Saƙago

saƙago
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	machine (en) da artificially intelligent entity (en)
Named by (en)	Josef Čapek (mul)
Karatun ta	robotics (en)
Hashtag (en)	robot
Has characteristic (en)	automation (en) , Kirkirar Basira (Artificial Intelligence) da robot control (en)
Tarihin maudu'i	history of robots (en)
Time of earliest written record (en)	1920

Saƙaƙo, ko Mutum-mutumi inji ne wanda zai iya motsawa kuma, ya yi wasu ayyuka.

Butun-butumi na aiki da kwamfuta da lantarki. Mutane na iya sarrafa su kai tsaye. Wataƙila an tsara su don su yi kama da mutane, a cikin yanayin halayen su na iya ba da shawarar hankali ko tunani amma ba su da ji. Yawancin saƙaƙo suna yin takamaiman aiki, kuma ba koyaushe suke zama kamar mutane ba. Suna iya zuwa ta siffofi da yawa. ^[1]

A cikin almara, duk da haka, mutummutumi galibi suna kama da mutane, kuma suna da rayukansu. ^[2] Akwai littattafai da yawa, fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo tare da mutummutumi a cikinsu. Ishaku Asimov 's I, Robot shine watakila mafi shahara.

Mutane suna sha'awar yin injunan ƙera don yi mana aiki na dogon lokaci. Amma ana ɗaukan lokaci da kuɗi don ƙirƙirar inji ɗaya kawai, don haka dabarun farko ba a gina su ba. Leonardo da Vinci ya ƙera wani inji mai kama da mutum a cikin 1464. Zai sarrafa ta da igiyoyi da ƙafafu. Sauran injiniyoyi da masu mafarki sun zana maza masu kanikanci. A cikin 1920, Karel Čapek ya rubuta labari game da su, kuma ya yi amfani da kalma daga Czech wanda ke da alaƙa da 'aiki': robot.

Mutum-mutumi da akayi nasarar sarrafawa a ƙarni na 20 yayi kama da mutane. George Devol ne ya fara yin waɗannan, na ƙarshe, a cikin 1954, da hannu ɗaya. Janar Motors ya saye shi a cikin 1960. Shekarar da ta gabata, ta fara aiki a wata masana'anta a cikin New Jersey, tana ɗagawa tana kuma ɗorawa ƙaramin ƙarfe wanda ya yi zafi da mutane ba za su taɓa shi ba. Injiniyoyin na iya tsara shi, kuma su sake tsara shi idan ya zama dole.

Mutum-mutumin suna da amfani da yawa. Masana'antu da yawa suna amfani da mutummutumi don yin aiki tuƙuru da sauri kuma ba tare da kurakurai da yawa ba. Ba su yi kama da mutane ba, saboda an sa su su yi abubuwa. Waɗannan su ne injunan inji na 'masana'antu'. Wasu mutummutumi suna ganowa da kawar da bama-bamai. Idan wani ya yi kuskure, mutum-mutumi ya lalace ko ya lalace, wanda ya fi a kashe mutum. Hakanan akwai mutummutumi wanda yake taimakawa a gida, don tsaftacewa ko gudanar da mashin lawn, misali. Irin waɗannan mutum-mutumin dole ne su koya game da yankin aiki.

Wasu kaɗan daga mutum-mutumin suna yin tiyata a wasu sassa a cikin jikin ɗan adam inda hannun ɗan adam bazai iya shiga ba. ^[3]

Planet rovers sune mutummutumi don binciko taurari masu nisa. Domin yakan ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya aika siginar rediyo daga Duniya zuwa wata duniyar, su mutum-mutumin suna yin mafi yawan aikinsu su kadai, ba tare da umarni daga Duniya ba.

Mutane har yanzu suna tunanin mutummutumi kamar suna da sura kamar mutum-ƙafafu biyu, hannu biyu, da kai. ASIMO wani mutum-mutumi ne wanda yake taimaka wa masana kimiyya sanin yadda ake tsarawa da kuma tsara abubuwa. Zai iya tafiya, wanda ba shi da sauƙi don shiryawa.

Kusan rabin mutum-mutumi a duniya suna Asiya, 32% a Turai, da 16% a Arewacin Amurka, 1% a Australasia da 1% a Afirka . 30% na dukkan mutummutumi a duniya suna cikin Japan . ^[4] Japan na da mafi yawan mutummutumi na kowace ƙasa a duniya, kuma ita ce jagora a masana'antar fasahar mutum-mutumi ta duniya. ^[5] Haƙiƙa an ce Japan babban birni ne na duniya.

A Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, ra'ayoyin mutummutumi na nan gaba sun kasance masu kyau. Kyakkyawan karɓar mutummutumi a can na iya zama wani ɓangare saboda sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya, 'Astroboy'. Ƙasar Sin ta bayyana ra'ayoyi game da fasahar ƙere-ƙere waɗanda suka yi kama da na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, amma China na bayan Amurka da Turai a ci gaban mutumtaka. Ra'ayin Gabas ta Tsakiya shine cewa mutummutumi ya zama daidai da mutane. Suna jin mutummutumi zai iya kula da tsofaffi, ya koyar da yara, ko ya zama mataimaka. Shahararren ra'ayi game da Gabashin Asiya shi ne cewa zai yi kyau mutummutumi ya zama mafi shahara da ci gaba. Wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Yammacin duniya.

"Wannan ita ce buɗe wani zamani da ɗan Adam da mutum-mutumi za su iya rayuwa tare," in ji kamfanin Jits na kasar Japan Mitsubishi game da daya daga cikin mutum-mutumin da ke kama da mutane a Japan. ^[6] Ma’aikatar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Koriya ta Kudu ta yi hasashen cewa kowane gidan Koriya ta Kudu zai mallaki mutum-mutumi kafin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020.

Ƙunungiyoyin Yammacin sun fi fuskantar adawa, ko ma tsoron ci gaban mutum-mutumi. Finafinan almara na kimiyya da sauran labarai galibi suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan tawaye masu haɗari ga bil'adama.

Yammacin duniya suna ɗaukar mutummutumi a matsayin 'barazana' ga rayuwar mutane, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne saboda tasirin addini na addinan Ibrahimiyya, wanda ƙirƙirar injuna waɗanda zasu iya yin tunani kansu zasu kusan wasa da Allah . ^[7] Babu shakka, waɗannan iyakokin basu bayyana ba, amma akwai gagarumin bambanci tsakanin aƙidun biyu.

Marubuci Isaac Asimov ya ba da labarai da yawa game da mutum-mutumin da ke da dokoki uku na mutum-mutumi don kiyaye lafiyar mutane daga gare su.

1. Roba ba zai iya cutar da ɗan adam ba ko kuma, ta hanyar rashin aiki, ƙyale ɗan adam ya zo ya cutar da shi.
2. Dole ne mutum-mutum-mutumi yayi biyayya ga umarnin da dan adam ya bashi, saidai inda irin wannan umarnin zai sabawa Dokar Farko.
3. Dole ne mutum-mutumi ya kiyaye wanzuwar sa matukar dai irin wannan kariyar bata yi karo da ta farko ko ta biyu ba.

Ba a amfani da waɗannan a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da ya ƙirƙira su. Koyaya, a cikin duniyar yau mutummutumi ya fi rikitarwa, kuma wata rana ana iya buƙatar ƙa'idodi na ainihi, kamar na dokoki uku na Isaac Asimov.

Koriya ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ke da dokoki game da mutum-mutumi. ^[8]

• 
  Boris Johnson tare da Saƙago mai suna ASIMO
• 
  Tambarin Saƙago

Ƙungiyoyin bincike

• IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) da wiki Archived 2013-12-23 at the Wayback Machine Archived .
• Gidauniyar International of Robotics Research (IFRR)
• Robotics a Curlie
• http://robots.net - Labaran yau da kullun game da mutummutumi, robotics, da AI
• Takaitaccen tarihin kayan Archived
• A giant jerin aka sani mutummutumi Archived
• NASA da mutummutumi Archived 2008-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
• NASA Robotics Division Archived 2019-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
• Federationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Robotics
• Shin ya kamata mu damu da tashin mutummutumi? Archived 2008-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Archived
• Podcast 'Talking Robots' - hirarraki tare da manyan ƙwararrun masana a cikin Robotics da Artificial Intelligence Archived 2011-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Archived
• Frenchaunar roban faransanci na Faransa
• Gabatarwa ga Robotics Archived 2008-01-15 at the Wayback Machine Archived
• HUAR
• Labaran Duniya na Robot
• Labaran Robot, koyarwar mutum-mutumi, bidiyon bidiyo na mutum-mutumi da kuma akwatin hira^{[dead link]}
• Labaran Robot, ka'idar Robotik
• List of mutummutumi Archived 2011-01-23 at the Wayback Machine Archived

Encyclopaedias

• Encyclopædia Britannica
• Robotics -Citizendium

Dangantaka da tunanin mutum-mutumi shine a fannin ilimin halitta na roba, wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da yanayin su ya fi kama da abubuwa masu rai fiye da injina.

Kalmar robot na iya nufin duk mutum-mutumi na zahiri da kuma jami'an software na kama-da-wane, amma galibi ana kiran na ƙarshe da bots . ^[9] Dangantaka da tunanin mutum-mutumi shine fannin ilimin halitta na roba, wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da yanayin su ya fi kama da abubuwa masu rai fiye da injina.

External video
Atlas, The Next Generation

Fasahohi daban-daban sun bullo don bunkasa kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa da mutum-mutumi. Wata hanyar ita ce ci gaba na mutum-mutumi, wanda ke bin sauye-sauye da ci gaba a cikin mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya a cikin yankunan warware matsalolin da sauran ayyuka.

1. ↑ Flexible, bio-inspired machines are the future of engineering; flexible, one-piece machines could soon make today's assemblages of rigid parts look like antiques May 1, 2014 issue Scientific American
2. ↑ Brandweek: even robot suicide is no laughing matter
3. ↑ New York Times
4. ↑ Reporting by Watanabe, Hiroaki; Writing and additional reporting by Negishi, Mayumi; Editing by Norton, Jerry;Japan's robots slug it out to be world champ; Reuters; 2007-12-02; retrieved on 2007-01-01
5. ↑ Lewis, Leo; The robots are running riot! Quick, bring out the red tape Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine; TimesOnline; 2007-04-06; retrieved on 2007-01-02
6. ↑ Domestic robot to debut in Japan ; BBC News; 2005-08-30; retrieved on 2007-01-02
7. ↑ Yang, Jeff; ASIAN POP Robot Nation Why Japan, and not America, is likely to be the world's first cyborg society; SFGate; 2005-08-25; retrieved on 2007-01-02
8. ↑ Robotic age poses ethical dilemma; BBC News; 2007-03-07; retrieved on 2007-01-02;
9. ↑ "Telecom glossary "bot"". Alliance for Telecommunications Solutions. 26 September 2023.