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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|wo}}, {{m|enm|wei}}, {{m|enm|wa}}, from {{inh|en|ang|wā}}, {{m|ang|wǣ}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*wai}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*wai|pos=interjection}}, ultimately from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*wáy|pos=interjection}}.
From {{inh|en|enm|wo}}, {{m|enm|wei}}, {{m|enm|wa}}, from {{inh|en|ang|wā}}, {{m|ang|wǣ}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*wai}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*wai|pos=interjection}}, ultimately from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*wáy|pos=interjection}}.


See also {{cog|nl|wee}}, {{cog|de|Weh}}, {{m|de|weh}}, {{cog|da|ve}}, {{cog|yi|וויי}}; also {{cog|la|vae}}, {{cog|sq|vaj}}, {{cog|fr|ouais}}, {{cog|grc|οὐαί}}, {{cog|fa|وای|tr=vây}} ({{cog|tr|vay}}, a Persian borrowing), and {{cog|hy|վայ}}.
See also {{cog|nl|wee}}, {{cog|de|Weh}}, {{m|de|weh}}, {{cog|da|ve}}, {{cog|yi|וויי}}; also {{cog|la|vae}}, {{cog|sq|vaj}}, {{cog|fr|ouais}}, {{cog|grc|οὐαί}}, {{cog|fa|وای|tr=vây}} ({{cog|tr|vay}}, a Persian borrowing), {{cog|sla-pro|*uvy}} (whence {{cog|ru|увы́}}), and {{cog|hy|վայ}}.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{a|RP}} {{IPA|en|/wəʊ/}}
* {{IPA|en|/wəʊ/|a=RP}}
* {{a|GA}} {{enPR|wō}}, {{IPA|en|/woʊ/}}
* {{enPR|wō|a=GA}}, {{IPA|en|/woʊ/}}
* {{audio|en|En-us-woe.ogg|Audio (GA)}}
* {{audio|en|En-us-woe.ogg|a=GA}}
* {{rhymes|en|əʊ|s=1}}
* {{rhymes|en|əʊ|s=1}}
* {{homophones|en|whoa|q1=in accents with the [[wine-whine merger]]}}
* {{homophones|en|whoa|aa=wine-whine}}


===Noun===
===Noun===
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# Great [[sadness]] or distress; a misfortune causing such sadness.
# Great [[sadness]] or distress; a misfortune causing such sadness.
#: {{syn|en|grief|sorrow|misery}}
#: {{syn|en|grief|sorrow|misery}}
⚫
#* {{RQ:Milton Paradise Lost|passage=Thus saying, from her side the fatal key, / Sad instrument of all our '''woe''', she took.|year=1873}}
#* '''1674''', {{w|John Milton}}, ''{{w|Paradise Lost}}''
⚫
#* {{RQ:Pope Works|volume=I|title=Eloisa to Abelard|passage=Soon as thy letters trembling I unclose / That well-known name awakens all my '''woes'''.}}
⚫
#*: Thus saying, from her side the fatal key, / Sad instrument of all our '''woe''', she took.
#* {{RQ:Hannah More Coelebs|volume=I|chapter=VI|pages=68–69|pageref=69|passage=But if there was a competition between a ſick family and a new broach, the broach was ſure to carry the day. This would not have been the caſe, had they been habituated to viſit themſelves the abodes of penury and '''woe'''.}}
#* '''1717''', {{w|Alexander Pope}}, ''Eloisa to Abelard''
⚫
#* '''October 14 2017''', Sandeep Moudgal, ''The Times of India'', ''Rains devastate families, political parties make beeline to apply balm on open wounds'':
⚫
#*: Soon as thy letters trembling I unclose / That well-known name awakens all my '''woes'''.
⚫
#* '''October 14 2017''', Sandeep Moudgal, ''The Times of India'', ''Rains devastate families, political parties make beeline to apply balm on open wounds''
#*: The Friday night rains which wrecked families in Kurabarahalli saw all the three major political parties making a beeline to express their condolences, listen to their '''woes''' and provide compensation in the hope of garnering their goodwill ahead of the 2018 assembly elections.
#*: The Friday night rains which wrecked families in Kurabarahalli saw all the three major political parties making a beeline to express their condolences, listen to their '''woes''' and provide compensation in the hope of garnering their goodwill ahead of the 2018 assembly elections.
# [[calamity|Calamity]], [[trouble]].
# [[calamity|Calamity]], [[trouble]].
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{{col3|en
{{col3|en
|for weal or woe
|for weal or woe
|in weal and woe
|tale of woe
|woebegone
|woebegone
|woe betide
|woe betide
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* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|беда|f}}, {{t|bg|злочестие|n}}, {{t+|bg|скръб|f}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|беда|f}}, {{t|bg|злочестие|n}}, {{t+|bg|скръб|f}}
* Chinese:
* Chinese:
** Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|悲痛|tr=bēitòng}}, {{t+|cmn|悲慟}}, {{t+|cmn|悲恸|tr=bēitòng}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|悲痛|tr=bēitòng}}, {{t+|cmn|悲慟}}, {{t+|cmn|悲恸|tr=bēitòng}}
* Cornish: {{t|kw|gew|m}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|trápení|n}}, {{t|cs|strast|f}}, {{t|cs|běda|f}}, {{t+|cs|hoře|n}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|droefheid}}, {{t+|nl|lijden}}, {{t+|nl|ellende}}, {{t+|nl|ongeluk}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|droefheid}}, {{t+|nl|lijden}}, {{t+|nl|ellende}}, {{t+|nl|ongeluk}}
* Egyptian: {{t-egy|jꜥnw|h=i-a:n-nw-W-A2}}
* Egyptian: {{t-egy|jꜥnw|h=i-a:n-nw-W-A2}}
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* German: {{t+|de|Weh|n}}, {{t+|de|Jammer|m}}, {{t+|de|Kummer|m}}, {{t+|de|Leid|n}}
* German: {{t+|de|Weh|n}}, {{t+|de|Jammer|m}}, {{t+|de|Kummer|m}}, {{t+|de|Leid|n}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|θλίψη|f|sc=Grek}}, {{t+|el|συμφορά|f|sc=Grek}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|θλίψη|f|sc=Grek}}, {{t+|el|συμφορά|f|sc=Grek}}
{{trans-mid}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|אבוי|tr=avoy}}, {{t+|he|צער|m|tr=tsa'ar}}, {{t+|he|יגון|m|tr=yagon}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|אבוי|tr=avoy}}, {{t+|he|צער|m|tr=tsa'ar}}, {{t+|he|יגון|m|tr=yagon}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|dolore|m}}, {{t+|it|disgrazia|f}}, {{t+|it|guaio|m}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|dolore|m}}, {{t+|it|disgrazia|f}}, {{t+|it|guaio|m}}
* Latin: {{t|la|dolor}}, {{t|la|luctus}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|dolor}}, {{t|la|luctus}}
* Low German:
* Low German:
*: German Low German: {{t|nds-de|Weh|n}}
*: German Low German: {{t|nds-de|Weh|n}}
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* Russian: {{t+|ru|печа́ль|f}}, {{t+|ru|грусть|f}}, {{t+|ru|го́ре|sc=Cyrl}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|печа́ль|f}}, {{t+|ru|грусть|f}}, {{t+|ru|го́ре|sc=Cyrl}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|dòlas|m}}, {{t|gd|truaighe|f}}, {{t|gd|sgad|m}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|dòlas|m}}, {{t|gd|truaighe|f}}, {{t|gd|sgad|m}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|pena|f}}, {{t+|es|infortunio|m}}, {{t|es|vay}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|pena|f}}, {{t+|es|infortunio|m}}, {{t+|es|ay|m}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|sorg}}, {{t+|sv|ve}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|sorg}}, {{t+|sv|ve}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|dert}}, {{t+|tr|gam}}, {{t+|tr|keder}}, {{t+|tr|teessür}}, {{t+|tr|üzüntü}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|üzüntü}}, {{t+|tr|sıkıntı}}, {{t+|tr|kaygı}}, {{t+|tr|ur}} {{t+|tr|dert}}, {{t+|tr|gam}}, {{t+|tr|keder}}, {{t+|tr|teessür}},
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|khốn}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|khốn}}
{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}
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# {{lb|en|obsolete}} [[woeful|Woeful]]; [[sorrowful]]
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} [[woeful|Woeful]]; [[sorrowful]]
#* '''1303''', {{w|Robert of Brunne}}, ''Handlyng synne''
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1303|author=w:Robert of Brunne|title=Handlyng synne
#*: hys clerk was wo to do þat dede
|passage=hys clerk was wo to do þat dede}}
#* {{RQ:Chaucer Canterbury Tales|Wife of Bath's Tale|passage='''Wo''' was the knight and sorroufully he syketh.}}
#* {{RQ:Spenser Faerie Queene|book=II|canto=VIII|stanza=53|passage=And looking vp, when as his shield he lakt, / And sword saw not, he wexed wondrous '''woe'''}}
#* {{RQ:Spenser Faerie Queene|book=II|canto=VIII|stanza=53|passage=And looking vp, when as his shield he lakt, / And sword saw not, he wexed wondrous '''woe'''}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Tempest|V|i|page=17|passage={{smallcaps|Prospero}}: I am '''woe''' for't, Sir.}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Tempest|V|i|page=17|passage={{smallcaps|Prospero}}: I am '''woe''' for't, Sir.}}
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* Arabic: {{t|ar|وَيْل}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|وَيْل}}
* Aramaic:
* Aramaic:
** Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: {{t|arc|וַי}}
*: Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: {{t|arc|וַי|tr=way}}
* Chinese:
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|唉|tr=āi}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|唉|tr=āi}}
* Cornish: {{t|kw|go}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|běda}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|ve}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|ve}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|voi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|hélas}}
* French: {{t+|fr|hélas}}
* German: {{t+|de|weh}}
* German: {{t+|de|weh}}
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* Greek: {{t+|el|ουαί}}, {{t+|el|φευ}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|ουαί}}, {{t+|el|φευ}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|οὐαί}}, {{t|grc|φεῦ}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|οὐαί}}, {{t|grc|φεῦ}}
⚫
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|אוֹי|tr=oy}}, {{t+|he|אֲהָהּ|tr=aháh}} {{q|Biblical}}, {{t+|he|וַי|tr=vay}} {{q|Talmudic}}
{{trans-mid}}
⚫
* Hebrew: {{t|he|אוֹי|tr=oy}}, {{t|he|אֲהָהּ|tr=aháh}} {{q|Biblical}}, {{t|he|וַי|tr=vay}} {{q|Talmudic}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|ああ|tr=ā}}, {{t+|ja|あたら|tr=atara}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|ああ|tr=ā}}, {{t+|ja|あたら|tr=atara}}
* Kurdish:
⚫
* Latin: {{t|la|vae}}, {{t|la|heu}}, {{t|la|ēheu}}
*: Central Kurdish: {{t+|ckb|وەی}}
⚫
* Latin: {{t|la|vae}}, {{t|la|heu}}, {{t+|la|ēheu}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|wæ}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|wæ}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|وای|tr=vây}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|وای|tr=vây}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|biada}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|biada}}
* Punjabi:
* Punjabi:
⚫
*: Shahmukhi: {{t|pnb|ہائے|tr=hā'ē}}
*: Gurmukhi: {{t|pa|ਹਾਏ}}
*: Gurmukhi: {{t|pa|ਹਾਏ}}
⚫
*: Shahmukhi: {{t|pnb|ہائے|tr=hā'ē}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|vai}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|го́ре}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|ay}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|ay}}
* Sranan Tongo: {{t|srn|eru}}
* Urdu: {{t|ur|ہائے|tr=hā'yē}}
{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}


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* {{anagrams|en|a=eow|owe}}
* {{anagrams|en|a=eow|owe}}


[[Category:en:Emotions]]
{{C|en|Emotions}}
{{cln|en|three-letter words}}

----


==Limburgish==
==Limburgish==

⚫
===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|li|wu|wuë||Eupen}}
* {{alter|li|wooe||Krefeld}}
⚫
* {{alter|li|boe||Maastrichtian}}
* {{alter|li|wo}}


===Adverb===
===Adverb===
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| inline = y
| inline = y
}}
}}

⚫
====Alternative forms====
⚫
* {{l|li|wo}}, {{l|li|boe}} {{q|Maastrichtian}}

----


==Middle Dutch==
==Middle Dutch==
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# {{lb|dum|eastern}} {{alternative form of|dum|hoe}}
# {{lb|dum|eastern}} {{alternative form of|dum|hoe}}

----


==Middle English==
==Middle English==

Revision as of 12:37, 27 September 2024

English

Etymology

From Middle English wo, wei, wa, from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-West Germanic *wai, from Proto-Germanic *wai (interjection), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wáy (interjection).

See also Dutch wee, German Weh, weh, Danish ve, Yiddish וויי (vey); also Latin vae, Albanian vaj, French ouais, Ancient Greek οὐαί (ouaí), Persian وای (vây) (Turkish vay, a Persian borrowing), Proto-Slavic *uvy (whence Russian увы́ (uvý)), and Armenian վայ (vay).

Pronunciation

Noun

woe (countable and uncountable, plural woes)

  1. Great sadness or distress; a misfortune causing such sadness.
    Synonyms: grief, sorrow, misery
    • 1667, John Milton, “(please specify the page number)”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
      Thus saying, from her side the fatal key, / Sad instrument of all our woe, she took.
    • 1717, Alexander Pope, “Eloisa to Abelard”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC:
      Soon as thy letters trembling I unclose / That well-known name awakens all my woes.
    • 1808, [Hannah More], chapter VI, in Cœlebs in Search of a Wife. […], volume I, London: […] [Strahan and Preston] for T[homas] Cadell and W[illiam] Davies, […], →OCLC, pages 68–69:
      But if there was a competition between a ſick family and a new broach, the broach was ſure to carry the day. This would not have been the caſe, had they been habituated to viſit themſelves the abodes of penury and woe.
    • October 14 2017, Sandeep Moudgal, The Times of India, Rains devastate families, political parties make beeline to apply balm on open wounds:
      The Friday night rains which wrecked families in Kurabarahalli saw all the three major political parties making a beeline to express their condolences, listen to their woes and provide compensation in the hope of garnering their goodwill ahead of the 2018 assembly elections.
  2. Calamity, trouble.
  3. A curse; a malediction.
    • 1692–1717, Robert South, Twelve Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London:
      Can there be a woe or curse in all the stores of vengeance equal to the malignity of such a practice?

Derived terms

Translations

Adjective

woe (comparative more woe, superlative most woe)

  1. (obsolete) Woeful; sorrowful

Interjection

woe

  1. (archaic) An exclamation of grief.

Translations

Anagrams

Limburgish

Alternative forms

Adverb

woe

  1. where
    Woe is Sjeng? ― Where is Sjeng?

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch *wuo, from Proto-Germanic *hwō.

Adverb

woe

  1. (eastern) Alternative form of hoe

Middle English

Pronoun

woe

  1. Alternative form of we (“we”)
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