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Alumeenium, 13 Alumeenium Pronunciation Appearance sillery gray metallic Standard atomic weight A r, std (Al) 7001269815384000000♠ 26.9815384 (3)[ 1] Alumeenium in the periodic cairt
Atomic nummer (Z ) 13 Group group 13 (boron group) Period period 3 Block p-block Element category Post-transeetion metal Electron confeeguration [Ne ] 3s2 3p1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 3 Pheesical properties Phase at STP solit Meltin pynt 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) Bylin pynt 2792 K (2519 °C, 4566 °F) Density (near r.t. ) 2.70 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p. ) 2.375 g/cm3 Heat o fusion 10.71 kJ/mol Heat o vapourisation 294.0 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 24.200 J/(mol·K) Vapour pressur
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1482
1632
1817
2054
2364
2790
Atomic properties Oxidation states −2, −1, +1,[ 2] [ 3] +3 amphoteric oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.61 Ionisation energies Atomic radius empirical: 143 pm Covalent radius 7002121000000000000♠ 121± 4Van der Waals radius 184 pm Colour lines in a spectral range Spectral lines o alumeeniumIther properties Naitural occurrence primordial Creestal structur face-centred cubic (fcc) Speed o soond thin rod (rowed) 5,000 m/s (at r.t. ) Thermal expansion 23.1 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) Thermal conductivity 237 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 28.2 n Ω·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic orderin paramagnetic [ 4] Young's modulus 70 GPa Shear modulus 26 GPa Bulk modulus 76 GPa Poisson ratio 0.35 Mohs haurdness 2.75 Vickers haurdness 167 MPa Brinell haurdness 245 MPa CAS Nummer 7429-90-5 History Prediction Antoine Lavoisier [ 5] (1787) First isolation Friedrich Wöhler [ 5] (1827) Named by Humphry Davy [ 5] (1807) Main isotopes o alumeenium
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Alumeenium is a chemical element in the boron group wi seembol Al an atomic nummer 13. It is a sillery white, saft, ductile metal. Alumeenium is the third maist abundant element (efter oxygen an silicon ), an the maist abundant metal , in the Yird 's crust . It maks up aboot 8% bi wicht o the Yird's solit surface. Alumeenium metal is sae chemically reactive that native specimens are rare an leemitit tae extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is foond combined in ower 270 different minerals .[ 8] ore o alumeenium is bauxite .
Alumeenium is remarkable for the metal's law density an for its ability tae resist corrosion due tae the phenomenon o passivation . Structural components made frae alumeenium an its alloys are vital tae the aerospace industry an are important in ither auries o transportation an structural materials. The maist uiseful compounds o alumeenium, at least on a wicht basis, are the oxides an sulfates.
Despite its prevalence in the environment, alumeenium salts are nae kent tae be uised bi ony fairm o life. In keepin wi its pervasiveness, alumeenium is well toleratit bi plants an ainimals.[ 9]
↑ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi :10.1515/pac-2015-0305 ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 35 (2): 129–149. doi :10.1002/anie.199601291 . ↑ D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature . 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode :1964Natur.202..383T . doi :10.1038/202383a0 . ↑
Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". [[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] (PDF) (81st ed.). CRC Press . ISBN 0849304814
↑ a b c
"Aluminum" . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved 3 Mairch 2013 .
↑ Alumeenium monoxide ↑ Alumeenium iodide ↑ Shakhashiri, B. Z. (17 Mairch 2008). "Chemical of the Week: Aluminum" (PDF) . SciFun.org . University of Wisconsin . Archived frae the original (PDF) on 9 Mey 2012. Retrieved 4 Mairch 2012 . ↑
Helmboldt, O. (2007). "Aluminum Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH . doi :10.1002/14356007.a01_527.pub2 .
