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- Au jeu d'échecs, une arnaque (en anglais : swindle pour « escroquerie ») consiste à tenter de renverser une position perdue dans une partie d'échecs en tendant un piège ou en jouant un coup inattendu. Parfois, on appelle aussi swindle le fait d'utiliser une tactique de distraction de l'adversaire en dehors de l'échiquier, par exemple :
* se mettre en zeitnot volontairement, pour jouer des coups rapides et inciter l'adversaire à faire de même ;
* jouer un coup en soupirant et faisant mine d'avoir commis une bourde, alors qu'il s'agit d'un piège. Parmi les joueurs de haut niveau ayant eu recours à cette pratique, on peut notamment citer Emmanuel Lasker, qui jouait la « psychologie » de l'adversaire, voire Mikhaïl Tal, qui était connu pour ses sacrifices déroutants, pourtant incorrects, mais qui lui ont plus d'une fois apporté la victoire. On peut aussi citer David Bronstein (qui un jour dépensa au début d'une partie une heure de son temps de réflexion sans jouer, pour déstabiliser l'adversaire). (fr)
- In chess, a swindle is a ruse by which players in a losing position trick their opponent and thereby achieve a win or draw instead of the expected loss. It may also refer more generally to obtaining a win or draw from a clearly losing position. I. A. Horowitz and Fred Reinfeld distinguish among "traps", "pitfalls", and "swindles". In their terminology, a "trap" refers to a situation where players go wrong through their own efforts. In a "pitfall", the beneficiary of the pitfall plays an active role, creating a situation where a plausible move by the opponent will turn out badly. A "swindle" is a pitfall adopted by a player who has a clearly lost game. Horowitz and Reinfeld observe that swindles, "though ignored in virtually all chess books", "play an enormously important role in over-the-board chess, and decide the fate of countless games". Although "swindling" in general usage is synonymous with cheating or fraud, in chess the term does not imply that the swindler has done anything unethical or unsportsmanlike. There is nonetheless a faint stigma attached to swindles, since players feel that one who has outplayed one's opponent for almost the entire game "is 'morally' entitled to victory" and a swindle is thus regarded as "rob[bing] the opponent of a well-earned victory". The best swindles can be quite artistic, however, and some are widely known. There are ways that players can maximize their chances of pulling off a swindle, including playing actively and exploiting time pressure. Although swindles can be effected in many different ways, themes such as stalemate, perpetual check, and surprise mating attacks are often seen. The ability to swindle one's way out of a lost position is a useful skill for any chess player and according to Graham Burgess is "a major facet of practical chess". Frank Marshall may be the only top player who became well known as a frequent swindler. Marshall was proud of his reputation for swindles, and in 1914 wrote a book entitled Marshall's Chess "Swindles". (en)
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| rdfs:comment
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- Au jeu d'échecs, une arnaque (en anglais : swindle pour « escroquerie ») consiste à tenter de renverser une position perdue dans une partie d'échecs en tendant un piège ou en jouant un coup inattendu. Parfois, on appelle aussi swindle le fait d'utiliser une tactique de distraction de l'adversaire en dehors de l'échiquier, par exemple :
* se mettre en zeitnot volontairement, pour jouer des coups rapides et inciter l'adversaire à faire de même ;
* jouer un coup en soupirant et faisant mine d'avoir commis une bourde, alors qu'il s'agit d'un piège. (fr)
- In chess, a swindle is a ruse by which players in a losing position trick their opponent and thereby achieve a win or draw instead of the expected loss. It may also refer more generally to obtaining a win or draw from a clearly losing position. I. A. Horowitz and Fred Reinfeld distinguish among "traps", "pitfalls", and "swindles". In their terminology, a "trap" refers to a situation where players go wrong through their own efforts. In a "pitfall", the beneficiary of the pitfall plays an active role, creating a situation where a plausible move by the opponent will turn out badly. A "swindle" is a pitfall adopted by a player who has a clearly lost game. Horowitz and Reinfeld observe that swindles, "though ignored in virtually all chess books", "play an enormously important role in over-the-b (en)
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