Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau (/ˌɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ ^ⓘ GHIN-ee bi-SOW; Portuguese: Guiné-Bissau; Fula: 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮, romanized: Gine-Bisaawo; Mandinka: ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫ Gine-Bisawo), for paper top be de Republic of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw]), be country for West Africa wey dey cover 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), wey e get population dem estimate of 2,026,778. E dey border be Senegal to de north den Guinea to de southeast.^[1]

Na Guinea-Bissau once be part of de kingdom of Kaabu,^[2] den de Mali Empire.^[2] Parts of dis kingdom persist til de 18th century, while na few odas dey under de Portuguese Empire dema rule since de 16th century. For de 19th century insyd, na Portuguese Guinea colonise am.^[2] Na Portuguese control be restricted den weak til de early 20th century plus de pacification campaigns, dis campaigns solidify Portuguese sovereignty for de area insyd. De final Portuguese victory ova de bastion of mainland resistance wey remain, de Papel rule Kingdom of Bissau for 1915 insyd by de Portuguese military officer Teixeira Pinto, wey he recruit Wolof mercenary Abdul Injai na be de event make dem solidify mainland control.^[3]

Na dem conquer de Bissagos, islands off de coast of Guinea-Bissau, for 1936 insyd, wey ensure Portuguese control of both de mainland den islands for de region.^[4]

Upon independence, dem declare for 1973 insyd wey dem recognise for 1974 insyd, dem add Bissau, to de country ein name so say e go prevent confusion plus Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau get history of political instability since independence, den one presido per dem elect (José Mário Vaz) successfully serve full five-year term.^[5] De current presido be Umaro Sissoco Embaló, wey dem elect for 29 December 2019.^[6]

About 2% per of de population dey speak Portuguese, de official language, as first language, den 33% speak am as second language. Howeva, Guinea-Bissau Creole, Portuguese-based creole, be de national language wey dem san so consider am de language of unity. According to 2012 study, 54% of de population dey speak Creole as first language wey about 40% dey speak am as second language.^[7] De remainder dey speak variety of native African languages.

De nation be home give chaw followers of Islam, Christianity den traditional faiths, though no single religious group dey represent majority of de population.^[8][9] De country ein per-capita gross domestic product be one of de lowest for de world insyd.

Guinea-Bissau be member of de United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, den de South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, wey na e be member of de now-defunct Latin Union.

Guinea-Bissau be founding member state of de Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), dem sanso know am as de Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation den political association of Lusophone nations wer Portuguese be official language.^[10]

A 2019 estimate put de size of de Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces at around 4,400 personnel den military spending be less dan 2% of GDP.^[11] Insyd 2018, Guinea-Bissau sign de UN treaty for de Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons top.^[12]

Guinea-Bissau be de 85th most peaceful country insyd de world, according to de 2024 Global Peace Index.^[13]

Dem divide Guinea-Bissau into eight regions (regiões) den one autonomous sector (sector autónomo).^[14] Dese, in turn, be subdivided into 37 Sectors.^[15] De regions be:^[15]

• Bafatá
• Biombo
• Bissau
• Bolama
• Cacheu
• Gabu
• Oio
• Quinara
• Tombali

Guinea-Bissau be warm all year round plus mild temperature fluctuations; e dey average 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). De average rainfall for Bissau be 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in), although dis be almost entirely dem account for during de rainy season wich dey fall between June den September/October. From December thru April, de country dey experience drought.^[16]

Severe environmental problems dey include deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing, den overfishing.^[17] Guinea-Bissau get 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.7/10, wey dey rank am 97th globally out of 172 countries.^[18]

According to de 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, na Guinea-Bissau ein population be 2,060,721 insyd 2021, compare to 518,000 insyd 1950. Na de proportion of de population below de age of 15 insyd 2010 be 41.3%, na 55.4% be aged between 15 den 65 years of age, while na 3.3% be aged 65 years anaa older.^[19]

De population of Guinea-Bissau be ethnically diverse wey e get distinct languages, customs, den social structures.^[20]

Dem fi divide Bissau-Guineans into de ethnic groups wey dey follow:^[20]

• Fula den de Mandinka-speaking people, wey dey constitute de largest portion of de population wey dem be concentrated insyd de north den northeast;^[20]
• Balanta den Papel people, wey dey live insyd de southern coastal regions;^[20] den
• Manjaco den Mancanha, wey dey occupy de central den northern coastal areas.^[20]

Chaw of de remainder be mestiços of mixed Portuguese den African descent.^[21][22]

Portuguese natives be very small percentage of Bissau-Guineans.^[21] After Guinea-Bissau gain independence, chaw of de Portuguese nationals lef de country. De country get tiny Chinese population.^[23] Dese dey include traders den merchants of mixed Portuguese den Cantonese ancestry from de former Asian Portuguese colony of Macau.^[21]

Main cities in Guinea-Bissau dey include:^[24]

Rank	City	Population
		2015 estimate	Region
1	Bissau	492,004	Bissau
2	Gabú	48,670	Gabú
3	Bafatá	37,985	Bafatá
4	Bissorã	29,468	Oio
5	Bolama	16,216	Bolama
6	Cacheu	14,320	Cacheu
7	Bubaque	12,922	Bolama
8	Catió	11,498	Tombali
9	Mansôa	9,198	Oio
10	Buba	8,993	Quinara

Usually, de chaw different ethnic groups insyd Guinea-Bissau coexist peacefully, buh wen conflicts do erupt, dem dey tend to revolve around access to land.^[25]

• 
  Gabú be Guinea-Bissau ein second largest city
• 
  Port of Bissau
• 
  Bridge insyd São Vicente, Cacheu
• 
  Hotels at Bissagos Islands
• 
  Carnival insyd Bissau
• 
  National singer Manecas Costa

Common dishes dey include soups den stews. Common ingredients dey include yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato, den plantain. Spices, peppers, den chilis be used insyd cooking, wey dey include Aframomum melegueta seeds (Guinea pepper).^[26]

Flora Gomes be internationally renowned film director; ein most famous film be Nha Fala (English: My Voice).^[27] Na Gomes ein Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988)^[28] be de first fiction film den de second feature film dem ever make insyd Guinea-Bissau. (Na de first feature film be N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest insyd 1987.) For FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega win de prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. Insyd 1992, Gomes direct Udju Azul di Yonta,^[29] wich na dem screen insyd de Un Certain Regard section at de 1992 Cannes Film Festival.^[30] Na Gomes sanso serve for de boards of chaw Africa-centric film festivals top.^[31] Na dem born de actress Babetida Sadjo insyd Bafatá, Guinea-Bissau.^[32]

Football be de most popular sport insyd Guinea-Bissau. De Guinea-Bissau national football team dey under de authority of de Federação de Futebol da Guiné-Bissau. Dem be member of de Confederation of African Football (CAF) den FIFA.^[33]

1. ↑ "Overview". World Bank. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2} "Guinea-Bissau – Country Profile – Nations Online Project". www.nationsonline.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
3. ↑ Bowman, Joye L. (22 January 2009). "Abdul Njai: Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895–1919". The Journal of African History. 27 (3): 463–479. doi:10.1017/S0021853700023276. S2CID 162344466.
4. ↑ Corbin, Amy; Tindall, Ashley. "Bijagós Archipelago". Sacred Land Film Project. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
5. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, Language, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
6. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau: Swearing-in of new President unlikely to bring stability, says UN representative". UN News. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
7. ↑ Handem, Myrna (2015). Portuguese, Creole, or Both: The Problematic of Language Choice in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The Social, Political and Economic Implications of Language Choice (Ph. D. thesis). Howard University.
8. ↑ "Africa: Guinea-Bissau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
9. ↑ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa (Report). Pew Research Center. 15 April 2010.
10. ↑ "CPLP – Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa – Histórico – Como surgiu?". www.cplp.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
11. ↑ "Guinea Bissau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
12. ↑ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
13. ↑ "2024 Global Peace Index" (PDF).
14. ↑ "Administrative Map of Guinea-Bissau 1200 pixel – Nations Online Project". www.nationsonline.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1} "Guinea-Bissau Maps & Facts". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
16. ↑ Guinea-Bissau Climate Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
17. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau" Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, CIA the World Factbook, Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
18. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
19. ↑ "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision". Esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4} "Guinea-Bissau (09/03)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1 21.2} "History & Geography – GUINEA BISSAU REPUBLIC". Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
22. ↑ Berlin, Ira (1 April 1996). "From Creole to African". William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 266. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
23. ↑ China-Guinea-Bissau Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. China.org.cn. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
24. ↑ "Guinea-Bissau: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
25. ↑ Armando Mussa Sani; Jasmina Barckhausen (23 June 2017). "Theatre sheds light on conflicts". D+C, development and cooperation. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
26. ↑ "Eat locally in Guinea Bissau". Slow Food International. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
27. ↑ "Nha Fala/My Voice". spot.pcc.edu. 2002. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013.
28. ↑ Mortu Nega Archived 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
29. ↑ Udju Azul di Yonta Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
30. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta". Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
31. ↑ Flora Gomes The Two Faces of War: National Liberation in Guinea-Bissau Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved 22 June 2013.
32. ↑ de Lamalle, Patrick (19 October 2018). "Babetida Sadjo, est-ce que vous l'avez vu ?". RTBF (insyd French). Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
33. ↑ "CAF qualifying draw made for FIFA World Cup 26™". FIFA. 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

• Barry, Boubacar (1998). Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1975). The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
• Hair, P.E.H. (22 January 2009). "Ethnolinguistic Continuity on the Guinea Coast" (PDF). The Journal of African History. 8 (2): 247–268. doi:10.1017/S0021853700007040. JSTOR 179482. S2CID 161528479 – via JSTOR.
• Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1989). Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou. Paris, France: Karthala. ISBN 9782865372362. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
• Ogilby, John (1670). Africa: being an accurate description of the regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid, the land of Negroes, Guinee, Aethiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, belonging thereunto: with the several denominations of their coasts, harbors, creeks, rivers, lakes, cities, towns, castles, and villages: their customs, modes, and manners, languages, religions, and inexhaustible treasure: with their governments and policy, variety of trade and barter, and also of their wonderful plants, beasts, birds, and serpents. London: Printed by Tho. Johnson for the author. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via Early English Books.

Attribution

Dis article dey incorporate public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA

• Abdel Malek, K.,"Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau", Bulletin de l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales, No. 1, April 1998. pp. 53–60
• Forrest, Joshua B., Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau (Ohio University Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003)
• Galli, Rosemary E, Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society, Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987
• Lobban, Richard Andrew Jr., and Mendy, Peter Karibe, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997)
• Vigh, Henrik, Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau, Berghahn Books, 2006

Guinea-Bissau at Wikipedia ein sister projects

• Definitions from Wiktionary
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• Resources from Wikiversity
• Travel information from Wikivoyage

• Exploring the Challenges and Richness of Guinea-Bissau: A Small West African Nation Archived 25 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine from GB1
• Country Profile from BBC News
• Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Guinea-Bissau from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Guinea-Bissau at de Encyclopædia Britannica
• Wikimedia Atlas of Guinea-Bissau
• Key Development Forecasts for Guinea-Bissau from International Futures

Government

• Official website
• Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
• Guinea-Bissau: Prime Minister's fate unknown after apparent military coup – West Africa – Portuguese American Journal
• Guinea-Bissau Holds First Post-Coup Election

Trade

• Guinea-Bissau 2005 Summary Trade Statistics

News media

• news headline links from AllAfrica.com

Tourism

• Guinea-Bissau Turismo – RIOS AND LAGOONS

Health

• The State of the World's Midwifery – Guinea-Bissau Country Profile

GIS information

• Master Thesis Archived 4 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine about the developing Geographical Information for Guinea-Bissau (Archived 2 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine)