 1-week and 1-month horizons. Such a characteristic is also detected for platinum, and to a lesser extent, for palladium, but not silver. Our results have important investment implications. |
| Keywords: | Climate Risks, Precious Metals, Forecasting, Trading Volumes, Count Data, INGARCH |
| JEL: | C22 C53 Q02 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202241&r= |
| By: | Pica, Andrés; Arriagada, Javier; Rivera, Antonia; Martínez, Vicente |
| Abstract: | El precio social del carbono es un instrumento de política con el que es posible incidir, a través de decisiones de inversión pública, en el estilo de desarrollo de los países. En este estudio se propone una metodología y una herramienta para el cálculo de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en el ciclo de vida de diferentes proyectos de transporte interurbano de pasajeros y de carga, planteando proyectos representativos de ampliación de carreteras, ferroviarios, de aviación y de dirigibles. Esta metodología podría aplicarse a otros países no incluidos en este estudio con relativa facilidad. Se lleva a cabo un ejercicio de evaluación social simplificado, para proyectos genéricos, que permite analizar el impacto del uso de un precio social del carbono en las evaluaciones sociales de proyectos de ampliación de carreteras, ferroviarios y de aviación. Los resultados indican que, en los casos analizados, los proyectos de ferrocarril pueden ser una solución rentable socialmente y con beneficios respecto de las emisiones expresadas en dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) para el transporte interurbano de carga y pasajeros. La alternativa tradicional de ampliar una carretera es una solución valida, pero menos beneficiosa en términos de evaluación social y emisiones de CO2e. |
| Keywords: | CARBONO, PRECIOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS, TRANSPORTE FERROVIARIO, TRANSPORTE TERRESTRE, POLITICA DE TRANSPORTE, TRANSPORTE SOSTENIBLE, EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, CARBON, PRICES, SOCIAL ASPECTS, PROJECT EVALUATION, RAILWAY TRANSPORT, LAND TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT POLICY, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS |
| Date: | 2022–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48110&r= |
| By: | Priego Adriano, Marco |
| Abstract: | El sector del transporte es una fuente importante de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), principalmente por los vehículos a motor terrestres. El transporte público en autobuses es el principal medio de movilidad en las ciudades latinoamericanas, en algunos casos superior al 50% del reparto modal. Este estudio evalúa la factibilidad de implementar sistemas de transporte público bajo en emisiones o con tendencia a emisiones cero, mediante el costo comparativo de implementar flotas de autobuses de diferentes tecnologías, incluido el precio social del carbono. Se desarrolla una herramienta que permite hacer una evaluación socioeconómica y financiera, comparando los costos totales de proyectos de transporte público con autobuses bajos en carbono. Se considera la información básica de siete tipos de autobuses de 12 metros con tecnologías diésel (Euro IV, V y VI), GNC, híbrida (Euro VI), eléctrica de baterías y eléctrica de carga de oportunidad (OppCharge). Se realizan simulaciones considerando escenarios con diversos precios (entre 5 y 50 dólares) por tonelada de carbono para evaluar los cambios en los costos anuales equivalentes de las diferentes alternativas de flotas de autobuses. |
| Keywords: | CARBONO, PRECIOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, EVALUACION, TRANSPORTE PUBLICO, TRANSPORTE SOSTENIBLE, POLITICA DE TRANSPORTE, TRANSPORTE SOSTENIBLE, CARBON, PRICES, SOCIAL ASPECTS, EVALUATION, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT POLICY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48103&r= |
| By: | Ellmers, Bodo |
| Abstract: | In der anstehenden zweiten Hälfte der Agenda 2030 sind ambitionierte Reformen notwendig, wenn die Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) noch erreicht werden sollen. Fehlende finanzielle Mittel sind ein Hauptgrund dafür, dass deren Umsetzung massiv in Rückstand geraten ist. Der jüngste Financing for Sustainable Development Report der UN hat die "financial divide", also den schlechteren Zugang von Ländern des Globalen Südens zu zinsgünstigen Finanzmitteln, als ein zentrales Problem identifiziert. Dieser sorgte dafür, dass sich reiche Länder vergleichsweise schnell vom Schock der Coronakrise erholt haben und in nachhaltige Entwicklung investieren können, während viele arme Länder noch weiter abgehängt wurden. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:sefggs:22022&r= |
| By: | Nandeeta Neerunjun (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, M2P2 - Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | I analyze emissions pricing to support the integration of a renewable resource into an electricity mix composed of an emissions-intensive technology. I consider the intermittent nature of the resource such as wind energy and incremental externalities that become severe for high emissions levels. I show that an emissions tax is inefficient when consumers are on flat-rate electricity tariffs and cannot adapt their consumption to varying production. The tax is inefficient even with flexibility in the markets when consumers are on varying tariffs. The renewable resource induces variability in fossil-fueled electricity production and associated marginal damage that does not match a predetermined tax. I study an Emissions Trading Scheme that provides flexibility at the policy level. Emissions permits are traded at varying prices. Since the emissions cap must still be predetermined, I show that it leads to inefficient permits prices that do not match the marginal damages. I also find that the two emissions pricing instruments are not implemented equivalently since the tax differs from the prices of permits. |
| Keywords: | electricity,renewables,intermittency,emissions tax,Emissions Trading Scheme |
| Date: | 2022–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03740013&r= |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (ESC Rennes School of Business - ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Carmen Camacho (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Weihua Ruan (Purdue University Northwest); Benteng Zou (University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg]) |
| Abstract: | We consider a group of players initially members of a coalition managing cooperatively a public bad, in this case, the stock of pollution. Countries are technologically heterogeneous but the pollution damage is uniform. We essentially attempt to characterize the conditions under which a country may eventually split and when it splits within an infinite horizon multi-stage differential game. In contrast to the existing literature, we do not assume that after splitting, the splitting player and the remaining coalition will adopt Markovian strategies. Instead, we assume that the latter will remain committed to the collective control of pollution and play open-loop, while the splitting player plays Markovian. Within a full linear-quadratic model, we characterize the optimal strategies. We later compare with the outcomes of the case where the splitting player and the "remaining" coalition play both Markovian. We highlight several interesting results in terms of the implications for longterm pollution levels and the duration of coalitions with heterogenous strategies. |
| Keywords: | Coalition splitting,environmental agreements,differential games,multistage optimal control,precommitment vs Markovian |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03770401&r= |
| By: | Aurelio Tobias (Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain); Ben Armstrong (Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain); Antonio Gasparrini (Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain) |
| Abstract: | The distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) represent a modelling framework to flexibly describe associations showing potentially non-linear and delayed effects in time-series data. This methodology rests on the definition of a crossbasis, a bi-dimensional functional space combining two sets of basis functions, which specify the relationships in the dimensions of predictor and lags, respectively. DLNMs have been widely used in environmental epidemiology to investigate the short-term associations between environmental exposures, such as weather variables or air pollution, and health outcomes, such as mortality counts or disease-specific hospital admissions. We implemented the DLNMs framework in Stata through the crossbasis command to generate the basis variables that can be fitted in a broad range of regression models. In addition, the post estimation commands crossbgraph and crossbslices allow interpreting the results, emphasizing graphical representation, after the regression model fit. We present an overview of the capabilities of these new user-developed commands and describe the practical steps to fit and interpret DLNMs with an example of real data to represent the relationship between temperature and mortality in London during the period 2002-2006. |
| Date: | 2022–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:lsug22:09&r= |
| By: | Biqing Zhu; Xuanren Song; Zhu Deng; Wenli Zhao; Da Huo; Taochun Sun; Piyu Ke; Duo Cui; Chenxi Lu; Haiwang Zhong; Chaopeng Hong; Jian Qiu; Steven J. Davis; Pierre Gentine; Philippe Ciais; Zhu Liu |
| Abstract: | We constructed a frequently updated, near-real-time global power generation dataset: Carbon Monitor-Power since January, 2016 at national levels with near-global coverage and hourly-to-daily time resolution. The data presented here are collected from 37 countries across all continents for eight source groups, including three types of fossil sources (coal, gas, and oil), nuclear energy and four groups of renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy and other renewables including biomass, geothermal, etc.). The global near-real-time power dataset shows the dynamics of the global power system, including its hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal patterns as influenced by daily periodical activities, weekends, seasonal cycles, regular and irregular events (i.e., holidays) and extreme events (i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic). The Carbon Monitor-Power dataset reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic caused strong disruptions in some countries (i.e., China and India), leading to a temporary or long-lasting shift to low carbon intensity, while it had only little impact in some other countries (i.e., Australia). This dataset offers a large range of opportunities for power-related scientific research and policy-making. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.06086&r= |
| By: | Aguilar Revelo, Lorena |
| Abstract: | Este documento fue elaborado como parte del proceso de preparación hacia el 66º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, que tuvo como tema prioritario “El logro de la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de todas las mujeres y las niñas en el contexto de las políticas y programas relativos al cambio climático, el medio ambiente y la reducción del riesgo de desastres”. El proceso se llevó a cabo en el marco de la 62ª Reunión de la Mesa Directiva de la Conferencia Regional sobre la Mujer de América Latina y el Caribe. El objetivo de este documento y sus recomendaciones es no solo avanzar hacia el logro de la igualdad de género y el desarrollo sostenible en la región, sino también hacer aportes innovadores y transformadores desde América Latina y el Caribe en materia de género y cambio climático, poniendo en el centro la igualdad de género y la autonomía de las mujeres. |
| Keywords: | MUJERES, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, COOPERACION REGIONAL, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, WOMEN, CLIMATE CHANGE, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, GENDER EQUALITY, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, REGIONAL COOPERATION, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION |
| Date: | 2022–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48071&r= |
| By: | Margot Dyen (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article examines how recommendations for preventing food waste are implemented, based on the practice theories framework and more specifically on Southerton's framework in which practices are performed according to temporal dispositions (What practice to carry out at a given time and how culturally derived orientations influence the allocation of practice over time?), temporal procedures (When to carry out this practice and its expected temporal demand?) and temporal sequences (How does the material and infrastructural environment affect this practice at this time?). This work is based on a two-step qualitative study combining a projective method coupled with semi-directive interviews with 23 participants, and observations with 11 of these 23 participants which helps identifying the temporalities and actions involved in implementing recommendations to reduce food waste at home. Results also lead to a complementary step based on the evaluation of a device (a "leftovers zone" in the fridge) by a group of 10 consumers. This article contributes to understanding the temporalities of daily food practices to reduce FW. |
| Keywords: | food waste,practice theories,qualitative study,temporalities |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03138983&r= |
| By: | Salman Haider (CDE and IEG, Delhi) |
| Abstract: | This study aims at analysing the determinant of cooking fuel expense at household level in Uttar Pradesh (UP). For this purpose, panel data from CPHS (CMIE) and the household fixed effect model have been used. As clean cooking fuel demands larger expenditure, it is expected that higher expenses on cooking fuel represent transition to clean cooking fuel. Cooking fuel expenses show positive elasticity with respect to per capita income. However, this elasticity is lower for the higher income (consumption) group than for the bottom income group. Looking at the caste angle, schedule tribe (STs) spend less while the general caste and schedule castes (SCs) spend more as compared to the other backward castes (OBCs). Households with less educational attainments show lower spending on cooking fuel, while households with better electricity access unravel a higher propensity. This suggests positive spill-over effects of modern energy services on clean cooking fuel. Finally, the present study has implications for designing policies to penetrate LPG as cooking fuel. |
| Keywords: | Cooking fuel expenditure, Energy cost burden, Sustainable development, India, Survey analysis. |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awe:wpaper:454&r= |
| By: | Lou-Lyne Leconte (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Abstract: | This document provides an overview of a thesis aiming to understand consumers' behaviours towards ecodesigned products and services. After relevance and contribution of the thesis are discussed, a short literature review is performed. Contributions of scientific community about notions of consumer, sustainable development, strong sustainability and ecodesign as well as their interrelationships are exposed to better understand consumer's implications in sustainable development and ecodesign approaches. Then, the qualitative methodology followed in the early stages of the thesis, consisting in group meetings for an exploratory study; as well as the methodology planned for experts' interviews, participatory observation and individual and group interviews are addressed. Finally, a model details expected empirical results of the research. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development,strong sustainability,consumer's behaviour,ecodesign,qualitative methodology |
| Date: | 2022–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03759219&r= |
| By: | Leruth, Luc; Mazarei, Adnan; Regibeau, Pierre; Renneboog, Luc (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| Keywords: | ownership; voting power; corporate social responsibility; ESG; supply chain; recycling; rare earth elements; critical minerals; geopolitics |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:61051d4e-26c6-4cbd-b039-47bcc210866d&r= |
| By: | Viral V. Acharya; Timothy Johnson; Suresh Sundaresan; Tuomas Tomunen |
| Abstract: | We exploit regional variations in exposure to heat stress to study if physical climate risk is priced in municipal and corporate bonds as well as in equity markets. We find that local exposure to damages related to heat stress equaling 1% of GDP is associated with municipal bond yield spreads that are higher by around 15 basis points per annum (bps), the effect being larger for longer-term, revenue-only and lower-rated bonds, and arising mainly from the expected increase in energy expenditures and decrease in labor productivity. Among S&P 500 companies, one standard deviation increase in exposure to heat stress is associated with yield spreads that are higher by around 40 bps for sub-investment grade corporate bonds, with little effect for investment grade bond spreads, and with conditional expected returns on stocks that are higher by around 45 bps. These results are (i) observed robustly only starting in 2013–15, (ii) mostly absent for physical risks other than exposure to heat stress, and (iii) consistent with the class of macroeconomic models where climate change has a direct and large negative impact on aggregate consumption. |
| JEL: | G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30445&r= |
| By: | Emanuel Kohlscheen; Richhild Moessner |
| Abstract: | We analyse the drivers of European Power Exchange (EPEX) wholesale electricity prices between 2012 and early 2022 using machine learning. The agnostic random forest approach that we use is able to reduce in-sample root mean square errors (RMSEs) by around 50% when compared to a standard linear least square model. This indicates that non-linearities and interaction effects are key in wholesale electricity markets. Out-of-sample prediction errors using machine learning are (slightly) lower than even in-sample least square errors using a least square model. The effects of efforts to limit power consumption and green the energy matrix on wholesale electricity prices are first order. CO2 permit prices strongly impact electricity prices, as do the prices of source energy commodities. And carbon permit prices impact has clearly increased post-2021 (particularly for baseload prices). Among energy sources, natural gas has the largest effect on electricity prices. Importantly, the role of wind energy feed-in has slowly risen over time, and its impact is now roughly on par with that of coal. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.14650&r= |
| By: | Bonev, Petyo; Soederberg, Magnus; Unternährer, Maria |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the effect of working from home on waste generated by individuals both at and away from their homes. To that end, we collect a unique dataset that matches administrative household-level waste data from Sweden with survey data on how many hours individuals work from home. A novel identification approach allows us to link waste generated away from home to the choice of location of work. Our results suggest that working from home reduces organic and residual waste by 20% and 12%, respectively. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Policy, Working from home, Waste |
| JEL: | D12 O33 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2022:10&r= |
| By: | Dangel, Alexander; Goeschl, Timo |
| Abstract: | We study an air quality alert program that informs the public of high ambient air pollution levels and broadcasts a Don't Drive Appeal (DDA) to encourage motorists not to drive on poor air quality days. We use fixed effects panel models and a rigorous sub-sampling method to analyze 28 months of traffic data from Stuttgart, Germany and evaluate whether DDAs reduce driving. We find DDAs inadvertently increase driving by up to 2% in Greater Stuttgart. This overall effect is driven by heightened weekend and periphery traffic during DDAs. Notably, DDAs successfully reduce city center traffic on some weekdays and for the first five days of DDA events. However, estimated traffic reductions never exceed 5% of daily traffic flows, suggesting that high switching costs and dynamic norm factors may deter most motorists from choosing the DDA's desired response. These results provide cautionary evidence about implementing DDAs to reduce driving. |
| Keywords: | information-based regulation; voluntary policies; air quality alerts; prosocial behavior; transportation choice |
| Date: | 2022–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0718&r= |
| By: | Soufiane Akhramez; Ahmed Fatimi; Oseweuba Valentine Okoro; Maryam Hajiabbas; Abdelghani Boussetta; Amine Moubarik; Abderrafia Hafid; Mostafa Khouili; Julia Simińska-Stanny; Cecile Brigode; Amin Shavandi |
| Abstract: | There have been many efforts to valorise lignin to produce bio-based chemicals and advanced materials. In this study, alkaline delignification was initially employed to recover lignin from the rind, pulp, and whole bagasse fractions of Moroccan sugarcane. The lignin fractions were subsequently modified via silanization and acetylation reactions. The modified lignin and raw lignin were then characterised to assess changes in their physicochemical properties via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solubility and thermogravimetric assessment, with both salinization and acetylation modification shown to enhance the solubility properties of the raw lignin of both polar and non-polar solvents. Preliminary investigations into the suitability of employing the modified lignin in hydrogel preparation were also undertaken. The preliminary hydrogels were developed using heating and freeze-thawing methods, while polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) were used as the matrix and the crosslinking agents, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), rheological analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis were then used to characterize the different lignin–PVA hydrogels. The study showed that the swelling behaviour of the hydrogels was mainly influenced by the nature of the lignin (i.e. modified or raw), and the morphology of the hydrogel surfaces varied depending on the preparation methods. The study showed that the hydrogel based on silanized lignin and PVA had superior mechanical performance and swelling capacity compared to the acetylated lignin–PVA and raw lignin–PVA hydrogels. |
| Keywords: | acetylation; biomass; circular economy; lignin; silanization; sustainability; waste |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/349687&r= |
| By: | Navarro Quesada, Daniel; Acosta, Claudia; Aulestia, Diego; Jauregui-Fung, Franco |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presentan los resultados del intercambio realizado entre la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), como parte del proyecto “Ciudades inclusivas, sostenibles e inteligentes en el marco de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe”. El evento se realizó los días 24 y 25 de mayo de 2022 y tuvo por objeto explorar distintas iniciativas de política pública en torno a la implementación del gran impulso para la sostenibilidad en la movilidad urbana. La reflexión estuvo inspirada en dos grandes preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las condiciones y posibilidades de la industria para responder a las exigencias de la movilidad urbana sostenible? y ¿cuáles son los problemas, requerimientos y oportunidades del financiamiento del transporte público sostenible en las ciudades? Para ello, se analizaron los casos de China y la India, junto con la situación actual y las perspectivas de América Latina en torno a los beneficios de implementar el gran impulso para la sostenibilidad como una estrategia orientada a alcanzar un nuevo modelo de desarrollo sostenible impulsado por las demandas urbanas de servicios públicos. |
| Keywords: | CIUDADES, PLANIFICACION URBANA, DESARROLLO URBANO, TRANSPORTE URBANO, TRANSPORTE PUBLICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FINANCIAMIENTO DEL TRANSPORTE, CEPAL, CONFERENCIAS, CITIES, URBAN PLANNING, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TRANSPORT FINANCING, ECLAC, CONFERENCES |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48083&r= |
| By: | Jacobus Nel (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Mark E. Wohar (College of Business Administration, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6708 Pine Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA); Christian Pierdzioch (Department of Economics, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, P.O.B. 700822, 22008 Hamburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | We analyze whether metrics of climate risks, as captured primarily by changes in temperature anomaly and its stochastic volatility, can predict returns and volatility of 25 commodities, covering the overall historical period of 1258 to 2021. To this end, we apply a higher-order nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test to not only uncover potential predictability in the entire conditional distribution of commodity returns and volatility, but also to account for nonlinearity and structural breaks which exist between commodity returns and the metrics of climate risks. We find that, unlike in the misspecified linear Granger causality tests, climate risks do predict commodity returns and volatility, though the impact on the latter is stronger, in terms of the coverage of the conditional distribution. Insights from our findings can benefit academics, investors, and policymakers in their decision-making. |
| Keywords: | Climate risks, Commodities, Returns and volatility predictions, Higher-order nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test |
| JEL: | C22 C53 Q02 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202242&r= |
| By: | Eric Langlais; Andreea Cosnita-Langlais |
| Abstract: | We endogenize location/product specification choices in a spatial Cournot duopoly on the linear market, when firms' output entails an accidental harm to the environment. Under a strict liability regime, the equilibrium involves no differentiation when the expected harm is low enough. This outcome is suboptimal, and identical to the spatial pattern obtained under a no-liability regime. With larger harm, the equilibrium displays some dispersion/product differentiation, the degree of which is increasing with the level of harm towards the first best locations/product choices. Our results are robusts when allowing for firms' investment in environmental measures. Moreover, we show that vertical/care differentiation occurs whenever horizontal product differentiation arises. Finally, we show that under a negligence rule, firms always comply with the due care level, but the equilibrium involves no differentiation, either horizontal/product or vertical/care. |
| Keywords: | Cournot competition, spatial model, strategic location, product choice, horizontal differentiation, vertical differentitation, environmental liability, strict liability, negligence. |
| JEL: | L41 K21 D82 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2022-20&r= |
| By: | Margot Dyen (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Research objectives: This article questions the feasibility of the behaviors promoted by the French Anti Food Waste and Eat and move campaigns that target consumers, studying how the recommendations are implemented on a daily basis. Methodology: The authors rely on practice theories, and more precisely on the conceptual framework of performance. The qualitative methodology is composed of three stages: semi-directive interviews conducted using projective collages, participating observations of the supply and meals at home, and a focus group. These three steps were conducted with 23, 11 among the 23, and 10 participants respectively. Results: The research shows that the implementation of the recommendations is based on three categories of performance: coordination between individuals, coordination of activities, and food management. Ensuring these three forms of organization would facilitate the implementation of the recommendations promoted in the Anti Food Waste and Eat and move campaigns. Managerial implications: The study makes it possible to formulate recommendations for cities and businesses to accompany consumers by informing them, organizing a favorable context, and providing them with tools. Originality: Through practice theories, the contribution of this study is to complete what exists concerning the reduction of food waste and the promotion of healthy eating. |
| Keywords: | food waste,healthy eating,social marketing,practice theories,performance,gaspillage alimentaire,bien manger,marketing social,théorie des pratiques |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03191541&r= |
| By: | Kuhn, Lena; Jaghdani, Tinoush Jamali; Prehn, Sören; Sun, Zhanli; Glauben, Thomas |
| Abstract: | International agricultural trade is key to improving global food security. It ensures access to more diversified foods (e.g. Krivonos and Kuhn 2019 ), acts as a safety net against local production shortfalls (Glauben et al. 2022) and helps make use of regional climatic or resource-related production advantages. While local production and short supply chains can reduce transport costs, they do not necessarily equate to resilient food systems or lower carbon footprints (Stein and Santini 2022). Currently, though, international agricultural trade is facing supply chain disruptions and rising world market prices resulting from the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, increasing global food demand and extreme weather events. Both are threatening already strained food security, in particular in import-dependent, low-income regions. Geopolitical risks, such as the China- US trade war and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, are further rattling the food market. As the world's largest consumer of agricultural goods, China's trade strategies influence world markets, with ripple-down effects for consumers around the world, particularly in the Global South. This policy brief aims at shedding light on China's current market actions, and the likely short- and mid-term developments and their impacts. We argue for moderation in response to short-term shocks. Excessive mobility and trade restrictions as well as extreme stockpiling should be avoided. These harm the trade system's overall capacity to resist further and more serious global challenges related to population growth and climate change. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamopb:45e&r= |
| By: | Lampkin, Nicolas; Sanders, Jürn |
| Abstract: | Since 1994, and in some individual cases earlier, the European Union (EU) and its Member States have provided financial support to organic farming and food businesses, primarily through the agri-environmental and other rural development measures of the 2nd Pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This report builds on a series of similar earlier reports and updates the policy support data and descriptions for the decade 2010-2020, covering the two CAP programming periods 2007-2013 (represented by 2011 data) and, in more detail, the 2014- 2020 period. A major focus is the support for conversion to and continuation (maintenance) of organic farming, implemented in all but one of the EU Member States. Comprehensive data has been compiled on payment rates, supported activities, eligibility conditions, uptake and public expenditure for these measures. In 2018, the then EU28 Member States supported organic farming on almost 5% of EU utilisable agricultural area (UAA), at an average cost of €207 per ha UAA, totalling over 1.8 billion €. The area supported represented 64% of the total certified organic land area in the EU. Support was also provided in various forms for training, advice, education, research, investments in farms and processing activities, consumer promotion and the development and implementation of EU regulations defining organic food and farming. In many countries, organic action plans have been implemented to enable better integration of these policy measures to meet defined national or regional needs, priorities and targets. As part of its Farm to Fork and Biodiversity Strategies from 2020, the EU has set a target of 25% of UAA to be organic by 2030, with the expectation of enhanced policy support in the 2023-2027 CAP programming period and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:324737&r= |
| By: | Juan Benavides; Sergio Cabrales; Martha E. Delgado-Rojas |
| Abstract: | La transición de Colombia debe envolver tecnologías limpias rentables, aumentar el consumo de energía por habitante, adoptar una política de portafolio para desarrollar sus recursos energéticos, proclamar una política de apoyo al desarrollo del gas natural por las dos décadas siguientes, no deteriorar la capacidad productiva de las nuevas adiciones en capital en manufactura y equipos con tecnologías distantes de la frontera comercial en el lado de la demanda, no desmantelar activos que provean servicios esenciales y cuyo reemplazo sería muy costoso por unidad de GEI removida. Además, debe aumentar el fondeo para investigación y desarrollo en energía, estructurar fondos de financiación combinada, innovar en modelos de negocios y de atención de zonas no interconectadas, impulsar el aprovechamiento de la biomasa residual en los entornos rurales, y prepararse para la transición justa en regiones productoras de carbón térmico.******Abstract: Colombia's transition must involve profitable clean technologies, increase energy consumption per inhabitant, adopt a portfolio policy to develop its energy resources, proclaim a policy of support for the development of natural gas for the next two decades, and do not deteriorate the productive capacity of new capital additions in manufacturing and equipment with technologies distant from the commercial frontier on the demand side, do not dismantling assets that provide essential services and whose replacement would be very costly per unit of GHG removed. In addition, it must increase funding for research and development in energy, structure combined financing funds, innovate in business models and care for non-interconnected areas, promote the use of residual biomass in rural environments, and prepare for the just transition in thermal coal producing regions. |
| Keywords: | Transición Energética, Carbono - Neutralidad, Gas Natural, Consumo de Energía, Descarbonización Acelerada, Energy Transition, Carbon - Neutrality, Gas, Energy Consumption, Accelerating Decarbonization |
| JEL: | L71 Q35 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:020394&r= |
| By: | Luca Deidda; Laurence Harris |
| Abstract: | The-implications-of-national-and-interna tional-carbon-pricing-policies-for-the-S outh-African-Reserve-Bank |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rbz:wpaper:11034&r= |
| By: | Fangxuan Chen; Zhiwei Ma; Hadi Nasrabadi; Bailian Chen; Mohamed Mehana; Jolante Wieke Van Wijk |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen is an integral component of the current energy transition roadmap to decarbonize the economy and create an environmentally-sustainable future. However, surface storage options (e.g., tanks) do not provide the required capacity or durability to deploy a regional or nationwide hydrogen economy. In this study, we have analyzed the techno-economic feasibility of the geologic storage of hydrogen in depleted gas reservoirs, salt caverns, and aquifers in the Intermountain-West (I-WEST) region. We have identified the most favorable candidate sites for hydrogen storage and estimated the volumetric storage capacity. Our results show that the geologic storage of hydrogen can provide at least 72% of total energy consumption of I-WEST region in 2020. We also calculated the capital and levelized costs of each storage option. We found that a depleted gas reservoir is the most cost-effective candidate among the three geologic storage options. Interestingly, the cushion gas type and volume play a significant role in the storage cost when we consider hydrogen storage in saline aquifers. The levelized costs of hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs, salt caverns, and saline aquifers with large-scale storage capacity are approximately $1.3, $2.3, and $3.4 per kg of H2, respectively. This work provides essential guidance for the geologic hydrogen storage in the I-WEST region. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.03239&r= |
| By: | Schmidt, Klaus M. (LMU Munich) |
| Abstract: | In seiner Thünen-Vorlesung vor dem Verein für Socialpolitik im Herbst 2020 hat Klaus Schmidt das Design von Klimaschutzverhandlungen untersucht. Er geht dabei von einem Vorschlag Martin Weitzmans aus, künftige Verhandlungen auf einen einheitlichen CO2-Mindestpreis zu fokussieren. Wäre ein solches Vorgehen demjenigen, wie es in den Abkommen von Paris und Kyoto praktiziert wurde, tatsächlich überlegen? Schmidt berichtet von zwei experimentellen Studien, in denen er gemeinsam mit Koautoren Licht auf diese Frage geworfen hat. Die Ergebnisse beider Studien unterstützen den Vorschlag von Weitzman. |
| Keywords: | Klimaschutzverhandlungen; Verhandlungsdesign; Reziprozität; CO2-Preis; |
| JEL: | C81 C93 F51 H87 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:270&r= |
| By: | Podestá, Andrea; Eirin, María Silvina; Contreras Lisperguer, Rubén; Salgado, René |
| Abstract: | En este documento se busca identificar y analizar políticas e instrumentos para el financiamiento de la inversión en las energías renovables, a fin de avanzar hacia una movilidad y conectividad urbana más limpia y sostenible, presentándose un análisis en cuatro países seleccionados: Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y México. La implementación de estas políticas e instrumentos podría constituir una importante estrategia de parte de los países de la región para enfrentar las dificultades estructurales que plantean los bajos niveles de inversión y productividad y la incertidumbre para el crecimiento económico producto de los efectos de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) y, más recientemente, del conflicto entre la Federación de Rusia y Ucrania. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, INVERSIONES, FOMENTO DE LAS INVERSIONES, POLITICA DE INVERSIONES, INSTRUMENTOS FINANCIEROS, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, ENERGY RESOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PROMOTION, INVESTMENT POLICY, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48084&r= |
| By: | Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Reprendre en France la trajectoire de la taxe carbone suppose de surmonter les nombreux obstacles à son acceptation par la population. Cet article recense d'abord les arguments propres à convaincre le public de l'efficacité de la tarification du carbone pour réduire les émissions. Puis, sur la base de la littérature et à la lumière d'expériences internationales, il expose des propositions de mesures d'accompagnement propres à combattre les effets potentiellement défavorables sur l'emploi, à traiter les questions d'équité, à répondre au besoin de justice sociale, et à permettre de restaurer la confiance politique indispensable à l'acceptation de politiques climatiques efficaces. |
| Keywords: | Politique climatique – Taxe carbone – Contribution climat-énergie – Acceptabilité – Inégalités |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03757114&r= |
| By: | Fulton, Lewis PhD |
| Abstract: | Currently, hydrogen is used in California in only a few significant applications, with refining being the most dominant. However, hydrogen has the potential to be a major zero-carbon energy carrier across many applications, including transportation, buildings, and various industries. What would be required for this kind of scale-up? What is the potential for hydrogen in different sectors and in different parts of the state? How can this potential be realized? Scaling up the use of hydrogen will likely require strong policies because currently it is produced on a small scale and is therefore expensive. This brief covers basic concepts of how hydrogen could be used, and how much end-use demand potential there could be for different applications across transportation, buildings and industry; however, it should be noted that this brief does not consider hydrogen used within the electricity system). It also considers strategy to some degree – such as where the greatest efforts should be placed. It builds on research that is ongoing on UC campuses as well as other sources. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3gc9s2bt&r= |
| By: | Khadija Harbaoui (Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef); Ezzdine Hamrouni (Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef); Hassen Ouilhezi (Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef); Zoubair Aouadi (Agence Foncière Agricole du Kef); Nicolas Faysse (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Nadhira Benaissa (INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Safouane Mouelhi (INRGREF - Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - IRESA - Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis]); Sihem Jebari (INRGREF - Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - IRESA - Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis]); Houssem Braiki (BUREAU D'ETUDE ACCORD TUNIS TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Sylvie Morardet (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Soumaya Younsi (Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Guillaume Lestrelin (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Emeline Hassenforder (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Crystèle Léauthaud (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Xavier Augusseau (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Jean-Yves Jamin (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Julien Burte (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | En Tunisie, des politiques récentes cherchent à mettre en place une participation effective des populations rurales à la formulation de plans territoriaux de développement intégrant des dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales. Le programme PACTE expérimente une démarche pilote pour mettre en oeuvre cette participation dans six zones rurales, grâce à la constitution de comités de territoire. Pour préparer le travail de chaque comité, des habitants ont participé à la réalisation d'un diagnostic de leur territoire pour identifier les principaux enjeux de développement. Ensuite, ils ont formulé des propositions d'action pour répondre à ces enjeux, verbalement lors d'ateliers et, en dehors des ateliers, en utilisant des fiches mises à leur disposition puis collectées. L'article analyse les actions proposées par des habitants d'une zone d'intervention située dans le gouvernorat du Kef. L'analyse porte sur : i) les finalités de ces actions, à savoir dans quelle mesure ces actions répondent aux enjeux identifiés ; et 2) les caractéristiques de ces actions, notamment leur dimension individuelle ou collective et leur degré d'innovation. L'analyse est basée sur les comptes rendus des ateliers, les fiches de propositions d'actions collectées, et des entretiens auprès de membres d'institutions publiques de développement. Les actions proposées par les habitants couvrent l'essentiel des enjeux identifiés au cours des ateliers. Parmi les fiches remplies, ces habitants donnent la priorité à des actions individuelles et génératrices de revenu et, en particulier, à des activités qu'ils pratiquent déjà. Lors des ateliers, les participants ont envisagé des actions plus diverses, parfois innovantes, et plus souvent de nature collective. L'analyse proposée ici a permis d'identifier des opportunités pour la production de connaissances communes entre les futurs membres des comités de territoire, et entre eux et les membres des institutions publiques de développement. Le projet PACTE constitue une expérience innovante de mise en oeuvre d'une démarche participative à grande échelle pour le diagnostic territorial et la formulation de proposition d'action en zone rurale au Maghreb. La réflexion sur les méthodes et moyens à utiliser pour permettre cette participation est un chantier sur lequel il sera important de continuer à avancer dans les années à venir. |
| Keywords: | actions de développement,démarche participative,planification territoriale,Tunisie |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03758847&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Given the human, social and economic impacts of COVID-19 across the world and the Latin American and Caribbean region, since its onset the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has focused its work agenda on assessing the impact of the pandemic on the three dimensions of sustainable development. To contribute to these efforts, this paper presents the Methodology for the Assessment of Disasters (known as Damage and Loss Assessment – DaLa) developed by ECLAC, and its applicability in the national assessments of the effects of COVID-19. The Commission is therefore making this tool and the technical support for its implementation available to the countries. In the current context, it is important to have a consistent methodology with which to examine the sectoral effects of the pandemic on the countries of the region. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, PERDIDAS POR DESASTRES, EVALUACION, COSTOS, SALUD, EDUCACION, SERVICIOS BASICOS, TURISMO, CIUDADES, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, DISASTER LOSS, EVALUATION, COSTS, HEALTH, EDUCATION, BASIC SERVICES, TOURISM, CITIES |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48099&r= |
| By: | Víctor Saavedra; Carlos Felipe Reyes; María Mónica Salazar; Daniel Wiesner; Mónica Díaz |
| Abstract: | La Ley 1454 de 2011 o Ley Orgánica de Ordenamiento Territorial (LOOT) incorpora el mandato de desarrollar la Política General de Ordenamiento Territorial - PGOT. Este documento tiene como objetivo levantar la línea base de la Política General de Ordenamiento Territorial (PGOT) en los asuntos de interés priorizados en el marco del Sistema Territorial identificados por la Comisión de Ordenamiento Territorial (COT). Los procesos territoriales evaluados son; (1) conflicto uso del suelo, (2) aprovechamiento subregiones funcionales, (3) Soberanía Alimentaria, (4) Provisión y acceso al servicio público de agua y alcantarillado y (5) Conectividad, movilidad, intermodalidad y logística interterritorial. A través de metodologías cuantitativas, cualitativas y triangulación de información se formularon, validaron y estimaron 57 indicadores que dan cuenta del estado actual de los 5 procesos territoriales analizados. Posteriormente, se identificaron correlaciones espaciales entre los distintos procesos territoriales. Finalmente, las recomendaciones presentadas en el documento tienen como principal objetivo facilitar los procesos de monitoreo y evaluación de la PGOT en el mediano y largo plazo.****** Abstract: Law 1454 of 2011 or Statutary Law for National Land Use incorporates the mandate of developing the National Land Use Policy, specifically for the prioritized affairs identified by the Land Use Commission (COT). The territorial processes evaluated are: (1) Land use conflict, (2) Functional subregions harnessing. (3) Food Sovereignty, (4) Drinkable water provision and access to sewerage infrastructure and (5) Connectivity, mobility, intermodally and intra-territorial logistics. Through quantitative, qualitative and triangulation methodologies a total of 57 indicators were formulated, validated, and estimated which account for the current state of the 5 territorial processes analyzed. At a larger stage, several spatial correlations between the territorial processes were identified. Finally, the recommendations presented in the document aim to facilitates the monitoring and evaluation of the Policy in the long term. |
| Keywords: | Política General de Ordenamiento Territorial, PGOT, Conflictos del Uso del Suelo, Subregiones Funcionales, Soberanía Alimentaria, Acceso Agua Potable, Provisión de Servicios Públicos, Infraestructura Social, Proyectos de Infraestructura de Movilidad, Infraestructura Transporte Nacional, Esquemas Asociación Territorial, National Land Use Policy, Land Use Conflicts, Functional Subregions, Food Sovereignity, Access to Drinkable Wáter, Public Services Provision, Social Infrastructure, Transportation Infrastructure, Territorial Association Schemes |
| JEL: | Q1 Q10 Q11 Q13 Q2 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q5 Q57 Q58 R1 R10 R11 R14 R4 R41 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–07–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:020395&r= |
| By: | Rim El Khoury (NDU - Notre Dame University-Louaize [Lebanon]); Nohade Nasrallah (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Etienne Harb (ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Khaled Hussainey (University of Portsmouth) |
| Abstract: | An uphill question of whether Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) directly impact firms' financial performance (FP) continues to vacillate between two opponent streams. In the present study, we argue that COVID-19 is an extreme event where the effect of ESG sharply manifests. We rely on cross-sectional data in the context of G20 countries for the year 2020. To avoid biased results due to governments support, we integrate four novel metrics provided by the Oxford Coronavirus Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT). We run sequential regressions (OLS; and quartiles to account for the Ingrained Income Bias (IIB) and ESG scores). We also perform robustness tests and account for the interaction between ESG and cash level. Our models were subsequently replicated for each ESG pillar. Findings indicate that ESG is beneficial during COVID-19, but the reward appears to be closely tied up to specific aspects of ESG, income level, and firm-specific variables. Results contribute to the burgeoning literature on ESG during COVID-19 by reflecting on firms' key attributes and the preponderance of government support. |
| Keywords: | G20,ESG,ESG pillars,COVID-19,Oxford Coronavirus government response tracker (OxCGRT),ROA,ROE,TR,MB |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03761427&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Con el fin de evaluar los efectos que la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID19) tuvo en los sectores del turismo y el comercio de Panamá, se utilizó como marco de referencia la tercera edición de la metodología para la evaluación de desastres —Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA)— formulada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). La evaluación se llevó a cabo en estrecha colaboración con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas en Panamá, y se emplearon datos oficiales e información de entrevistas con el sector público y el privado. A partir de las pérdidas asociadas a la pandemia que se observaron en 2020 en el turismo y el comercio, así como de las pérdidas que se preveían para 2021 y 2022 en esos sectores, se estimó el impacto de la pandemia en el PIB de Panamá, en el PIB de las regiones del país y en el ingreso de los factores productivos para cada uno de esos años. La evaluación realizada muestra que los efectos que la pandemia de COVID19 tuvo en estas actividades incidirán de forma significativa en el PIB y el ingreso de los agentes económicos durante varios años, y repercutirán en gran medida en los niveles de ocupación. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, TURISMO, INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TURISMO, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO, DESASTRES NATURALES, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, TOURISM, TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, NATURAL DISASTERS |
| Date: | 2022–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48069&r= |
| By: | Kenta Fukami (OECD); Daniel Blume (OECD); Carl Magnus Magnusson (OECD) |
| Abstract: | The sustained growth of institutional investors’ assets under management, together with the growing use of passive investment strategies, raises the question of whether existing frameworks adequately address issues related to investor engagement and disclosure. There has been a growth in the regulation of institutional investors and market intermediaries to address conflicts of interest and to enhance their transparency. In parallel, the adoption of stewardship codes and the number of signatories to such codes has been increasing. Their proliferation and to some extent convergence offers insights on recognised good practices. The paper also explores the apparent increase in engagement among institutional investors with respect to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, their increasing reliance on ESG ratings and data services, and whether regulatory frameworks or guidance should evolve to take into account these new developments. |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dafaae:25-en&r= |
| By: | Chen Chris Gong; Falko Ueckerdt; Robert Pietzcker; Adrian Odenweller; Wolf-Peter Schill; Martin Kittel; Gunnar Luderer |
| Abstract: | Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are a central tool for the quantitative analysis of climate change mitigation strategies. However, due to their global, cross-sectoral and centennial scope, IAMs cannot explicitly represent the spatio-temporal detail required to properly analyze the key role of variable renewable electricity (VRE) for decarbonizing the power sector and end-use electrification. In contrast, power sector models (PSMs) incorporate high spatio-temporal resolutions, but tend to have narrower scopes and shorter time horizons. To overcome these limitations, we present a novel methodology: an iterative and fully automated soft-coupling framework that combines the strengths of a IAM and a PSM. This framework uses the market values of power generation as well as the capture prices of demand in the PSM as price signals that change the capacity and power mix of the IAM. Hence, both models make endogenous investment decisions, leading to a joint solution. We apply the method to Germany in a proof-of-concept study using the IAM REMIND and the PSM DIETER, and confirm the theoretically prediction of almost-full convergence both in terms of decision variables and (shadow) prices. At the end of the iterative process, the absolute model difference between the generation shares of any generator type for any year is |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.02340&r= |
| By: | Gilles Séré de Lanauze (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | .• Objective/research issue For health, ecological or social convictions and concerns, some people may adopt a restrictive diet outside the usual norms and habits. This can generate psychological and relational tensions for the people who adopt vegetarianism. The present study aims at better understanding how intra-group as well as extra-group relations influence the vegetarian diet adoption process. • Methodology/Approach An exploratory survey based on 25 in-depth interviews of vegetarians is conducted. • Findings Results show that individuals differ according to their perception of and capacity to manage the normative dissonance resulting from the contradictions between society and the practice community. • Implications Implications arise for brands regarding supply and communication and more generally for the promotion of these practices. • Originality This research introduces the notion of normative dissonance, which results from the perceived normative conflicts between society and the adoptive practice-based community. It proposes an explanatory model of the expected roles of the community according to how individuals perceive and deal with normative dissonance. |
| Abstract: | • Objectifs/questions de recherche Du fait de préoccupations ou de convictions en termes de santé, d'écologie ou de citoyenneté, de plus en plus de consommateurs font le choix de régimes alimentaires particuliers, en marge des habitudes et normes les plus courantes. C'est par exemple le cas du végétarisme. Cette étude cherche à comprendre comment le rapport aux autres, qu'il soit intra-groupe ou extra-groupe, influence le processus d'adoption et de maintien d'un régime végétarien. • Méthodologie/approche Une étude exploratoire menée auprès de 25 végétariens vise à mieux comprendre le poids et les conséquences des relations aux autres sur l'adoption d'une pratique encore marginale en France. • Résultats En étudiant le cas du végétarisme, les résultats montrent que les individus adeptes de la pratique subissent des influences variables de la part de leur environnement social, et qu'ils se distinguent dans leur perception d'une dissonance normative résultant de leurs relations avec d'une part la société et d'autre part la communauté de pratique. • Implications managériales/sociétales Des implications en découlent notamment pour les marques en matière d'offre et de communication et de façon plus générale, pour la promotion de ces pratiques. • Originalité Cette recherche introduit la notion de dissonance normative qui émerge des conflits normatifs perçus entre la société et la communauté d'adoption autour de pratiques de consommation encore marginales. Elle propose également un schéma explicatif des rôles attendus de la communauté de pratique en fonction de la façon dont les individus perçoivent et gèrent cette dissonance normative. |
| Keywords: | vegetarianism,social influences,social identity,normative dissonance,communities,végétarisme,influences sociales,identité sociale,dissonance normative,communautés |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03470954&r= |
| By: | Gilles Séré de Lanauze (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | .• Objective/research issue For health, ecological or social convictions and concerns, some people may adopt a restrictive diet outside the usual norms and habits. This can generate psychological and relational tensions for the people who adopt vegetarianism. The present study aims at better understanding how intra-group as well as extra-group relations influence the vegetarian diet adoption process. • Methodology/Approach An exploratory survey based on 25 in-depth interviews of vegetarians is conducted. • Findings Results show that individuals differ according to their perception of and capacity to manage the normative dissonance resulting from the contradictions between society and the practice community. • Implications Implications arise for brands regarding supply and communication and more generally for the promotion of these practices. • Originality This research introduces the notion of normative dissonance, which results from the perceived normative conflicts between society and the adoptive practice-based community. It proposes an explanatory model of the expected roles of the community according to how individuals perceive and deal with normative dissonance. |
| Abstract: | • Objectifs/questions de recherche Du fait de préoccupations ou de convictions en termes de santé, d'écologie ou de citoyenneté, de plus en plus de consommateurs font le choix de régimes alimentaires particuliers, en marge des habitudes et normes les plus courantes. C'est par exemple le cas du végétarisme. Cette étude cherche à comprendre comment le rapport aux autres, qu'il soit intra-groupe ou extra-groupe, influence le processus d'adoption et de maintien d'un régime végétarien. • Méthodologie/approche Une étude exploratoire menée auprès de 25 végétariens vise à mieux comprendre le poids et les conséquences des relations aux autres sur l'adoption d'une pratique encore marginale en France. • Résultats En étudiant le cas du végétarisme, les résultats montrent que les individus adeptes de la pratique subissent des influences variables de la part de leur environnement social, et qu'ils se distinguent dans leur perception d'une dissonance normative résultant de leurs relations avec d'une part la société et d'autre part la communauté de pratique. • Implications managériales/sociétales Des implications en découlent notamment pour les marques en matière d'offre et de communication et de façon plus générale, pour la promotion de ces pratiques. • Originalité Cette recherche introduit la notion de dissonance normative qui émerge des conflits normatifs perçus entre la société et la communauté d'adoption autour de pratiques de consommation encore marginales. Elle propose également un schéma explicatif des rôles attendus de la communauté de pratique en fonction de la façon dont les individus perçoivent et gèrent cette dissonance normative. |
| Keywords: | vegetarianism,social influences,social identity,normative dissonance,communities,végétarisme,influences sociales,identité sociale,dissonance normative,communautés |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03470922&r= |
| By: | Linda Zhang (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gang D.U.; Jun W.U.; Yujie M.A. |
| Abstract: | In practice, it is of paramount importance that firms make joint decisions in production planning, pricing and retailer selection while considering emission regulation. This is because the joint decisions can ensure firms to obtain higher profits while contributing to sustainable environments. However, due to the problem complexity, no models facilitating such decision making are available. This study aims to develop a model to help firms make optimal joint decisions. To model the situations where a manufacturer is the leader and the retailers are followers, we adopt the Stackelberg game theory and develop a 0–1 mixed nonlinear bilevel program to maximize the profits of both the manufacturer and his retailers. We further develop a nested genetic algorithm to solve the game model. Numerical examples demonstrate (i) the applicability of the game model and the algorithm and (ii) the robustness of the algorithm. Managerial insights are obtained, suggesting that (i) manufacturers need to identify the capacity ranges (called capacity traps) where capacity increases result in reduced profits when making decisions to optimize profits; (ii) retailers should make suitable, e.g., pricing decisions so that the manufacturers can include them in the supply chains; (iii) both manufacturers and retailers may not need to consider the carbon emission buying (or selling) price when making decisions. |
| Keywords: | Stackelberg game,Nonlinear bilevel programming,Nested genetic algorithm,Emission control,Joint decision making |
| Date: | 2020–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03276837&r= |
| By: | Rasmané Ouedraogo; Jean-Marc B. Atsebi; Regina S. Séri |
| Abstract: | The literature on the effects of natural resources on education is mixed and inconclusive. In this paper, we adopt an innovative approach by exploring the effects of mineral discoveries and productions on intergenerational educational mobility (IM), linking parents to the children education levels for more than 14 million individuals across 28 African countries and 2,890 districts. We find that mineral discoveries and productions positively affect educational IM for primary education in Africa for individuals exposed to the mineral sites and living in districts with discoveries. Specifically, the probability of upward primary IM increases by 2.7 percentage points (pp.) following mineral discoveries and 6.7 pp. following mineral productions. Downward primary IM decreases by 1.2 pp. following both mineral discoveries and productions. These positive effects are increasing for individuals born later after discoveries and productions, for males, and individuals living in the urban area. However, no significant effects are found for secondary and tertiary educational IM. Finally, we explore the income and returns to education channels through which mineral discoveries and productions affect educational IM. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Educational Intergenerational Mobility; Mineral Discoveries and Productions; Generalized Difference-in-differences; Natural Experiment; educational IM; mineral discovery; IM index; IM definition; stylized fact; Non-renewable resources; Mining sector; Natural resources; North Africa; East Africa; Southern Africa; Central Africa; upward mobility; mining production; tertiary IM |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/160&r= |
| By: | Amirova, Iroda; Petrick, Martin; Djanibekov, Nodir |
| Abstract: | In Central Asia, community water governance institutions emerged and prevailed for a long time. By employing an analytical modelling approach using variants of the evolutionary Hawk-Dove game, we scrutinise three epochs' (pre-Tsarist, Tsarist and Soviet) coordination mechanisms and qualitatively compare them in the efficiency spectrum. We find that the pre-Tsarist community water governance setting, due to its synergetic and pluralistic aspects, was associated with higher efficiency than the Tsarist and Soviet periods' settings. The pre-Tsarist community arrangement linked irrigation duties with benefits. Our analytical model reveals how the Tsarist Russian regulation that replaced the election-sanctioning element with a de-facto system appointing the irrigation staff and paying them fixed wages corrupted the well-established pre-Tsarist decentralised water governance. We term this move the "Kaufman drift". Resulting inadequacies in the water governance could have been averted either by restoring the community mechanism's election-sanctioning attribute or else with an alternative approach such as privatising water resources. With the use of the "Krivoshein game," we produce an alternative scenario for the region where we envisage the potential consequences of the water privatisation. Modelling history might not disentangle the complex nature of water governance evolution fully, however, the heuristics we use in the analysis assist in guiding the diagnosis of the matter and its solution. This makes our study well-timed for contemporary Central Asia. The analyses assess current water management's chances to return to ancient principles of election-sanctioning and perspectives of private irrigation water rights. |
| Keywords: | Central-Asian water,self-governance,hierarchy,markets,evolution |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamodp:200&r= |
| By: | Xolani Sibande (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Riza Demirer (Department of Economics and Finance, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1102, USA); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effect of crypto-currency mining activities on fossil fuel price dynamics, focusing on the coal market. Specifically, we utilise static and time-varying Granger causality tests to explore the causal linkages between Bitcoin electricity consumption and coal prices captured by the Argus/McCloskey's Coal Price Index for coal imported into northwest Europe. The results unsurprisingly reveal a time-varying causal link from the coal price to Bitcoin mining activities' electricity consumption. That is, the coal price is a constraint on mining activities. Surprisingly the evidence in the opposite direction is stronger, suggesting that electricity consumption from Bitcoin mining activities impacts the coal price. This interplay suggests that electricity consumption from Bitcoin mining activities may be larger than current estimates. |
| Keywords: | Time-varying Granger causality, Crypo-currency market, Commodity Markets, Coal price |
| JEL: | C12 C32 C58 G14 Q02 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202239&r= |
| By: | Bravo, Héctor; Sotomayor Echenique, Octavio; Mulder, Nanno |
| Abstract: | En este estudio se analizan las posibilidades de mercado que ofrecen las compras públicas de alimentos producidos por las organizaciones vinculadas al comercio justo en la región. Para tal efecto, se pone el foco en la experiencia acumulada por los productores y asociaciones de la agricultura familiar de la región como abastecedores de mercados institucionales. Se examinan las investigaciones más recientes realizadas sobre compras públicas en América Latina, con énfasis en los programas de alimentación escolar. Además, se analiza la experiencia de numerosas organizaciones de la agricultura familiar que ya están abasteciendo a estos programas, especialmente en Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), el Brasil, Chile, México y el Perú. Estas experiencias han sido relativamente exitosas y pueden escalarse, aprovechando las capacidades logísticas y comerciales de las entidades afiliadas al comercio justo. No obstante, ello también exige que, en las licitaciones públicas, las autoridades contratantes puedan utilizar criterios de selección fundados en consideraciones que vayan más allá del mercado (pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes), medio ambiente). Además, es necesario contar con una política de fomento productivo que ayude a superar las barreras de entrada a estos sistemas. |
| Keywords: | AGRICULTURA, PEQUEÑAS EXPLOTACIONES AGRICOLAS, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, COMERCIO AGRICOLA, COMPRAS DEL GOBIERNO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, AGRICULTURE, SMALL FARMS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, GOVERNMENT PURCHASING, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2022–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48109&r= |