Isotopen van polonium
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Het chemisch element polonium (Po), met een gemiddelde atoommassa voor natuurlijk voorkomend polonium van ongeveer 209,98 u, bezit geen stabiele isotopen en wordt dus geclassificeerd als radioactief element. De 33 radio-isotopen hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd. In de natuur komen sporen van de radio-isotopen 210Po, 211Po, 212Po, 214Po, 215Po, 216Po en 218Po voor.
De kortstlevende isotoop van polonium is 188Po, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 430 microseconden. De langstlevende in de natuur voorkomende is 210Po, met een halfwaardetijd van 138,38 dagen. Deze isotoop komt voor als tussenproduct in de vervalreeks van uranium (uraanreeks). Het kunstmatig geproduceerde 209Po heeft de langste halfwaardetijd, namelijk 124 jaar.
Overzicht
bewerken| Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
| 188Po | 84 | 104 | 187,999422(21) | 430(180) µs | 0+ | ||||
| 189Po | 84 | 105 | 188,998481(24) | 5(1) ms | 3/2− | ||||
| 190Po | 84 | 106 | 189,995101(14) | 2,46(5) ms | α (99,9%) | 186Pb | 0+ | ||
| β+ (0,1%) | 190Bi | ||||||||
| 191Po | 84 | 107 | 190,994574(12) | 22(1) ms | α | 187Pb | 3/2− | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 191Bi | ||||||||
| 191mPo | 130(21) keV | 93(3) ms | (13/2+) | ||||||
| 192Po | 84 | 108 | 191,991335(13) | 32,2(3) ms | α (99%) | 188Pb | 0+ | ||
| β+ (1%) | 192Bi | ||||||||
| 192mPo | 2600(500) keV | ± 1 µs | 12+ | ||||||
| 193Po | 84 | 109 | 192,99103(4) | 420(40) ms | α | 189Pb | 3/2− | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 193Bi | ||||||||
| 193mPo | 100(30) keV | 240(10) ms | α | 189Pb | (13/2+) | ||||
| β+ (zelden) | 193Bi | ||||||||
| 194Po | 84 | 110 | 193,988186(13) | 0,392(4) s | α | 190Pb | 0+ | ||
| β+ (zelden) | 194Bi | ||||||||
| 194mPo | 2525(2) keV | 15(2) µs | (11−) | ||||||
| 195Po | 84 | 111 | 194,98811(4) | 4,64(9) s | α (75%) | 191Pb | 3/2− | ||
| β+ (25%) | 195Bi | ||||||||
| 195mPo | 110(50) keV | 1,92(2) s | α (90%) | 191Pb | 13/2+ | ||||
| β+ (10%) | 195Bi | ||||||||
| IT (0,01%) | 195Po | ||||||||
| 196Po | 84 | 112 | 195,985535(14) | 5,56(12) s | α (94%) | 192Pb | 0+ | ||
| β+ (6%) | 196Bi | ||||||||
| 196mPo | 2490,5(17) keV | 850(90) ns | (11−) | ||||||
| 197Po | 84 | 113 | 196,98566(5) | 53,6(10) s | β+ (54%) | 197Bi | (3/2−) | ||
| α (44%) | 193Pb | ||||||||
| 197mPo | 230(80) keV | 25,8(1) s | α (84%) | 193Pb | (13/2+) | ||||
| β+ (16%) | 197Bi | ||||||||
| IT (0,01%) | 197Po | ||||||||
| 198Po | 84 | 114 | 197,983389(19) | 1,77(3) min | α (57%) | 194Pb | 0+ | ||
| β+ (43%) | 198Bi | ||||||||
| 198m1Po | 2565,92(20) keV | 200(20) ns | 11− | ||||||
| 198m2Po | 2691,86(20) keV | 750(50) ns | 12+ | ||||||
| 199Po | 84 | 115 | 198,983666(25) | 5,48(16) min | β+ (92,5%) | 199Bi | (3/2−) | ||
| α (7,5%) | 195Pb | ||||||||
| 199mPo | 312,0(28) keV | 4,17(4) min | β+ (73,5%) | 199Bi | 13/2+ | ||||
| α (24%) | 195Pb | ||||||||
| IT (2,5%) | 199Po | ||||||||
| 200Po | 84 | 116 | 199,981799(15) | 11,5(1) min | β+ (88,8%) | 200Bi | 0+ | ||
| α (11,1%) | 196Pb | ||||||||
| 201Po | 84 | 117 | 200,982260(6) | 15,3(2) min | β+ (98,4%) | 201Bi | 3/2− | ||
| α (1,6%) | 197Pb | ||||||||
| 201mPo | 424,1(24) keV | 8,9(2) min | IT (56%) | 201Po | 13/2+ | ||||
| EV (41%) | 201Bi | ||||||||
| α (2,9%) | 197Pb | ||||||||
| 202Po | 84 | 118 | 201,980758(16) | 44,7(5) min | β+ (98%) | 202Bi | 0+ | ||
| α (2%) | 198Pb | ||||||||
| 202mPo | 2626,7(7) keV | > 200 ns | 11− | ||||||
| 203Po | 84 | 119 | 202,981420(28) | 36,7(5) min | β+ (99,89%) | 203Bi | 5/2− | ||
| α (0,11%) | 199Pb | ||||||||
| 203m1Po | 641,49(17) keV | 45(2) s | IT (99,96%) | 203Po | 13/2+ | ||||
| α (0,04%) | 199Pb | ||||||||
| 203m2Po | 2158,5(6) keV | > 200 ns | |||||||
| 204Po | 84 | 120 | 203,980318(12) | 3,53(2) uur | β+ (99,33%) | 204Bi | 0+ | ||
| α (0,66%) | 200Pb | ||||||||
| 205Po | 84 | 121 | 204,981203(21) | 1,66(2) uur | β+ (99,96%) | 205Bi | 5/2− | ||
| α (0,04%) | 201Pb | ||||||||
| 205m1Po | 143,166(17) keV | 310(60) ns | 1/2− | ||||||
| 205m2Po | 880,30(4) keV | 645 µs | 13/2+ | ||||||
| 205m3Po | 1461,21(21) keV | 57,4(9) ms | IT | 205Po | 19/2− | ||||
| 205m4Po | 3087,2(4) keV | 115(10) ns | 29/2− | ||||||
| 206Po | 84 | 122 | 205,980481(9) | 8,8(1) dagen | β+ (94,55%) | 206Bi | 0+ | ||
| α (5,45%) | 202Pb | ||||||||
| 206m1Po | 1585,85(11) keV | 222(10) ns | (8+) | ||||||
| 206m2Po | 2262,22(14) keV | 1,05(6) µs | (9−) | ||||||
| 207Po | 84 | 123 | 206,981593(7) | 5,80(2) uur | β+ (99,97%) | 207Bi | 5/2− | ||
| α (0,021%) | 203Pb | ||||||||
| 207m1Po | 68,573(14) keV | 205(10) ns | 1/2− | ||||||
| 207m2Po | 1115,073(16) keV | 49(4) µs | 13/2+ | ||||||
| 207m3Po | 1383,15(6) keV | 2,79(8) s | IT | 207Po | 19/2− | ||||
| 208Po | 84 | 124 | 207,9812457(19) | 2,898(2) jaar | α (99,99%) | 204Pb | 0+ | ||
| β+ (0,00277%) | 208Bi | ||||||||
| 209Po | 84 | 125 | 208,9824304(20) | 124 jaar[1] | α (99,52%) | 205Pb | 1/2− | ||
| β+ (0,48%) | 209Bi | ||||||||
| 210Po | 84 | 126 | 209,9828737(13) | 138,376(2) dagen | α | 206Pb | 0+ | sporen | |
| 210mPo | 5057,61(4) keV | 263(5) ns | 16+ | ||||||
| 211Po | 84 | 127 | 210,9866532(14) | 0,516(3) s | α | 207Pb | 9/2+ | sporen | |
| 211m1Po | 1462(5) keV | 25,2(6) s | α (99,98%) | 207Pb | (25/2+) | ||||
| IT (0,016%) | 211Po | ||||||||
| 211m2Po | 2135,7(9) keV | 243(21) ns | (31/2−) | ||||||
| 211m3Po | 4873,3(17) keV | 2,8(7) µs | (43/2+) | ||||||
| 212Po | 84 | 128 | 211,9888680(13) | 299(2) ns | α | 208Pb | 0+ | sporen | |
| 212mPo | 2911(12) keV | 45,1(6) s | α (99,93%) | 208Pb | (18+) | ||||
| IT (0,07%) | 212Po | ||||||||
| 213Po | 84 | 129 | 212,992857(3) | 3,65(4) µs | α | 209Pb | 9/2+ | ||
| 214Po | 84 | 130 | 213,9952014(16) | 164,3(20) µs | α | 210Pb | 0+ | sporen | |
| 215Po | 84 | 131 | 214,9994200(27) | 1,781(4) ms | α (99,99%) | 211Pb | 9/2+ | sporen | |
| β− (2,3 × 10−4%) | 215At | ||||||||
| 216Po | 84 | 132 | 216,0019150(24) | 0,145(2) s | α | 212Pb | 0+ | sporen | |
| β−β− (rare) | 216Rn | ||||||||
| 217Po | 84 | 133 | 217,006335(7) | 1,47(5) s | α (95%) | 213Pb | 5/2+ | ||
| β− (5%) | 217At | ||||||||
| 218Po | 84 | 134 | 218,0089730(26) | 3,10(1) min | α (99,98%) | 214Pb | 0+ | sporen | |
| β− (0,02%) | 218At | ||||||||
| 219Po | 84 | 135 | 219,01374(39) | 2 min | 7/2+ | ||||
| 220Po | 84 | 136 | 220,01660(39) | 40 s | 0+ | ||||
Overzicht van isotopen per element
bewerken| 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| 6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| 7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859
- ↑ S. Pommé, H. Stroh, L. Benedik (2015). Confirmation of 20% error in the 209Po half-life. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 97: 84-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.025.