Gagaku (雅楽, lit. "elegant music")[1] is a type of Japanese classical music that was historically used for imperial court music and dances. Gagaku was developed as court music of the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and its near-current form was established in the Heian period (794–1185) around the 10th century.[2][3] Today, it is performed by the Board of Ceremonies in the Tokyo Imperial Palace.
Gagaku consists of three primary repertoires:[2]
- Native Shinto religious music and imperial songs and dance, called Kuniburi no utamai (国風歌舞)
- Vocal music based on native folk poetry, called Utaimono (謡物)
- Songs and dance based on foreign-style music
- A Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian form (specifically Tang dynasty), called Tōgaku (唐楽)
- A Korean and Manchurian form, called komagaku (高麗楽)
Gagaku, like shōmyō, employs the yo scale, a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two, three, two, two, and three semitones between the five scale tones.[4] Artistically it differs from the music of the corresponding Chinese form yayue (雅楽) which is a term reserved for ceremonial music.[5]
History
editThe prototype of gagaku was introduced into Japan with Buddhism from China. In 589, Japanese official diplomatic delegations were sent to China (during the Sui dynasty) to learn Chinese culture, including Chinese court music. By the 7th century, the koto (the 13-stringed zither) and the biwa (a short-necked lute) had been introduced into Japan from China. Various instruments, including these two, were the earliest used to play gagaku.
Even though the Japanese use the same term, 雅楽 (yǎyuè in Mandarin Chinese, ngahngohk in Cantonese), the form of music imported from China was primarily banquet music (engaku) rather than the ceremonial music of the Chinese yǎyuè. The importation of music peaked during the Tang dynasty, and these pieces are called Tōgaku (Tang music). Gagaku pieces that originated at a time earlier than the Tang dynasty are called kogaku (ancient music), while those originating after the Tang dynasty are called shingaku (new music). The term gagaku itself was first recorded in 701, when the first imperial academy of music Gagakuryō was established.[5]
Music from the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo had been recorded as early as 453 AD, and komagaku was eventually used as a term that covered all Korean pieces, the Goguryeo kingdom being referred to as Koma in Japanese. Komagaku and Tōgaku became established in southern Japan during the Nara period (710–794). In 736, music from India and Vietnam were also introduced, known as Tenjikugaku (天竺楽) and Rinyūgaku (林邑楽) respectively.
During the Nara period in the 8th century, gagaku was performed at national events, such as the erection of the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple, by organizing gagaku performance groups at large temples.
From the 9th century to the 10th century, during the Heian period, traditional gagaku was developed further, becoming distinctly Japanese in style through its fusion with musical styles indigenous to Japan, changing it greatly. The form of gagaku was almost completed by the fusion of Tōgaku, Komagaku, Tenjikugaku and Rinyūgaku which were introduced from Asian countries, with Kuniburi no utamai, traditional Japanese music, and utaimono, songs born in the Heian period.[2][3] During this period, many pieces of gagaku music were created and foreign-style gagaku music was rearranged and renewed. Gagaku was also reorganized, and foreign-style gagaku music was classified into categories called Sahō (左方, left side) and Uhō (右方, right side). Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian style was classified as Sahō, and Korean and Manchurian style was classified as Uhō. Tenjikugaku and Rinyūgaku were also included in the category of Tōgaku.[2][3][6]
The popularity of gagaku reached its peak between the 9th and 10th centuries, when court aristocracy began to hold private concerts, but declined in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) when the power of the court aristocracy became diminished while that of the samurai rose.[6] Gagaku was played by musicians who belonged to hereditary guilds. During the Kamakura period, military rule was imposed and gagaku was rarely performed at court. At this time, there were three guilds, based in Osaka, Nara and Kyoto.
Due to the Ōnin War, a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period, gagaku ensembles ceased to perform in Kyoto for about 100 years. In the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate revived and reorganized the court-style ensembles, the direct ancestors of the present gagaku ensembles.
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, musicians from all three guilds came to the capital and their descendants make up most of the current Tokyo Imperial Palace Music Department. By that time, the present ensemble composition had been established, consisting of three wind instruments – hichiriki, ryūteki, and shō (bamboo mouth organ used to provide harmony) – and three percussion instruments – kakko (small drum), shōko (metal percussion), and taiko (drum) or dadaiko (large drum), supplemented by two string instruments – gakubiwa and gakusō.
Gagaku also accompanies classical dance performances called bugaku (舞楽). It may be used in religious ceremonies in some Buddhist temples.[7]
In 1955, the Japanese government recognized gagaku and bugaku as important National Treasures.
Today, gagaku is performed in three ways:[8]
- as kangen, concert music for winds, strings and percussion,
- as bugaku, or dance music, for which the stringed instruments are omitted.
- as utaimono, singing to the accompaniment of a musical instrument, classified into 10 categories.
Komagaku survives only as bugaku.[9]
Contemporary gagaku ensembles, such as Reigakusha (伶楽舎), perform contemporary compositions for gagaku instruments. This subgenre of contemporary works for gagaku instruments, which began in the 1960s, is called reigaku (伶楽). 20th-century composers such as Tōru Takemitsu have composed works for gagaku ensembles, as well as individual gagaku instruments. In January 2015 the Reigakusha gagaku Ensemble and Ensemble Modern performed together Music with silent aitake's by Belgian composer Frederic D'Haene, making gagaku and Western music co-exist.[10]
Instruments used
editWind, string and percussion instruments are essential elements of gagaku music. Some instruments, such as Haishō, Gogen biwa, Kugo had been removed from the ensemble during Heian period and reconstructed based on the old documents and some remains of the instruments in the Shōsō-in during Showa Era.
Wind
edit- Azuma-asobi-bue (東遊笛), also called chukan
- Haishō (排簫), panpipes
- Hichiriki (篳篥), oboe
- Kagurabue (神楽笛), transverse flute larger than ryūteki, used in kuniburi no utamai
- Komabue (高麗笛), transverse flute smaller than ryūteki, used in komagaku
- O-hichiriki (大篳篥)
- Ryūteki (龍笛), transverse flute used in tōgaku
- (Ancient) Shakuhachi (尺八)
- Shō (笙), mouth organ
- U (竽), large mouth organ
String
edit- Gaku Biwa (楽琵琶), 4-stringed lute
- Gakusō (楽箏), 13-string zither of Chinese origin
- Genkan (阮咸)
- Gogen biwa (五絃琵琶), 5-stringed lute
- Kugo (箜篌), angled harp used in ancient times and recently revived
- Yamatogoto (大和琴, also called wa-gon), zither of Japanese origin, with 6 or 7 strings
Percussion
edit- Da-daiko (鼉太鼓), large drums used at festivals
- Hōkyō (方響)
- Ikko (一鼓), small, ornately decorated hourglass-shaped drum
- Kakko (鞨鼓/羯鼓), small hourglass-shaped drum struck with two wooden sticks
- San-no-tsuzumi (三の鼓), hourglass-shaped drum
- Shakubyoshi (笏拍子, also called shaku), clapper made from a pair of flat wooden sticks
- Shōko (鉦鼓), small gong, struck with two horn beaters
- Suzu (鈴), a bell tree clapper, specific to Mikomai dance performed as Mi-kagura
- Tsuri-daiko (釣太鼓), drum on a stand with ornately painted head, played with two padded sticks
- Tsuzumi (鼓), hourglass drum, specific to Shirabyōshi dance performed as Mi-kagura
Influence on Western music
editBeginning in the 20th century, several western classical composers became interested in gagaku, and composed works based on gagaku. Most notable among these are Henry Cowell (Ongaku, 1957), La Monte Young (numerous works of drone music,[11] but especially Trio for Strings, 1958), Alan Hovhaness (numerous works), Olivier Messiaen (Sept haïkaï, 1962), Lou Harrison (Pacifika Rondo, 1963), Benjamin Britten (Curlew River, 1964), Bengt Hambraeus (Shogaku, from Tre Pezzi per Organo, 1967), Ákos Nagy (Veiled wince flute quartet 2010), Jarosław Kapuściński (numerous works), Sarah Peebles (numerous works), Michiko Toyama (Waka, 1960), and Tim Hecker (Konoyo, 2018).
One of the most important gagaku musicians of the 20th century, Masataro Togi (who served for many years as chief court musician), instructed American composers such as Alan Hovhaness and Richard Teitelbaum in the playing of gagaku instruments.
Other cultural influence
editThe American poet Steve Richmond developed a unique style based on the rhythms of gagaku. Richmond heard gagaku music on records at U.C.L.A.'s Department of Ethnomusicology in the early 1960s. In a 2009 interview with writer Ben Pleasants, Richmond claimed he had written an estimated 8,000–9,000 gagaku poems.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
- ^ a b c d History of gagaku Nihon gagakukai
- ^ a b c The Indigenization and Accomplishment of Gagaku Japan Arts Council
- ^ Japanese Music, Cross-Cultural Communication: World Music, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay
- ^ a b Ortolani, Benito (1995). The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism. Princeton University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0691043333.
- ^ a b Ortolani 1995, pp. 42–43.
- ^ "正行寺の報恩講と雅楽". Kyushu National Museums. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007.
- ^ "Enjoy gagaku. What kind of music is Gagaku?" Doyusha Video
- ^ "...overview, University of California site". Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ^ [1] Ravello Records released the CD in 2018.
- ^ Zuckerman, Gabrielle (ed.), "An Interview with La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela" (Archive.org copy of 2006), American Public Media, July 2002, musicmavericks.publicradio.org: "So, this contribution of Indian Classical music is one of the biggest influences on me, but there are other influences on me too. [...] We have the effect of Japanese gagaku, which has sustained tones in it in the instruments such as the Sho."
- ^ Pleasants, Ben. "American Rimbaud: An interview with Steve Richmond".
- Alves, William (2006). Music of the Peoples of the World. Thomson Schirmer.
- Garfias, Robert (January 1960). "Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition". Ethnomusicology, Vol. 4, No. 1. pp. 16–19.
- Malm, William P. (1959). Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Co.
- Matsumiya, Suiho (1959). "Traditional Music in Japan To-Day: Its Stability and Evolution." Journal of the International Folk Music Council. Vol. 11. pp. 65–66. doi:10.2307/834861. JSTOR 834861.