罪

See also: 辠

罪	U+7F6A, 罪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F6A

← 罩
[U+7F69]

CJK Unified Ideographs

罫 →
[U+7F6B]

Translingual

Han character

罪 (Kangxi radical 122, 网+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 田中中一卜 (WLLMY), four-corner 6011₁, composition ⿱罒非)

Derived characters

嶵檌䊫㠑𭋈𢶀𣿓𣋖𬠯𨗻

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 948, character 13
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28293
Dae Jaweon: page 1389, character 12
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2920, character 7
Unihan data for U+7F6A

Chinese

trad.		罪
simp. ^#		罪
alternative forms		𦋛辠𡈚

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (罪) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
罪	*zuːlʔ
辠	*zuːlʔ
𢶀	*zruːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 罒 (“net”) + 非 (“mistake”). The original version is 𦋛 and its original meaning was a net for fishing, then used instead of 辠 due to the similarity of the latter character to 皇, which represents the Emperor.

Etymology

Unclear. Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Mizo sual (“(adj.) bad, evil, vile, corrupt; (v. tr.) (to attempt) to criminally assault, to rape (a woman)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zuì (zui⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄟˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zui⁴

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): зуй (zuy, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zeoi⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): dui⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): cui⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhui

(Meixian, Guangdong): cui⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): zui³
Northern Min (KCR): cò
Eastern Min (BUC): cô̤i
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chǒe / chōe / chěr / chē

(Teochew, Peng'im): zuê⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zoe; ⁶ze
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zei⁵ / zei⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zuì
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄟˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zuèi
  - Wade–Giles: tsui⁴
  - Yale: dzwèi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuey
  - Palladius: цзуй (czuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zui⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zui
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suei²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зуй (zuy, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suei⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: zeoi⁶
  - Yale: jeuih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zêu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɵy̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: dui⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: cui⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰui¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhui
  - Hakka Romanization System: cui
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuɪ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zui³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡suei⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡so⁴²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cô̤i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔy²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒe
  - Tâi-lô: tsuě
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sue²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chōe
  - Tâi-lô: tsuē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zoe
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sue³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sue²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chěr
  - Tâi-lô: tsěr
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sə²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chē
  - Tâi-lô: tsē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ze
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡se²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡se³³/

Note:

chǒe/chōe - literary;
chěr/chē - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: zuê⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsuĕ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sue³⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zoe; ⁶ze
  - MiniDict: zoe^去; ze^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zoe; ³ze
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zø²³/, /ze²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zei⁵ / zei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡se̞i̯²¹/, /t͡se̞i̯⁴⁵/

Note:

zei4 - literary;
zei5 - vernacular.

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 罪
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡suei⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡suei⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡suei⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡suei²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡sue⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡suei³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡suei⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡suɨ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡suei¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡suei¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡suei²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡sei³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡suei¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡suei²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡suei²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡suəi⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡se⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡suei⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡suæ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡suei⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ze²³/
	Suzhou	/ze̞³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zz̩ʷei¹³/
	Wenzhou	/zai³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰye²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡sʰə²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sei⁵⁵/ /t͡sei¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/d͡zəi²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰui²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰui⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/t͡sʰui⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡søy²²/
	Nanning	/t͡sui²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡søy²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡sue²²/ /t͡se²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡sɔy²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡so⁴²/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡sue³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/tui³³/

Middle Chinese: dzwojX

Rime
Character	罪
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徂賄切
Baxter	dzwojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zuʌi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zuoi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zuɒi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zwəj^X/
Li Rong	/d͡zuᴀi^X/
Wang Li	/d͡zuɒi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱuɑ̆i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zuì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zeoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤujʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*zuːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	罪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zuì
Middle Chinese	‹ dzwoj^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]ˁujʔ/
English	crime, offense
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	罪
Reading #	1/1
No.	17981
Phonetic component	罪
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	辠
Old Chinese	/*zuːlʔ/
Notes	同辠

Definitions

罪

crime; vice
- 萬方有罪，罪在朕躬。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  万方有罪，罪在朕躬。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Wànfāng yǒuzuì, zuì zài zhèngōng. [Pinyin]
  If you in the myriad regions commit offenses, these offenses must rest on my person.
(theology) sin
hardship; suffering
fault

Compounds

References

“罪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

罪

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ざい (zai, Jōyō)
Kan-on: さい (sai)
Kun: つみ (tsumi, 罪, Jōyō)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
罪
つみ Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つみ [tsúꜜmì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨmʲi]

Noun

罪(つみ) • (tsumi)

Adjective

罪(つみ) • (tsumi) -na (adnominal 罪(つみ)な (tsumi na), adverbial 罪(つみ)に (tsumi ni))

sinful

Inflection

Inflection of 罪

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	罪だろ	つみだろ	tsumi daro
Continuative (連用形)	罪で	つみで	tsumi de
Terminal (終止形)	罪だ	つみだ	tsumi da
Attributive (連体形)	罪な	つみな	tsumi na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	罪なら	つみなら	tsumi nara
Imperative (命令形)	罪であれ	つみであれ	tsumi de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	罪ではない罪じゃない	つみではないつみじゃない	tsumi de wa nai tsumi ja nai
Informal past	罪だった	つみだった	tsumi datta
Informal negative past	罪ではなかった罪じゃなかった	つみではなかったつみじゃなかった	tsumi de wa nakatta tsumi ja nakatta
Formal	罪です	つみです	tsumi desu
Formal negative	罪ではありません罪じゃありません	つみではありませんつみじゃありません	tsumi de wa arimasen tsumi ja arimasen
Formal past	罪でした	つみでした	tsumi deshita
Formal negative past	罪ではありませんでした罪じゃありませんでした	つみではありませんでしたつみじゃありませんでした	tsumi de wa arimasen deshita tsumi ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	罪で	つみで	tsumi de
Conditional	罪なら（ば）	つみなら（ば）	tsumi nara (ba)
Provisional	罪だったら	つみだったら	tsumi dattara
Volitional	罪だろう	つみだろう	tsumi darō
Adverbial	罪に	つみに	tsumi ni
Degree	罪さ	つみさ	tsumisa

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
罪
ざい Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡za̠i]

Suffix

罪(ざい) • (-zai)

(law) Used after the name of an action, to form the name of a criminal charge
殺(さつ)人(じん)罪(ざい) ― satsujin-zai ― murder (as a crime)

堕(だ)胎(たい)罪(ざい) ― datai-zai ― unlawful abortion

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

罪 (eumhun 허물 죄 (heomul joe))

hanja form^? of 죄 (“sin; crime; fault”)

Vietnamese

Han character

罪: Hán Nôm readings: tội, tụi

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]