Historia ya Urusi

Urusi kama nchi ya pekee ilianza polepole pale ambako makabila ya wasemaji wa Kislavoni cha Mashariki walipoanza kujenga maeneo yao kuanzia karne ya 8 BK.

Waviking waliunda dola la kwanza katika eneo la Kiev, wakalitawala kama dola la Kislavoni. Wenyewe waliingia haraka katika lugha na utamaduni wa wenyeji, lakini waliacha jina lao kwa sababu "Rus" kiasili ilikuwa jina la Waskandinavia wale kutoka Uswidi ya leo.

Mwaka 988 Kiev ilipokea Ukristo wa Kiorthodoksi kutoka Bizanti. Tukio hilo liliathiri moja kwa moja utamaduni na historia yote iliyofuata.

Dola la Kiev liliporomoka kutokana na mashambulio ya Wamongolia baada ya Jingis Khan, na maeneo madogo zaidi yalijitokeza yaliyopaswa kukubali ubwana wa Wamongolia.

 

Kubwa kati ya maeneo yale madogo ulikuwa utemi wa Moscow. Watemi wa Moscow walichukua nafasi ya kwanza kuunganisha Waslavoni wa Mashariki dhidi ya Wamongolia na kupanua utawala wao.

Baada ya anguko la Konstantinopoli mwaka 1453 watawala wa Moscow walipokea cheo cha Kaisari wa Roma kilichoitwa "tsar" na kuwa cheo cha watawala wa Urusi hadi mwaka 1917.

Mpaka karne ya 18 eneo la Moscow lilikuwa tayari kubwa likabadilika kuwa Milki ya Kirusi iliyoendelea kupanuka katika Siberia na Asia ya Kati, ikawa kati ya milki kubwa kabisa za historia ikienea kutoka Poland upande wa magharibi hadi bahari ya Pasifiki upande wa mashariki.

Tsar Petro I (1689-1725) alitambua ya kwamba nchi yake ilikuwa nyuma upande wa teknolojia na elimu kulingana na mataifa ya Ulaya. Alianzisha mabadiliko mengi ya kuiga mfano wa Ulaya ya Magharibi akahamisha mji mkuu kutoka Moscow kwenda mji mpya aliounda sehemu ya magharibi ya milki yake akauita Sankt Peterburg.

Tangu wakati wa Petro I nchi ilishiriki katika siasa ya Ulaya pamoja na vita vingi vya huko.

Mwanzo wa karne ya 19 milki ikashambuliwa na Napoleon Bonaparte aliyeteka Moscow lakini Warusi walifaulu kuwafukuza maadui kwa msaada wa baridi iliyoua askari wengi wa Ufaransa.

 

Matsar wa Urusi waliendelea kutawala kwa kuwa na mamlaka zote bila kushirikisha wananchi jinsi ilivyokuwa kawaida katika sehemu nyingine za Ulaya. Miji iliona maendeleo ya viwanda na jamii ya kisasa, lakini sehemu kubwa ya wakulima waliendelea kukaa chini ya utawala wa makabaila.

Katika sehemu ya pili ya karne ya 19 Urusi ulipanua utawala wake juu ya maneo makubwa ya Asia ya Kati na milima Kaukasus ukashindana na Milki ya Osmani, Uajemi na athira ya Uingereza katika Asia.

 

 

Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20 Urusi ukaonekana tena kuwa nyuma ya nchi za magharibi na sababu kuu ilikuwa nafasi kubwa ya serikali iliyojitahidi kusimamia mabadiliko yote katika jamii na kuzuia mabadiliko yaliyoonekana magumu machoni pa Tsar, pa makabaila na pa maaskofu wa Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi.

Mwaka 1903 upanuzi wa Urusi katika Asia uligongana na upanuzi wa Japan na kusababisha vita ya Japani na Urusi ya 1905. Sababu kuu ya vita ilikuwa mashindano ya nchi zote mbili juu ya athira na kipaumbele katika Korea na Manchuria. Urusi ulishindwa, hivyo ililazimika kujiondoa katika Manchuria na Korea na kukubali maeneo haya mawili kuwa chini ya athira ya Japani. Ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kwa taifa la Asia kushinda nchi ya "watu weupe" wa Ulaya tangu zama za kati.

Tukio hili lilisababisha mapinduzi ya Urusi ya 1905. Tsar Nikolas alipaswa kukubali uchaguzi wa bunge la duma kwa mara ya kwanza. Hata hivyo haki za duma zilikuwa chache na mabadiliko yalitokea polepole mno.

Urusi ulijiunga mwaka 1914 na vita kuu ya kwanza ya dunia ukisimama upande wa Uingereza na Ufaransa dhidi ya Ujerumani na Austria-Hungaria. Vita havikuenda vizuri, wananchi wakaona njaa na mapinduzi ya Februari 1917 yakamfukuza Tsar aliyejiuzulu.

Vita vikaendelea na Wajerumani walizidi kusogea mbele. Serikali mpya ya bunge ikapinduliwa katika mwezi wa Oktoba 1917 na mapinduzi ya Bolsheviki chini ya kiongozi wao Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.

 

Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Wakomunisti chini ya Lenin walishinda na kugeuza Urusi kuwa Umoja wa Kisoveti tangu mwaka 1922, wakitawala kwa mfumo wa kiimla wa chama chao. Ili kurahisisha utawala wao Wakomunisti waliamua kutawala Urusi wa awali kwa muundo wa shirikisho, wakaunda jamhuri mbalimbali kufuatana na mataifa ndani ya eneo hilo kubwa.

Urusi lilikuwa sasa jina la jamhuri kubwa katika umoja huu nao ukaitwa Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Kisovyiet ya Kijamii ya Kirusi.

Kikatiba jamhuri hizo zote zilikuwa nchi huru lakini hali halisi zilitawaliwa zote kutoka makao makuu ya chama cha kikomunisti huko Moscow. Katiba hiyo ilipata umuhimu tangu 1989, wakati wa mwisho wa utawala wa Wakomunisti ambako jamhuri zote zilitafuta uhuru wao zikaachana na Umoja.

Mji mkuu Sant Peterburg ulibadilishwa jina kuwa Leningrad na baadaye makao makuu ya nchi yakahamishwa tena kwenda Moscow.

Kiongozi aliyemfuata Lenin mwaka 1924 alikuwa Josef Stalin aliyeweza kugeuza utawala wa chama kuwa utawala wake mwenyewe akiongoza kwa jina la Katibu Mkuu wa chama cha kikomunisti.

Mwaka 1939, mwanzoni mwa vita kuu ya pili ya dunia Stalin alipatana na Ujerumani wa Adolf Hitler kugawa maeneo ya Poland na nchi za Baltiki kati yao lakini mwaka 1941 Hitler alishambulia pia Umoja wa Kisovyeti.

Warusi walipoteza askari milioni kadhaa, lakini waliweza kuwazuia Wajerumani wasiteke Moscow na Leningrad. Kwa msaada wa Marekani Warusi waliweza kurudisha jeshi la Ujerumani na kusogea magharibi. Umoja wa Kisovyeti ukawa kati ya nchi washindi wa vita kuu ya pili ya dunia.

 

Tangu mwaka 1945 jeshi la Urusi lilikaa katika nchi zote za Ulaya ya Mashariki hadi katikati ya Ulaya. Katika nchi hizo zote serikali za kikomunisti zilianzishwa na kusimamiwa na ofisi kuu ya chama cha kikomunisti huko Moscow.

Urusi ulikuwa kiongozi wa nchi za kijamaa, ukishindana katika vita baridi dhidi ya nchi za magharibi zilizoongozwa na Marekani. Athira ya Umoja wa Kisovyeti ilipanuka hadi Afrika, Asia na Amerika ya Kati ambako nchi mbalimbali zilianza kuiga mtindo wa kikomunisti.

 

Utawala wa kikomunisti uliendelea hadi mwaka 1990. Mwishoni matatizo ya uchumi yalizidi kwa sababu mfumo wa uchumi ulioongozwa moja kwa moja na serikali kuu, pamoja na utaratibu wa kiimla uliozuia wananchi kupinga siasa ya viongozi na kuleta hoja tofauti, ulisababisha tena nchi kubaki nyuma.

Tangu mwaka 1990 jamhuri kadhaa za Umoja wa Kisovyeti ziliondoka katika umoja na kutangaza uhuru wao ilhali serikali ilishindwa nguvu ya kuwazuia. Mwaka 1991 jamhuri wanachama za mwisho Urusi, Belarus na Ukraine ziliamua kumaliza Umoja wa Kisovyeti.

Tangu mwaka 1991 Urusi ulipungukiwa na maeneo mengi yaliyotwaliwa katika karne ya 19 na ya 18, ukabaki peke yake ingawa bado ni dola kubwa kuliko yote duniani.

Marais wa Urusi baada ya 1991 walikuwa Boris Yeltsin na Vladimir Putin.

Dmitry Medvedev alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa Urusi mwaka 2008 na mtangulizi wake Vladimir Putin akawa waziri mkuu, akifuatwa tena na raisi Putin.

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Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Historia ya Urusi

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