[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v11y2019i6p1561-d213965.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

What Dimension of CSR Matters to Organizational Resilience? Evidence from China

Author

Listed:
  • Wendong Lv

    (Business School, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China)

  • Yuan Wei

    (Business School, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China)

  • Xiaoyun Li

    (Business School, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China)

  • Lin Lin

    (Business School, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China)

Abstract
Prior work on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has focused mainly on its effects on the short-term performance of firms from developed countries. In this article, we shed light on its effects on organizational resilience, which is defined as the firm’s ability to positively cope with environmental turbulence, and operationalized by long-term, improved sales growth and financial volatility. In line with this operationalization, we adopt CSR’s performance-enhancing and performance-insuring mechanisms to disentangle the relationship between CSR and organizational resilience. Furthermore, we divide CSR into five dimensions, namely shareholder, employee, business, society and environment-related CSR, and respectively examine their impacts on organizational resilience. The empirical study on a large sample of public firms in China from 2010 to 2017 shows that CSR as a whole significantly increases the firms’ long-term growth and reduces their financial volatility. As for the five specific dimensions, they all have a significant negative effect on financial volatility, and the employee, business, environment-related CSR are positively associated with long-term growth. Yet, the empirical results did not indicate significant associations between shareholder and society-related CSR and firms’ long-term growth. This study first explores the impacts of CSR’s different dimensions on organizational resilience. Also, we contribute to enriching the literature on CSR by examining the long-term performance-insuring effect of CSR with a quantitative analysis of emerging markets. Finally, we discuss some important managerial implications, as well as promising directions for future research.

Suggested Citation

  • Wendong Lv & Yuan Wei & Xiaoyun Li & Lin Lin, 2019. "What Dimension of CSR Matters to Organizational Resilience? Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-23, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:6:p:1561-:d:213965
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/6/1561/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/6/1561/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lampel, Joseph & Bhalla, Ajay & Jha, Pushkar P., 2014. "Does governance confer organisational resilience? Evidence from UK employee owned businesses," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 66-72.
    2. Cheng Gao & Tiona Zuzul & Geoffrey Jones & Tarun Khanna, 2017. "Overcoming Institutional Voids: A Reputation-Based View of Long-Run Survival," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(11), pages 2147-2167, November.
    3. Guifeng Shi & Jianfei Sun, 2015. "Corporate Bond Covenants and Social Responsibility Investment," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 131(2), pages 285-303, October.
    4. Alessandra Tognazzo & Paolo Gubitta & Saverio Dave Favaron, 2016. "Does slack always affect resilience? A study of quasi-medium-sized Italian firms," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(9-10), pages 768-790, October.
    5. repec:bla:jfinan:v:53:y:1998:i:6:p:1975-1999 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Marko Peric & Vanja Vitezic, 2016. "Impact of global economic crisis on firm growth," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 1-12, January.
    7. Teixeira, Eduardo de Oliveira & Werther, William B., 2013. "Resilience: Continuous renewal of competitive advantages," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 56(3), pages 333-342.
    8. Barbara Wisse & Rob Eijbergen & Eric F. Rietzschel & Susanne Scheibe, 2018. "Catering to the Needs of an Aging Workforce: The Role of Employee Age in the Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Satisfaction," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 147(4), pages 875-888, February.
    9. Min Zhang & Lijun Ma & Jun Su & Wen Zhang, 2014. "Do Suppliers Applaud Corporate Social Performance?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 121(4), pages 543-557, June.
    10. Olga Hawn & Ioannis Ioannou, 2016. "Mind the gap: The interplay between external and internal actions in the case of corporate social responsibility," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(13), pages 2569-2588, December.
    11. Meng Zhao, 2012. "CSR-Based Political Legitimacy Strategy: Managing the State by Doing Good in China and Russia," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 111(4), pages 439-460, December.
    12. Mark P. Sharfman & Chitru S. Fernando, 2008. "Environmental risk management and the cost of capital," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(6), pages 569-592, June.
    13. Najah Attig & Sean Cleary & Sadok Ghoul & Omrane Guedhami, 2014. "Corporate Legitimacy and Investment–Cash Flow Sensitivity," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 121(2), pages 297-314, May.
    14. Andersen, Torben Juul, 2012. "Multinational risk and performance outcomes: Effects of knowledge intensity and industry context," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 239-252.
    15. James Cordeiro & Manish Tewari, 2015. "Firm Characteristics, Industry Context, and Investor Reactions to Environmental CSR: A Stakeholder Theory Approach," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 130(4), pages 833-849, September.
    16. Juan Manuel Menéndez Blanco & José-Luis Montes-Botella, 2017. "Exploring nurtured company resilience through human capital and human resource development," International Journal of Manpower, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 38(5), pages 661-674, August.
    17. Jody Hoffer Gittell & Kim Cameron & Sandy Lim & Victor Rivas, 2005. "Relationships, Layoffs, and Organizational Resilience: Airline Industry Responses to September 11," EERI Research Paper Series EERI_RP_2005_06, Economics and Econometrics Research Institute (EERI), Brussels.
    18. Roger C. Y. Chen & Chen-Hsun Lee, 2017. "Assessing whether corporate social responsibility influence corporate value," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(54), pages 5547-5557, November.
    19. Yuanyuan Hu & Shouming Chen & Yuexin Shao & Su Gao, 2018. "CSR and Firm Value: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-18, December.
    20. Shakila Yacob, 2012. "Trans-generational renewal as managerial succession: The Behn Meyer story (1840--2000)," Business History, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(7), pages 1166-1185, October.
    21. Xue Wang & Feng Cao & Kangtao Ye, 2018. "Mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Reporting and Financial Reporting Quality: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 152(1), pages 253-274, September.
    22. Deborah Vidaver-Cohen & Peggy Brønn, 2015. "Reputation, Responsibility, and Stakeholder Support in Scandinavian Firms: A Comparative Analysis," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 127(1), pages 49-64, March.
    23. Mohammed Benlemlih & Mohammad Bitar, 2018. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Investment Efficiency," Post-Print halshs-01321227, HAL.
    24. Nader Asgary & Gang Li, 2016. "Corporate Social Responsibility: Its Economic Impact and Link to the Bullwhip Effect," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 135(4), pages 665-681, June.
    25. Chen, Chung-Jen & Guo, Ruey-Shan & Hsiao, Yung-Chang & Chen, Kuo-Liang, 2018. "How business strategy in non-financial firms moderates the curvilinear effects of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility on corporate financial performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 154-167.
    26. Wang, David Han-Min & Chen, Pei-Hua & Yu, Tiffany Hui-Kuang & Hsiao, Chih-Yi, 2015. "The effects of corporate social responsibility on brand equity and firm performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 68(11), pages 2232-2236.
    27. Xavier, Wlamir Gonçalves & Bandeira-de-Mello, Rodrigo & Marcon, Rosilene, 2014. "Institutional environment and Business Groups' resilience in Brazil," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(5), pages 900-907.
    28. Jinhua Cui & Hoje Jo & Haejung Na, 2018. "Does Corporate Social Responsibility Affect Information Asymmetry?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 148(3), pages 549-572, March.
    29. Markman, Gideon M. & Venzin, Markus, 2014. "Resilience: Lessons from banks that have braved the economic crisis—And from those that have not," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(6), pages 1096-1107.
    30. Abagail McWilliams & Donald Siegel, 2000. "Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification?," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(5), pages 603-609, May.
    31. Se-Yeon Ahn & Dong-Jun Park, 2018. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Longevity: The Mediating Role of Social Capital and Moral Legitimacy in Korea," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 150(1), pages 117-134, June.
    32. MuiChing Chan & John Watson & David Woodliff, 2014. "Corporate Governance Quality and CSR Disclosures," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 125(1), pages 59-73, November.
    33. Timothy Werner, 2015. "Gaining Access by Doing Good: The Effect of Sociopolitical Reputation on Firm Participation in Public Policy Making," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 61(8), pages 1989-2011, August.
    34. Natalia Ortiz-de-Mandojana & Pratima Bansal, 2016. "The long-term benefits of organizational resilience through sustainable business practices," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(8), pages 1615-1631, August.
    35. Min Zhang & Biying Jin & G. Alan Wang & Thong Ngee Goh & Zhen He, 2016. "A Study of Key Success Factors of Service Enterprises in China," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 134(1), pages 1-14, March.
    36. Ahmed, Muhammad Usman & Kristal, Mehmet Murat & Pagell, Mark, 2014. "Impact of operational and marketing capabilities on firm performance: Evidence from economic growth and downturns," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 59-71.
    37. Rachel Bocquet & Christian Le Bas & Caroline Mothe & Nicolas Poussing, 2017. "CSR, Innovation, and Firm Performance in Sluggish Growth Contexts: A Firm-Level Empirical Analysis," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 146(1), pages 241-254, November.
    38. Ma-Lin Song & Ron Fisher & Jian-Lin Wang & Lian-Biao Cui, 2018. "Environmental performance evaluation with big data: theories and methods," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 270(1), pages 459-472, November.
    39. Sabatino, Michele, 2016. "Economic crisis and resilience: Resilient capacity and competitiveness of the enterprises," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(5), pages 1924-1927.
    40. Yung-Ming Shiu & Shou-Lin Yang, 2017. "Does engagement in corporate social responsibility provide strategic insurance-like effects?," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(2), pages 455-470, February.
    41. Mohammed Benlemlih & Mohammad Bitar, 2018. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Investment Efficiency," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 148(3), pages 647-671, March.
    42. Marko Peric & Vanja Vitezic, 2016. "Impact of global economic crisis on firm growth," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 1-12, January.
    43. Yan-Leung Cheung & Weiqiang Tan & Wenming Wang, 2018. "National Stakeholder Orientation, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Bank Loan Cost," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 150(2), pages 505-524, June.
    44. Weichieh Su & Mike W. Peng & Weiqiang Tan & Yan-Leung Cheung, 2016. "The Signaling Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility in Emerging Economies," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 134(3), pages 479-491, March.
    45. Eduardo Ortas & José Moneva & Roger Burritt & Joanne Tingey-Holyoak, 2014. "Does Sustainability Investment Provide Adaptive Resilience to Ethical Investors? Evidence from Spain," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 124(2), pages 297-309, October.
    46. Nickel, Manuel Núñez & Rodriguez, Manuel Cano, 2002. "A review of research on the negative accounting relationship between risk and return: Bowman's paradox," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 1-18, February.
    47. Paul C. Godfrey & Craig B. Merrill & Jared M. Hansen, 2009. "The relationship between corporate social responsibility and shareholder value: an empirical test of the risk management hypothesis," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 425-445, April.
    48. Christiane Bode & Jasjit Singh & Michelle Rogan, 2015. "Corporate Social Initiatives and Employee Retention," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 26(6), pages 1702-1720, December.
    49. Liwei Shan & Shihe Fu & Lu Zheng, 2017. "Corporate sexual equality and firm performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(9), pages 1812-1826, September.
    50. Zou, Peng & Li, Guofeng, 2016. "How emerging market investors' value competitors' customer equity: Brand crisis spillover in China," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(9), pages 3765-3771.
    51. Leguizamon, Francisco & Selva, Guillermo & Santos, Manuel, 2016. "Small farmer suppliers from local to global," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 4520-4525.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wei Ma & Rita Yi Man Li & Otilia Manta & Abad Alzuman, 2024. "Balancing Wellbeing and Responsibility: CSR’s Role in Mitigating Burnout in Hospitality under UN-SDGs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Georgiana-Loredana Schipor (Frecea), 2022. "Improving the Organizational Resilience during COVID-19. An Analysis of the Romanian Banking Sector," Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, Ovidius University of Constantza, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 0(1), pages 417-424, September.
    3. Ying Tian & Jiayi Hong, 2022. "In the Context of Digital Finance, Can Knowledge Enable Manufacturing Companies to Be More Courageous and Move towards Sustainable Innovation?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-24, August.
    4. Manuela Gomez‐Valencia & Maria Alejandra Gonzalez‐Perez & Ana Maria Gomez‐Trujillo, 2021. "The “Six Ws” of sustainable development risks," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(7), pages 3131-3144, November.
    5. Riccardo Rodella & Maria Rosa De Giacomo, 2023. "How do financial markets reward companies tackling climate change concerns? A natural experiment based on the Brexit referendum," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(2), pages 979-990, March.
    6. Abderrahim Benlakouiri & Abdessamad Dibi & Jamila Jouali & Najoua El Borji, 2023. "FROM CRISIS MANAGEMENT TO RESILIENCE: What Practices in today’s organizations? [DE LA GESTION DES CRISES À LA RÉSILIENCE : Quelles Pratiques dans les organisations d'aujourd'hui ?]," Post-Print hal-04562656, HAL.
    7. Basheer M. Al-Ghazali & M. Sadiq Sohail & Ibrahim Ali M. Jumaan, 2021. "CSR Perceptions and Career Satisfaction: The Role of Psychological Capital and Moral Identity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-22, June.
    8. Marsat, Sylvain & Pijourlet, Guillaume & Ullah, Muhammad, 2022. "Does environmental performance help firms to be more resilient against environmental controversies? International evidence," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    9. Guangxin Chen & Qing Nie & Hui Zhao, 2023. "The Influence Factors of Organizational Resilience from a CSR Perspective and Their Impact on Business Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-27, November.
    10. Lin Liang & Yan Li, 2023. "The double‐edged sword effect of organizational resilience on ESG performance," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(6), pages 2852-2872, November.
    11. Sandra Escamilla‐Solano & Antonio Fernández‐Portillo & Mari Cruz Sánchez‐Escobedo & Carmen Orden‐Cruz, 2024. "Corporate social responsibility disclosure: Mediating effects of the economic dimension on firm performance," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(1), pages 709-718, January.
    12. Teng Ma & Ya Liu & Rongyan Jia, 2023. "Multiple Driving Paths of High-Tech SME Resilience from a “Resource–Capability–Environment” Perspective: An fsQCA Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-23, May.
    13. Teng Ma & Huiling Wang & Ying Qu, 2024. "Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Resilience in Construction Firms—A Study from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-15, September.
    14. Ruijun Chen & Yaping Xie & Yingqi Liu, 2021. "Defining, Conceptualizing, and Measuring Organizational Resilience: A Multiple Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-25, February.
    15. Fridolin Simon Brand & Richard Blaese & Giulia Weber & Herbert Winistoerfer, 2022. "Changes in Corporate Responsibility Management during COVID-19 Crisis and Their Effects on Business Resilience: An Empirical Study of Swiss and German Companies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-18, March.
    16. Agnė Žičkienė & Rasa Melnikienė & Mangirdas Morkūnas & Artiom Volkov, 2022. "CAP Direct Payments and Economic Resilience of Agriculture: Impact Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-24, August.
    17. Xin Huang & Huitong Yang & Peijin Yang, 2024. "The Impact of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporate Organisational Resilience: Insights from Dynamic Capability Theory," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-23, March.
    18. Basheer M. Al-Ghazali & M. Sadiq Sohail, 2021. "The Impact of Employees’ Perceptions of CSR on Career Satisfaction: Evidence from Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-26, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xin Huang & Huitong Yang & Peijin Yang, 2024. "The Impact of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporate Organisational Resilience: Insights from Dynamic Capability Theory," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-23, March.
    2. Ozgur Ozdemir & Fatemeh Binesh & Ezgi Erkmen, 2022. "The effect of target’s CSR performance on M&A deal premiums: a case for service firms," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(4), pages 1001-1034, May.
    3. Hongkang Xu & Jia Wu & Mai Dao, 2020. "Corporate social responsibility and trade credit," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 54(4), pages 1389-1416, May.
    4. Ehsan Poursoleyman & Gholamreza Mansourfar & Mohammad Kabir Hassan & Saeid Homayoun, 2024. "Did Corporate Social Responsibility Vaccinate Corporations Against COVID-19?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 189(3), pages 525-551, January.
    5. Lu, Hao & Oh, Won-Yong & Kleffner, Anne & Chang, Young Kyun, 2021. "How do investors value corporate social responsibility? Market valuation and the firm specific contexts," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 14-25.
    6. Sean T. Hannah & Naz Sayari & Frederick H. deB. Harris & Carol L. Cain, 2021. "The Direct and Moderating Effects of Endogenous Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Valuation: Theoretical and Empirical Evidence from the Global Financial Crisis," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 58(2), pages 421-456, March.
    7. Mohammed Benlemlih & Li Cai, 2020. "Corporate environmental performance and financing decisions," Post-Print hal-03124950, HAL.
    8. Hui-Ju Tsai & Yangru Wu, 2022. "Changes in Corporate Social Responsibility and Stock Performance," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 178(3), pages 735-755, July.
    9. Conz, Elisa & Magnani, Giovanna, 2020. "A dynamic perspective on the resilience of firms: A systematic literature review and a framework for future research," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 400-412.
    10. Kalpana Tokas & Kartik Yadav, 2023. "Foreign Ownership and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of an Emerging Market," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 24(6), pages 1302-1325, December.
    11. Yingqi Liu & Ruijun Chen & Fei Zhou & Shuang Zhang & Juan Wang, 2021. "Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Organizational Resilience in the ISM Framework: An Exploratory Study Based on Multiple Cases," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-24, December.
    12. Olga Hawn, 2021. "How media coverage of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility influences cross‐border acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(1), pages 58-83, January.
    13. Mussa Hussaini & Ugo Rigoni & Paolo Perego, 2023. "The strategic choice of payment method in takeovers: The role of environmental, social and governance performance," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 200-219, January.
    14. Julia Hillmann, 2021. "Disciplines of organizational resilience: contributions, critiques, and future research avenues," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 879-936, May.
    15. Van Ha Nguyen & Frank W Agbola & Bobae Choi, 2019. "Does corporate social responsibility reduce information asymmetry? Empirical evidence from Australia," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 44(2), pages 188-211, May.
    16. Ben Lahouel, Béchir & Ben Zaied, Younes & Managi, Shunsuke & Taleb, Lotfi, 2022. "Re-thinking about U: The relevance of regime-switching model in the relationship between environmental corporate social responsibility and financial performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 498-519.
    17. Ijaz Ur Rehman & Faisal Shahzad & Khawaja Fawad Latif & Noman Nawab & Abdul Rashid & Shabir Hyder, 2021. "Does corporate social responsibility mediate the influence of national culture on investment inefficiency? Firm‐level evidence from Asia Pacific," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 3484-3503, July.
    18. Alves, Carlos Francisco & Meneses, Lilian Lima, 2024. "ESG scores and debt costs: Exploring indebtedness, agency costs, and financial system impact," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    19. Ashrafee Hossain & Samir Saadi & Abu S. Amin, 2023. "Does CEO Risk-Aversion Affect Carbon Emission?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 182(4), pages 1171-1198, February.
    20. Tadesse Getacher Engida & Christopher F. Parmeter & Xudong Rao & Alfons G.J.M. Oude Lansink, 2022. "Investment Inefficiency and Corporate Social Responsibility," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 95-108, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:6:p:1561-:d:213965. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.