Ammermueller, A., 2007a. Poor background or low returns? Why immigrant students in Germany perform so poorly in the programme for international student assessment. Education Economics 15(2), 215–230.
- Ammermueller, A., 2007b. PISA: What makes the difference?: Explaining the gap in test scores between Finland and Germany. Empirical Economics 33 (2), 263-287.
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- Arum, R., 2000. Schools and communities: Ecological and institutional dimensions. Annual Review of Sociology 26, 395–418.
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- Atschl (only 2009) The index of attitude towards school was derived from students’ level of agreement with the statements in ST33. Higher values on this index indicate perception of a more positive school climate. School variables: Rural Dummy variable: 1 if school localization is in a community with less than 15000 people, 0 if the community has more than 15000 people Private Dummy variable: 1 if private school, 0 if public school Schsize Number of girls and boys at a school Stratio Student-teacher ratio was obtained by dividing the school size by the total number of teachers.
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- Baird, K., 2012. Class in the classroom: The relationship between school resources and math performance among low socioeconomic status students in 19 rich countries. Education Economics 20(5), 484-509.
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Barnett, R. R., Glass, J. C., Snowdon, R. I., Stringer, K. S., 2002. Size, performance and effectiveness: costconstrained measures of best-practice performance and secondary-school size. Education Economics 10 (3), 291-311.
- Blinder, A. S., 1973. Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Variables. Journal of Human Resources 8, 436-455.
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Boarini, R., Lüdemann, E., 2009. The role of teacher compensation and selected accountability policies for learning outcomes: An empirical analysis for OECD countries. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 211-230 Burger, R., 2011. School effectiveness in Zambia: The origins of differences between rural and urban outcomes. Development Southern Africa 28 (2), 157-176.
Chiswick, B. R., DebBurman, N., 2004. Educational attainment: analysis by immigrant generation. Economics of Education Review 23, 361-379.
- Coleman, J. S., Campbell, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., York, R. L., 1966. Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, US Government Printing Office.
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- Coleman, J. S., Hoffer, T., 1987. Public and private high schools. The impact of communities. New York: Basic Books.
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- Disclima (only 2009) The index of disciplinary climate was derived from students’ reports on how often the followings happened in their lessons of the language of instruction (ST36). Higher values on this index indicate a better disciplinary climate.
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Dolton, P., Marcenaro-Gutierrez, O.D., 2011, If you pay peanuts do you get monkeys? A cross-country analysis of teacher pay and pupil performance, Economic Policy, 26 (65), 5-55.
- Entorf, H., Lauk, M., 2008. Peer effects, social multipliers and migrants at school: An international comparison. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34(4), 633–654.
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- Excuract (only 2009) The index of extra-curricular activities was derived from school principals’ reports on whether their schools offered the following activities to students in the national modal grade for 15-year-olds in the academic year of the PISA assessment (SC13Q01-Q14). Higher values on the index indicate higher levels of extra-curricular school activities.
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- Fay, R. E., 1989. Theoretical application of weighting for variance calculation. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods of the American Statistical Association, 212-217.
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- Feinstein, L., Symons, J., 1999. Attainment in secondary education. Oxford Economic Papers 51, 300-321.
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- Fertig, M., 2003. Who’s to Blame? The Determinants of German Students’Achievement in the PISA 2000 Study, IZA Discussion Paper Series 739.
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Häkkinen, I., Kirjavainen, T., Uusitalo, R., 2003. School resources and student achievement revisited: new evidence from panel data. Economics of Education Review 22, 329-335.
- Hanushek, E. A., 1986. The economics of schooling. Journal of Economic Literature 24, 1141-1177.
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Hanushek, E. A., 2003. The failure of input based schooling policies. The Economic Journal 113, 64-98.
Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., Markman, J. M., Rivkin, S. G., 2003. Does peer ability affect student achievement?. Journal of Applied Econometrics 18, 527-544.
Hanushek, E. A., Luque, J. A., 2003. Efficiency and equity in schools around the world. Economics of Education Review 22, 481-502.
- Hanushek, E. A., Woessmann, L., 2011a, How much do educational outcomes matter in OECD countries?, Economic Policy 26 (67) , 427-491.
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- Hanushek, E. A., Woessmann, L., 2011b, The Economics of International Differences in Educational Achievement, in Handbook of the Economics of Education, vol. 3, 89-200.
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- Haveman, R., Wolfe, B., 1995. The determinants of children’s attainment: A review of methods and findings. Journal of Economics Literature 33(4), 1829–1878 Krueger, A. B., 2003. Economics considerations and class size. Economic Journal 113, 34-63.
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- Immigrant 2nd gen. Dummy variable: 1 if second-generation students (those born in the country of assessment but whose parents were born in another country), 0 if native students Language Dummy variable: 1 if language at home is a different language than the language of assessment, 0 if language at home is the same as the language of assessment Family1 Dummy variable: 1 if single-parent family, 0 if two-parent family Family 2 (only 2009) Dummy variable: 1 if other type of family, 0 if two-parent family Intscie (only 2006) The index of general interest in science learning was derived from eight items (ST21Q0108) using students’ responses. Positive scores indicate higher levels of interest in learning science.
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- In characteristics -0.124*** -0.198*** -0.0241 -0.0492*** -0.0497*** -0.135*** -0.215*** -0.123*** -0.120*** -0.200*** -0.0233 -0.0797*** Individual -0.021 -0.028 0.003 -0.005 0.000 -0.022 -0.027 -0.008 0.003 -0.011 -0.033 -0.033 Schools -0.088 -0.152 -0.022 -0.025 -0.026 -0.095 -0.171 -0.110 -0.114 -0.176 -0.262 -0.023 Teachers -0.015 -0.018 -0.005 -0.019 -0.024 -0.017 -0.018 -0.005 -0.008 -0.013 0.272 -0.024 Reading 2009 Difference escs75-escs25 -0.314*** -0.343*** -0.285*** -0.372*** -0.263*** -0.255*** -0.267*** -0.331*** -0.485*** -0.358*** -0.0846*** -0.204*** Diff. In coefficients -0.175*** -0.233*** -0.217*** -0.249*** -0.199*** -0.177*** -0.198*** -0.210*** -0.129*** -0.220*** -0.0366*** -0.140*** Diff.
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- Ldrshp (only 2009) The index of school principal’s leadership was derived from school principals’ responses about the frequency with which they were involved in the following school affairs in the previous school year (SC26). Higher values on this index indicate greater involvement of school principals in school affairs.
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- Lee, J-S, 2012. The effects of the teacher–student relationship and academic press on student engagement and academic performance, International Journal of Educational Research, 53, 330-340.
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Meunier, M., 2011. Immigration and student achievement: Evidence from Switzerland. Economics of Education Review 30 (1), 16-38.
- Mislevy, R. J., Sheehan, K. M., 1987. Marginal estimation procedures. In: Beaton, A.E., Editor, 1987. The NAEP 1983-84 technical report, National Assessment of Educational Progress, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, 293-360.
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- Mislevy, R. J., Sheehan, K. M., 1989. Information matrices in latent-variable models. Journal of Educational Statistics 14, 335-350.
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- Motiv7 (only 2009) Dummy variable: 1 if student answered “in most lessons†or “in all lessons†to the item Q38_g “the teacher gives students the chance to ask questions about the reading assignmentâ€, 0 if student answered “Never or hardly ever†or “in some lessonsâ€.
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Oaxaca, R., 1973. Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review 14 (3), 139-148.
- Opdenakker, M. C., Van Damme, J., 2006. Differences between secondary schools: A study about school context, group composition, school practice, and school effects with special attention to public and Catholic schools and types of schools. School Effectiveness and School Improvement 17(1), 87-117.
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Ramos, R., Duque, J. C., Nieto, S. (2012), Decomposing the Rural-Urban Differential in Student Achievement in Colombia Using PISA Microdata, IZA DP 6515.
- Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Paper 2014/08, pà g. 15 Regional Quantitative Analysis Research Group Working Paper 2014/04, pag. 15 15 Escardibul, J-O. and Calero, J. (2012), Dos factores de calidad en el sistema educativo: profesorado y autonomÃa de los centros. Estado actual de la investigación, Communication to the XXI AEDE conference, Porto, Portugal.
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- Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Paper 2014/08, pà g. 16 Regional Quantitative Analysis Research Group Working Paper 2014/04, pag. 16 16 Noell, J., 1982. Public and Catholic schools: A re-analysis of public and private schools. Sociology of Education 55, 123-132.
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- Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Paper 2014/08, pà g. 17 Regional Quantitative Analysis Research Group Working Paper 2014/04, pag. 17 17 7. Tables and figures Figure 1. Distribution of students’ scores in Science in 2006 and Reading in 2009 Distribution of students’ scores in Science in 2006 Distribution of students’ scores in Reading in 2009 0 .002 .004 .006 .008 200 400 600 PVSCIE Arab states C Asia C and E Europe E Asia Latin America W Europe kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 11.6133 Kernel density estimate 0 .002 .004 .006 200 400 600 PVREAD Arab states C Asia C and E Europe E Asia Latin America W
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- Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Paper 2014/08, pà g. 27 Regional Quantitative Analysis Research Group Working Paper 2014/04, pag. 27 27 Table 5. Yun decomposition: differences in the probability of having Proficiency level 2 between high ESCS (q75) and low ESCS (q25) students JOR TUN AZE KGZ RUS TUR IDN THA BRA MEX NLD GBR Science 2006 Difference escs75-escs25 -0.371*** -0.305*** -0.229*** -0.234*** -0.230*** -0.371*** -0.335*** -0.419*** -0.471*** -0.444*** 0.0130 -0.232*** Diff. In coefficients -0.247*** -0.107*** -0.204*** -0.185*** -0.180*** -0.237*** -0.120*** -0.296*** -0.351*** -0.244*** 0.0363 -0.152*** Diff.
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- Respcurr School principals were asked to report whether “principalsâ€, “teachersâ€, “school governing boardâ€, “regional or local education authorityâ€, or “national education authority†has a considerable responsibility for some tasks (2006: SC11Q07, SC11Q10, SC11Q11, SC11Q12, 2009: SC24Q07, SC24Q10, SC24Q11, SC24Q12. Positive values on this index indicate relatively more responsibility for schools than local, regional or national education authority Respres School principals were asked to report whether “principalsâ€, “teachersâ€, “school governing boardâ€, “regional or local education authority†or “national education authority†has a considerable responsibility for some tasks (2006: SC11Q01-Q06, 2009: SC24Q01-Q06). Positive values on this index indicate relatively more responsibility for schools than local, regional or national education authority.
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- Rubin, D. B., 1987. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys, New York, Wiley.
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Sander, W., 1996. Catholic grade schools and academic achievement. The Journal of Human Resources 31 (3), 540-548.
- Scapply (only 2006) Four items (ST34Q07, ST34Q12, ST34Q15, ST34Q17) measuring students’ reports on the frequency of teaching in science lessons with a focus on applications. Positive scores on this index indicate higher frequencies of this type of science teaching.
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- Schands (only 2006) Four items (ST34Q02, ST34Q03, ST34Q06, ST34Q14) measuring students’ reports on the frequency of hands-on activities in science lessons. Positive scores on this index indicate higher frequencies of this type of science teaching.
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- Scinvest (only 2006) Three items (ST34Q08, ST34Q11, ST34Q16) measuring students’ reports on the frequency of student investigations in science lessons. Positive scores on this index indicate perceived higher frequencies of this type of science teaching.
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- Sciprom (only 2006) School principals are asked to report what activities to promote students’ learning of science occur at their school (SC20Q01-Q05). Positive scores indicate higher levels of school activities in this area.
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Smith, J., Naylor, R. A., 2005. Schooling effects on subsequent university performance: evidence for the UK university population. Economics of Education Review 24, 549-562.
- Somers, M. A., McEwan, P. J., Willms, J. D., 2004. How effective are private schools in Latin America?. Comparative Education Review 48(1), 48–69.
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Stevans, L. K., Sessions, D. N., 2000. Private/public school choice and student performance revisited. Education Economics 8 (2), 169-184.
- Stim1 (only 2009) Dummy variable: 1 if student answered “in most lessons†or “in all lessons†to the item Q37_a “the teacher asks students to explain the meaning of a textâ€, 0 if student answered “Never or hardly ever†or “in some lessonsâ€.
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- Studrel (only 2009) The index of teacher-student relations was derived from students’ level of agreement with the statements ST34. Higher values on this index indicate positive teacher-student relations.
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Vandernberghe, V., Robin, S., 2004. Evaluating the effectiveness of private education across countries: A comparison of methods. Labor Economics 11(4), 487-506.
- Woßmann, L., 2003. Schooling resources, educational institutions and student performance: the international evidence. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 65 (2), 117-170.
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Woessmann, L., 2011. Cross-country evidence on teacher performance pay. Economics of Education Review, 30 (3), 404-418.
Yun, M., 2004. Decomposing differences in the first moment. Economics Letters 82(2), 275-280.
- Zhang, L., Lee, K.A., 2011. Decomposing achievement gaps among OECD countries. Asia Pacific Education Review 12 (3), 463-474.
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