User:Musetta6729/sandbox/Jinhua

Wuzhou Wu, also variably classified as part of Jinqu Wu, is a branch of Wu Chinese spoken primarily in and around the modern-day city of Jinhua, as well as some parts of Quzhou and Hangzhou.

Currently Wiktionary supports a pronunciation module for Old-Period Urban Jinhuanese. This references the Jinhuanese spoken by speakers from Jinhua's city centre, born roughly from the 1920s to the 1930s. This system, however, ought to also be compatible with younger or certain older speaker's lects to an extent.

There is no official government-endorsed romanisation system, but Wiktionary's modules will be using Wugniu's romanisation scheme, with some spelling and formatting extensions devised by Wiktionary. The Wu-Chinese Minidict has also developed a romanisation system hereby listed for reference, but is not officially integrated into Wiktionary architecture.

Initials

Syllables are composed of initials and finals, as well as a tone value. Below are all the initials in Jinhuanese. When applicable, colloquial and literary readings will respectively be marked with the subscripts _白 and _文 following the example characters.

Jinhua Initials
	Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA	Examples
Bilabial Series	p	p	/p/	布幫薄
	ph	ph	/pʰ/	派配泡
	b	b	/b/	盆步白
	m	'm^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)m/	媽眯貓
	m	m	/m/	問_白門悶
	f	f	/f/	飛弗費
	v	v	/v/	問_文馮婺
Labiodental Series	t	t	/t/	到打稻_白
	th	th	/tʰ/	天梯太
	d	d	/d/	田度汏
	n	'n^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)n/	冷囊
	n	n	/n/	暖男捼
	l	'l^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)l/	拎哩拉
	l	l	/l/	蘭路連
Alveolar Series	ts	ts	/ts/	追焦早
	tsh	tsh	/tsʰ/	秋粗笡
	dz	dz	/dz/	池罪茶
	s	s	/s/	素先想
	z	z	/z/	牆嚼賊
Palatal Series	c	c	/tɕ/	汁準緊
	ch	ch	/tɕʰ/	超溪川
	j	j	/dʑ/	旗琴舌
	gn	'ny^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)n̠ʲ/^{[note 2]}	扭研鳥
	gn	ny	/n̠ʲ/^{[note 2]}	疑魚牛
	sh	sh	/ɕ/	書燒善
	zh	zh	/ʑ/	樹蛇夏
Velar and Null Series	k	k	/k/	街歌鋸
	kh	kh	/kʰ/	開箍可
	g	g	/ɡ/	銜隑夾
	ng^{[note 3]}	'ng^{[note 1]}	/(ʔ)ŋ/	我_文
	ng^{[note 3]}	ng	/ŋ/	礙_文外_文額_文
	∅	'	/∅/ obsolete or nonstandard characters (∅), invalid IPA characters (∅)^{[note 4]}	紅_白我_白恨
	h	h	/x/	亨歡佝
	gh^{[note 5]}	gh	/ɦ/	紅_文哈_{"to tickle"}
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Treated by neither wugniu (nor wiktionary) as phonemes distinct from their non-preglottalized equivalents. ↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Pronounced [ɲ] before /y/ medial. ^ Appears only marginally in antiquated literary readings. ^ Realized as an only very lightly glottalized [ʔ] sometimes according to Cao. ^ Appears mostly in literary readings.

Finals

The finals are hereby divided into two kinds: there are 51 "regular" finals that can occur in most single-character readings, as well as

Jinhua Regular Finals
Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA	Examples
y	y	/z̩/	資志池／资志池
i	i	/i/	醫肥底_文／医肥底_文
u	u	/u/	鼓舞無_文／鼓舞无_文
iu	iu	/y/	雨書去_文／雨书去_文
oea	yae	/ɤa/	爬馬八_白／爬马八_白
iaa	iae	/ia/	借夜_白鐵_白／借夜_白铁_白
a	a	/ɑ/	買鞋_白減_白／买鞋_白减_白
ia	ia	/iɑ/	畲夏_文亞_文／畲夏_文亚_文
ua	ua	/uɑ/	夏_白官_白塔_白
iua	iua	/yɑ/	抓瘸株_{(agriculture) stubble}
o	o	/o/^{[note 1]}	波_文哥_文母_文
oe	oe	/ɤ/	波_白滿_白割_白／波_白满_白割_白
ie	ie	/ie/	底_白編_白接_白／底_白编_白接_白
uo	uoe	/uɤ/	過河涴／过河涴
ioe	iue	/yɤ/	靴佔_白血_白／靴占_白血_白
ou	~^{[note 2]}	/ɯ/	去_白
iei	iea	/ie̞/^{[note 1]}	社_文夜_文蛇_文
ae	ai	/ɛ/	賠對改／赔对改
iae	iai	/iɛ/^{[note 1]}	吆_文解_文鞋_文
uae	uai	/uɛ/	塊會拐／块会拐
iuae	iuai	/yɛ/	帥摔衰／帅摔衰
ei	ei	/ei/	碑美隨／碑美随
ui	ui	/ui/	歸桂位／归桂位
au	au	/ɑu/	保泡逃
iau	iau	/iɑu/	條燒瓢／条烧瓢
eu	eu	/eu/	嘔藕候／呕藕候
ieu	ieu	/iu/	畝狗九／亩狗九
oen	yaen	/ɤã/^{[note 3]}	半_文判_文伴_文
an	aen	/ã/^{[note 3]}	班_文
ian	iaen	/iã/^{[note 3]}	天_文減_文／天_文减_文
uan	uaen	/uã/^{[note 3]}	官_文短_文
iuan	iuaen	/yã/^{[note 3]}	權_文佔_文／权_文占_文
aon	ang	/ɑŋ/	黨講_白生_白／党讲_白生_白
iaon	iang	/iɑŋ/	良講_文／良讲_文
uaon	uang	/uɑŋ/	光
iuaon	iuang	/yɑŋ/	床
en	eng	/əŋ/	根燈生_文／根灯生_文
in	ieng	/iŋ/	林星城
uen	ueng	/uəŋ/	溫昆昏／温昆昏
iuen	iueng	/yəŋ/	雲／云
on	ong	/oŋ/	東風／东风
ion	iong	/ioŋ/	窮中／穷中
eq	eh	/əʔ/	北八_文塔_文
iq	ieh	/iəʔ/	藥直鐵_文／药直铁_文
ueq	ueh	/uəʔ/	骨擴說_文／骨扩说_文
iuq	iueh	/yəʔ/	出術疫／出术疫
oq	oh	/oʔ/	作木鶴／作木鹤
ioq	ioh	/ioʔ/	竹肉約／竹肉约
er	r	/əl/^{[note 1]}	兒_文耳_文二_文／儿_文耳_文二_文
m	m	/m̩/^{[note 4]}	無_白母_白姆_白／无_白母_白姆_白
ng	ng	/ŋ̩/^{[note 4]}	兒_白五_白二_白／儿_白五_白二_白
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Appears in literary readings only. ^ Missing rime in Wu-Chinese MiniDict's scheme. ↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Appears in literary readings or diminutive-form readings only. ↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Only appear as standalone syllabics.

Erhua-Exclusive Finals

There are 14 finals that are exclusive to erhua forms, listed in the table below. Note that another 5 finals from the "regular final" table above can also occur in erhua readings.

Jinhua Erhua Finals
Wiktionary Extended Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA
ynn	yn	/z̩̃/^{[note 1]}
inn	in	/ĩ/^{[note 1]}
unn	un	/ũ/^{[note 1]}
iunn	iun	/ỹ/^{[note 1]}
ieunn	ieun	/iũ/^{[note 1]}
an	aen	/ã/^{[note 2]}
oen	yaen	/ɤã/^{[note 2]}
ian	iaen	/iã/^{[note 2]}
uan	uaen	/uã/^{[note 2]}
iuan	iuaen	/yã/^{[note 2]}
oenn	oen	/ɤ̃/^{[note 2]}
enn	en	/ẽ/^{[note 3]}
ienn	ien	/iẽ/^{[note 3]}
uenn	uen	/uẽ/^{[note 3]}
iuenn	iuen	/yẽ/^{[note 3]}
aunn	aun	/ɔ̃/
iaunn	iaun	/iɔ̃/
onn	on	/õ/^{[note 4]}
ionn	ion	/iõ/^{[note 4]}
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R). ↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 /ɤ̃/ and the /ã/ group of rimes exist in non-diminutive character readings. ↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Allophonic respectively with /əŋ/, /iŋ/, /uəŋ/, /yəŋ/ in certain older speakers. ↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Allophonic respectively with /oŋ/ and /ioŋ/ in certain older speakers.

See the erhua-diminutive section for more.

Tones

The tone system in Urban Jinhuanese consists of 7 single-character tones (otherwise known as "citation tones") numbered from 1 to 8, as well as a complex tone sandhi system which generate distinct tone contours for different combinations of underlying character tones.

The tone system in Jinhuanese assigns all its tones to one of two distinct registers: the dark (陰／阴) register and the light (陽／阳) register. Dark tones (tones 1, 3, 5, 7) only occur with voiceless initials while light tones (tones 2, 6, 8) only occur with voiced initials. The null initial, on the other hand, can occur in both tone registers.

Tone register	Tones	Can co-occur with
Dark (陰／阴)	1, 3, 5, 7	Voiceless initials
Light (陽／阳)	2, 6, 8	Voiced initials

The 8 tones are numbered according to Middle Chinese tone categories, and the general convention for Wugniu tone-numbering (see here). The tone number 4 is absent in monosyllables due to all historical tone 4 syllables having been merged into tone 3. In fact, such historical tone mergers and categorical shifts — along with other factors — contribute the irregularities in individual characters' tones and their respective behaviour in tone sandhi units.

To account for this, the {{zh-pron}} module utlises a tone numbering system with additional "underlying tone" inputs that help calculate the exact correct tone value after sandhi. However, the tone numbers that will show up will still be the citation tone numbers. For example, the input 5CX X4 will output the IPA tone sandhi contour based the underlying tones of 5C and 4, however, the Wugniu romanisation display will output 5X X3, merging both of these underlying tones into their respective citation tone category. Consult also the Wiktionary style guide on Wu tone notation for more details.

Table of Tone Values

There are 7 citation tones in Urban Jinhuanese.

All the available underlying tone categories. The underlying tones 4, 5, and 6 have edge-cases where they generate alternative tone sandhi contour, which can be input with

Wugniu Citation tone number	Citation tone name (tone category)	Underlying (Input) tone number	Underlying tone category	Citation tone value	Example characters
1	dark level 陰平／阴平	1	MC dark level	˧˧˦ 334	高安開天三飛／高安开天三飞
2	light level 陽平／阳平	2	MC light level	˧˩˧ 313	窮平神鵝麻文／穷平神鹅麻文
3	dark rising 陰上／阴上	3	MC dark rising	˥˧˥ 535	古紙口草手死／古纸口草手死
		4	MC light rising (vernacular readings)		老買有坐_白稻_白後_白／老买有坐_白稻_白后_白
		4A	Tone 4 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.		老買有坐_白稻_白後_白／老买有坐_白稻_白后_白
5	dark departing 陰去／阴去	5	MC dark departing	˥˥ 55	醉對唱菜送放／醉对唱菜送放
		5A	MC dark departing in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.		醉對唱菜送放／醉对唱菜送放
		5C	MC dark checked characters from the 山 and 咸 rhyme groups (vernacular reading)		割_白鐵_白發_白／割_白铁_白发_白
6	light departing 陽去／阳去	6	MC light departing + MC light rising (literary readings)	˩˦ 14	大病樹坐_文稻_文後_文／大病树坐_文稻_文后_文
		6A	Tone 6 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.		大病樹坐_文稻_文後_文／大病树坐_文稻_文后_文
		6C	MC light checked characters from the 山 and 咸 rhyme groups (vernacular reading)		月_白葉_白罰_白／月_白叶_白罚_白
7	dark checked 陰入／阴入	7	MC dark checked + literary reading of tone 5C characters	˦ʔ 4	一七福割_文鐵_文發_文／一七福割_文铁_文发_文
8	light checked 陽入／阳入	8	MC light checked + literary reading of tone 6C characters	˨˩˨ʔ 212	讀白服月_文葉_文罰_文／读白服月_文叶_文罚_文

The historical

Other than the citation tones, tones also often go through tone sandhi in various occasions.

Tone Sandhi Types

Tone sandhi in Jinhuanese is quite complex. Aside from the influences from, there are also different types of tone sandhi used under different lexical and morphosyntactical contexts. Cao (2002) has classified them into the following four categories, based on their functions and purposes. In the {{zh-pron}} input, all except regular sandhi chains require an extra sandhi-type marker to clarify the sandhi-type applicable to the sandhi unit at hand.

Below are the four sandhi-types recognised by the module and their respective input markers:

Regular ("Phonetic") Sandhi / 語音變調
- (default, no alphabetical marking required - e.g. 1cin ua2)
Predicate-Object (PO) Sandhi / 述賓式
- (marked with a P at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. 5chiaon kuo1P, 5Cfoea dzae2P)
Neutralised Tail (NT) Sandhi / 實虛式
- (marked with a T at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. 1pau tsy3T, 2gnin tsy3AT)
Numeral-Classifier (NC) Sandhi / 數量式
- (marked with a # between the number and the classifier in the input - e.g. 1sa#3ua, 7iq peq7#1ciaon)

Cao (2002) had classified Predicate-Object (PO), Neutralised Tail (NT) and Numeral-Classifier (NC) all under the category of "grammatical sandhi" (語法變調), in opposition to the first sandhi-type which he calls a phonetic sandhi (語音變調).

The sections below will cover more details about each sandhi-type and the sandhi patterns that occur under them.

Regular Tone Sandhi

These sandhi patterns are the most generally applicable to most lexicalised compounds.

Disyllabic

Below are the regular disyllabic tone sandhi patterns in Urban Jinhuanese.

Regular Disyllabic Tone Sandhi in Jinhuanese
Tone of 2^nd character Tone of 1^st character	1	2	3	4	5	5C	6	7	8
1	33 55	33 55	33 535	33 535	33 55		33 55	33 4	33 212
2	31 55	31 14	33 535	33 535	31 55	33 55	31 14	33 4	33 212
3	55 334	55 313	53 535	53 535	53 55		55 14	53 4	55 212
4	55 334	55 313	53 535	33 535	53 55		55 14	53 4	55 212
4A	53 55
5	33 55	33 14	33 535	33 535	53 55		55 14	33 4	55 212
5A		33 55					33 55
5C	55 0		53 535	53 535
6	53 55	53 14	53 535	33 535	53 55		55 14	53 4	55 212
6A		53 55	33 535		31 55		31 14
6C		14 0
7	4 55	4 55	4 535	4 535	4 55		4 14	4 4	4 212
8	21 55	21 14	21 535	21 535	21 55		21 14	21 4	21 212

Trisyllabic

For regular trisyllabic sandhi,

Predicate-Object (PO) Sandhi

Neutralised Tail (NT) Sandhi

Numeral-Classifier (NC) Sandhi

Erhua-Diminutive

The erhua-diminuitive (often referred to as 小稱 in the Chinese-language literature) refers to processes historically involving the diminutive suffix 兒／儿, causing vowel umlauts and tone shifts along the way, comparable to the phenomenon of erhua in many Mandarin varieties.

Diminutive Rime Correspondences

Template:row hover highlight

Pre- and Post-Erhua Correspondences
Pre-Erhua Rime			Post-Erhua Rime
Wiktionary Extended Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA	Wiktionary Extended Wugniu	Wu-Chinese MiniDict	IPA
y		/z̩/	ynn	yn	/z̩̃/
y		/z̩/	y		/z̩/^{[note 1]}
i		/i/	inn	in	/ĩ/
i		/i/	i		/i/^{[note 1]}
u		/u/	unn	un	/ũ/
u		/u/	u		/u/^{[note 1]}
iu		/y/	iunn	iun	/ỹ/
iu		/y/	iu		/y/^{[note 1]}
ieu		/iu/	ieunn	ieun	/iũ/
ieu		/iu/	ieu		/iu/^{[note 1]}
a		/ɑ/	an	aen	/ã/
ua		/uɑ/	uan	uaen	/uã/
iua		/yɑ/	iuan	iuaen	/yã/
oea	yea	/ɤa/	oen	yaen	/ɤã/
iaa	iea	/ia/	ian	iaen	/iã/
oe		/ɤ/	oenn	oen	/ɤ̃/
ie		/ie/	ienn~in	ien~ieng	/iẽ~iŋ/^{[note 2]}
ie		/ie/	inn	in	/ĩ/^{[note 1]}
uo	uoe	/ɤ/	oenn	oen	/ɤ̃/
enn	en	/ẽ/^{[note 2]}
d
uenn	uen	/uẽ/^{[note 2]}
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R). ↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Allophonic respectively with /əŋ/, /iŋ/, /uəŋ/, /yəŋ/ in certain older speakers.

Diminutive Rime Correspondences (Alternative Table?)

Notation for Pre- and Post-Rime Change Correspondences
Rime Correspondence (International Phonetic Alphabet)		Rime Correspondence (Wiktionary Extended Wugniu)		Rime Correspondence (Wu-Chinese Minidict)
Pre-Change IPA	Post-Change IPA	Pre-Change Wugniu	Post-Change Wugniu	Pre-Change Minidict	Post-Change Minidict
/z̩/^{[note 1]}	/z̩̃/	y	ynn	y	yn
/z̩/^{[note 1]}	/z̩/	y	y	y	y
/i/^{[note 1]}	/ĩ/	i	inn	i	in
/i/^{[note 1]}	/i/	i	i	i	i
/u/^{[note 1]}	/ũ/	u	unn	u	un
/u/^{[note 1]}	/u/	u	u	u	u
/y/^{[note 1]}	/ỹ/	iu	iunn	iu	iun
/y/^{[note 1]}	/y/	iu	iu	iu	iu
/iu/^{[note 1]}	/iũ/	ieu	ieunn	ieu	ieun
/iu/^{[note 1]}	/iu/	ieu	ieu	ieu	ieu
/ɑ/	/ã/	a	an	a	aen
/uɑ/	/uã/	ua	uan	ua	uaen
/ɤɑ/	/ɤã/	oea	oen	yae	yaen
/ia/	/iã/	iaa	ian	iea	iaen
/ɤ/	/ɤ̃/	oe	oenn	oe	oen
/e/	/ẽ/^{[note 2]}	e	enn	e	en
/e/	/əŋ/^{[note 2]}	e	en	e	eng
/ie/	/iẽ/^{[note 2]}	ie	ienn	ie	ien
	/iŋ/^{[note 2]}		in		ing
	/ĩ/		inn		in
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R). ↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 In certain older speakers, /əŋ/ is an allophone of /ẽ/; /iŋ/ is an allophone of /iẽ/, /uəŋ/ is an allophone of /uẽ/, and /yəŋ/ is an allophone of /yẽ/.

Erhua Tone Change

References

《吳語婺州方言研究》(A Study on the Wuzhou Wu Dialect) 曹志耘著

[glottal-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Treated by neither wugniu (nor wiktionary) as phonemes distinct from their non-preglottalized equivalents.

[palatal-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Pronounced [ɲ] before /y/ medial.

[lit-3] Appears only marginally in antiquated literary readings.

[null-4] Realized as an only very lightly glottalized [ʔ] sometimes according to Cao.

[lit2-5] Appears mostly in literary readings.

[litt-6] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Appears in literary readings only.

[noo-7] Missing rime in Wu-Chinese MiniDict's scheme.

[littr-8] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Appears in literary readings or diminutive-form readings only.

[gr-9] 4.0 ^4.1 Only appear as standalone syllabics.

[denasalize-10] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R).

[non-exclusive-11] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 /ɤ̃/ and the /ã/ group of rimes exist in non-diminutive character readings.

[ellophone-12] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Allophonic respectively with /əŋ/, /iŋ/, /uəŋ/, /yəŋ/ in certain older speakers.

[ollophone-13] 4.0 ^4.1 Allophonic respectively with /oŋ/ and /ioŋ/ in certain older speakers.

[denasalize-14] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R).

[ellophone-15] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Allophonic respectively with /əŋ/, /iŋ/, /uəŋ/, /yəŋ/ in certain older speakers.

[denasalize-16] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Certain diminutive words with the rimes /z̩̃/, /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ỹ/ and /iũ/ can be read with also their non-nasalized equivalents whilst retaining the diminutive tone contour, e.g. 麻雀 (²moea-tsinn_7R or ²moea-tsi_7R).

[ellophone-17] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 In certain older speakers, /əŋ/ is an allophone of /ẽ/; /iŋ/ is an allophone of /iẽ/, /uəŋ/ is an allophone of /uẽ/, and /yəŋ/ is an allophone of /yẽ/.

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 5]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 1]

[note 2]

User:Musetta6729/sandbox/Jinhua

Contents

Initials

Finals

Erhua-Exclusive Finals

Tones

Table of Tone Values

Tone Sandhi Types

Regular Tone Sandhi

Disyllabic

Trisyllabic

Predicate-Object (PO) Sandhi

Neutralised Tail (NT) Sandhi

Numeral-Classifier (NC) Sandhi

Erhua-Diminutive

Diminutive Rime Correspondences

Diminutive Rime Correspondences (Alternative Table?)

Erhua Tone Change

References

Navigation menu

User:Musetta6729/sandbox/Jinhua

Initials

Finals

Erhua-Exclusive Finals

Tones

Table of Tone Values

Tone Sandhi Types

Regular Tone Sandhi

Disyllabic

Trisyllabic

Predicate-Object (PO) Sandhi

Neutralised Tail (NT) Sandhi

Numeral-Classifier (NC) Sandhi

Erhua-Diminutive

Diminutive Rime Correspondences

Diminutive Rime Correspondences (Alternative Table?)

Erhua Tone Change

References

Navigation menu

Search