Sidney Webb

Sidney Webb
Segretarju tal-Istat għall-Kolonji 7 Ġunju 1929 - 24 Awwissu 1931 ← Leo Amery - James Henry Thomas → Segretarju tal-Istat għall-Affarijiet tad-Dominji 7 Ġunju 1929 - 5 Ġunju 1930 ← Leo Amery - James Henry Thomas → Membru tal-34 Parlament tar-Renju Unit 29 Ottubru 1924 - 10 Mejju 1929 District: Seaham Election: elezzjonijiet ġenerali tar-Renju Unit tal-1924 President tal-Bord tal-Kummerċ 22 Jannar 1924 - 3 Novembru 1924 ← Philip Cunliffe-Lister, l-ewwel Earl ta’ Swinton - Philip Cunliffe-Lister, l-ewwel Earl ta’ Swinton → Membru tat-33 Parlament tar-Renju Unit 6 Diċembru 1923 - 9 Ottubru 1924 District: Seaham Election: elezzjonijiet ġenerali tar-Renju Unit tal-1923 Membru tat-32 Parlament tar-Renju Unit 15 Novembru 1922 - 16 Novembru 1923 District: Seaham Election: elezzjonijiet ġenerali tar-Renju Unit tal-1922 Membru tal-Kunsill tal-Kuruna tar-Renju Unit Membru tal-House of Lords unknown value Membru tal-Kunsill tal-Kontea ta’ Londra
Ħajja
Twelid	Londra, 13 Lulju 1859
Nazzjonalità	Renju Unit
Mewt	Hampshire, 13 Ottubru 1947
Post tad-dfin	Abbazija ta’ Westminster
Familja
Missier	Charles Webb
Omm	Elizabeth Mary Stacey
Konjuga/i	Beatrice Webb  (1892, 23 Lulju 1892 -
Edukazzjoni
Alma mater	Università Birkbeck ta’ Londra Kulleġġ tar-Re f’Londra The Dickson Poon School of Law (en)
Lingwi	Ingliż
Okkupazzjoni
Okkupazzjoni	politiku professur ekonomista storiku soċjologu kittieb aristokratiku
Post tax-xogħol	Londra
Impjegaturi	Skola tax-Xjenza Ekonomika u x-Xjenza Politika ta’ Londra
Premjijiet	List Order of Merit

Sidney Webb (l-isem sħiħ: Sidney James Webb, l-ewwel Baruni ta’ Passfield, OM, PC; twieled fit-13 ta’ Lulju 1859 – miet fit-13 ta’ Ottubru 1947) kien soċjalista, ekonomista, riformista u kofundatur Brittaniku tal-Iskola tax-Xjenza Ekonomika ta’ Londra (bl-Ingliż: London School of Economics). Huwa kien wieħed mill-membri bikrin tas-Soċjetà Fabian fl-1884, li bħal George Bernard Shaw issieħeb magħha tliet xhur wara li ssawret. Flimkien ma’ martu Beatrice Webb u ma’ Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Edward R. Pease, Hubert Bland u Sydney Olivier, Shaw u Webb biddlu s-Soċjetà Fabian fis-soċjetà politika-intellettwali preeminenti fl-Ingilterra Edwardjana. Huwa kiteb il-Klawżola IV oriġinali favur in-nazzjonalizzazzjoni għall-Partit Laburista Brittaniku.

Webb twieled f’Londra f’familja ta’ professjonisti. Huwa studja d-dritt fl-Istituzzjoni Letterarja u Xjentifika ta’ Birkbeck u kiseb lawrija fl-Università ta’ Londra fil-ħin liberu tiegħu, mingħajr ma waqaf jaħdem f’impjieg fl-uffiċju. Huwa studja wkoll fil-Kulleġġ tar-Re f’Londra (bl-Ingliż: King's College London), qabel ma ssejjaħ biex jaħdem bħala avukat fl-1885.

Fl-1895, huwa għen biex tiġi stabbilita l-Iskola tax-Xjenza Ekonomika ta’ Londra, billi uża legat li kien tħalla lis-Soċjetà Fabian. Huwa nħatar bħala Professur tal-Amministrazzjoni Pubblika fl-1912, kariga li kellu għal 15-il sena. Fl-1892, Webb iżżewweġ lil Beatrice Potter, li kienet tikkondividi l-istess interessi u twemmin tiegħu.^[1] Bil-flus li ġabet magħha martu seta’ jitlaq l-impjieg tiegħu fl-uffiċċju u jikkonċentra fuq l-attivitajiet l-oħra tiegħu. Sidney u Beatrice Webb waqqfu r-rivista New Statesman fl-1913.^[2][3]

Webb u Potter kienu membri tal-Partit Laburista u kellhom rwol attiv fil-politika. Sidney sar Membru Parlamentari għal Seaham fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali tal-1922.^[4] L-influwenza tal-koppja toħroġ fid-dieher mill-fatt li kienu ospiti tal-Coefficients, dining club li kien jattira wħud mill-istatisti u ħassieba ewlenin ta’ dak iż-żmien. Fl-1929, ġie elevat għal Baruni ta’ Passfield, ta’ Passfield Corner fil-Kontea ta’ Southampton.^[5] Huwa kien Segretarju tal-Istat għall-Kolonji kif ukoll Segretarju tal-Istat għall-Affarijiet tad-Dominji fit-tieni Gvern Laburista ta’ Ramsay MacDonald fl-1929. Bħala Segretarju Kolonjali huwa ħareġ il-White Paper ta’ Passfield li kienet tirrevedi l-politika tal-gvern fil-Palestina, li qabel kienet ġiet stabbilita permezz tal-White Paper ta’ Winston Churchill tal-1922. Fl-1930, saħħtu bdiet tmur lura u minħabba f’hekk kellu jirreżenja minn Segretarju tad-Dominji, iżda baqa’ jservi ta’ Segretarju Kolonjali sal-waqgħa tal-Gvern Laburista f’Awwissu 1931.

Il-koppja Webbs injorat l-evidenza dejjem tiżdied tal-attroċitajiet li kienu twettqu minn Joseph Stalin u baqgħu jappoġġaw lill-Unjoni Sovjetika sa mewthom. Meta kellhom ’il fuq minn sebgħin u tmenin sena rispettivament, il-kotba tagħhom Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation? (1935) u The Truth About Soviet Russia (1942) xorta waħda kienu jagħtu valutazzjoni pożittiva tar-reġim ta’ Stalin. L-istoriku ta’ żmien Trotsky Al Richardson iktar ’il quddiem iddeskriva lil Soviet Communism: A New Civilization? bħala “propaganda Sovjetika pura u gidba faħxija għalkollox”.^[6]

Webb kien il-koawtur, flimkien ma’ martu, tal-ktieb The History of Trade Unionism (1894). Għas-Soċjetà Fabian huwa kiteb dwar il-faqar f’Londra^[7], il-jum tax-xogħol ta’ tmien sigħat^[8][9], in-nazzjonalizzazzjoni tal-artijiet^[10], in-natura tas-Soċjaliżmu^[11], l-edukazzjoni^[12], l-ewġenika^[13][14], u r-riforma tal-House of Lords.^[15] Huwa fassal ukoll il-Klawżola IV, li wasslet biex il-Partit Laburista Brittaniku jimpenja ruħu favur is-sjieda pubblika tal-industrija.

F’The New Machiavelli (1911) ta’ H. G. Wells, il-koppja Webbs, bħala “l-Baileys”, jiġu mmaqdra u rredikolati bla ħniena bħala manipolaturi tal-borgeżija li jaraw sa mneħirhom. Is-Soċjetà Fabian, li Wells kien membru tagħha għal perjodu qasir (1903-1908), tiġi mmaqdra kważi bl-istess mod.

Fid-djarju tagħha^[16], Beatrice Webb kitbet li huma kienu “qraw il-karikaturi tagħhom stess... b’interess kbir u bi tbissima fuq fommhom. Ir-ritratti tagħha makakki ħafna b’mod malizzjuż”.^[17] Hija tagħmel reċensjoni tal-ktieb u tal-karattru ta’ Wells fid-dettall, u fil-qosor tikteb: “Bħala tentattiv ta’ rappreżentazzjoni ta’ filosofija politika, il-ktieb ifalli għalkollox...”.^[18]

Meta Beatrice Webb mietet fl-1943, l-urna bl-irmied tagħha ndifnet fil-ġnien ta’ darha f’Passfield Corner. L-irmied ta’ Sidney Webb indifnu hemmhekk ukoll fl-1947. Ftit wara, George Bernard Shaw vara petizzjoni biex it-tnejn li huma jindifnu mill-ġdid fl-Abbazija ta’ Westminster, u eventalment din il-petizzjoni ġiet aċċettata. Attwalment, l-irmied tal-koppja Webbs jinsabu fin-navata tal-Abbazija ta’ Westminster, qrib l-irmied ta’ Clement Attlee u Ernest Bevin.

Il-koppja Webbs kienu ħbieb tal-filosfu Bertrand Russell.^[19]

Fl-2006, l-Iskola tax-Xjenza Ekonomika ta’ Londra, flimkien mal-Assoċjazzjoni tal-Abitazzjonijiet, bidlet isem ir-residenza tal-istudenti tagħha f’Great Dover Street għal Sidney Webb House biex tagħti ġieħ lil Sidney Webb.

Il-kitbiet ta’ Sidney Webb jinsabu fl-arkivji ta’ Passfield fl-Iskola tax-Xjenza Ekonomika ta’ Londra.^[20] Posts dwar Sidney Webb jidhru regolarment fil-blog tal-arkivji.^[21]

Xogħlijiet ta’ Sidney Webb

• Facts for Socialists (1887)
• Fabian Essays in Socialism – The Basis of Socialism – Historic (1889)
• A plea for an eight hours bill (1890)
• English progress towards social democracy (1890)
• Practicable land nationalization (1890)
• The workers' political programme (1890)
• What the farm laborer wants (1890)
• A Labour policy for public authorities (1891)
• London's neglected heritage (1891)
• London's water tribute (1891)
• Municipal tramways (1891)
• The municipalisation of the gas supply (1891)
• The reform of the poor law (1891)
• The scandal of London's markets (1891)
• The "unearned increment" (1891)
• Socialism : true and false (1894)
• The London vestries : what they are and what they do : with map, table of vestries, etc. (1894)
• The difficulties of individualism (1896)
• Labor in the longest reign (1837-1897) (1897)
• The economics of direct employment (1898)
• Five years' fruits of the Parish Councils Act (1901)
• The education muddle and the way out (1901)
• Twentieth century politics : a policy of national efficiency (1901)
• The Education Act, 1902 : how to make the best of it (1903)
• London Education (1904)
• The London Education Act, 1903 : how to make the best of it (1904)
• Paupers and old age pensions (1907)
• The decline in the birth-rate (1907)
• Grants in Aid: A Criticism and a Proposal (1911)
• The necessary basis of society (1911)
• The Economic Theory of a Legal Minimum Wage (1912)
• Seasonal Trades, with A. Freeman (1912)
• What about the rates? : or, Municipal finance and municipal autonomy(1913)
• The War and the workers : handbook of some immediate measures to prevent unemployment and relieve distress (1914)
• The Restoration of Trade Union Conditions (1916)
• When peace comes : the way of industrial reconstruction (1916)
• The reform of the House of Lords (1917)
• The teacher in politics (1918)
• National finance and a levy on capital (1919)
• The root of labour unrest (1920)
• The constitutional problems of a co-operative society (1923)
• The Labour Party on the threshold (1923)
• The need for federal reorganisation in the co-operative movement (1923)
• The Local Government Act, 1929 - how to make the best of it (1929)
• What happened in 1931: a record (1932)

Xogħlijiet ta’ Sidney u Beatrice Webb

• History of Trade Unionism (1894).
• Industrial Democracy (1897); tradott bir-Russu minn Lenin bħala The Theory and Practice of British Trade Unionism, San Pietruburgu, 1900.
• Problems of Modern Industry, (1898)
• English Local Government (1906-1929) Vol. I–X
• The Manor and the Borough (1908)
• The Break-Up of the Poor Law (1909)
• English Poor-Law Policy (1910)
• The Cooperative Movement (1914)
• Works Manager Today (1917)
• The Consumer's Cooperative Movement (1921)
• Decay of Capitalist Civilization (1923)
• Methods of Social Study (1932)
• Soviet Communism: A new civilisation? (1935, Vol I Vol II) (it-tieni u t-tielet edizzjonijiet tal-1941 u tal-1944 ma kellhom "?" fit-titlu)
• The Truth About Soviet Russia (1942)

• Bevir, Mark. "Sidney Webb: Utilitarianism, positivism, and social democracy." Journal of Modern History 74.2 (2002): 217–252. online
• Cole, Margaret, et al. The Webbs and their work (1949).
• Davanzati, Guglielmo Forges, and Andrea Pacella. "Sidney and Beatrice Webb: Towards an Ethical Foundation of the Operation of the Labour Market." History of Economic Ideas (2004): 25–49.
• Farnham, David. “Beatrice and Sidney Webb and the Intellectual Origins of British Industrial Relations.” Employee Relations (2008). 30: 534-52
• Harrison, Royden. The Life and Times of Sydney and Beatrice Webb, 1858-1905 (2001)
• Kaufman, Bruce E. "Sidney and Beatrice Webb's Institutional Theory of Labor Markets and Wage Determination." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 52.3 (2013): 765–791. online
• MacKenzie, Norman Ian, and Jeanne MacKenzie. The First Fabians (Quartet Books, 1979).
• Radice, Lisanne. Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists (Springer, 1984).
• Stigler, George. “Bernard Shaw, Sidney Webb, and the Theory of Fabian Socialism,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1959) 103#3: 469–75.

• Mackenzie, Norman, ed. The Letters of Sidney and Beatrice Webb (3 volumes. Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp. xvii, 453; xi, 405; ix, 482)
  • Volume 1. Apprenticeships 1873–1892 (1978)
  • Volume 2. Partnership 1892–1912 (1978)
  • Volume 3. Pilgrimage, 1912–1947 (1978)

1. ^ "Sidney and Beatrice Webb | British economists". Encyclopedia Britannica (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2021-07-13.
2. ^ "Leader: the world movement towards collectivism". www.newstatesman.com (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2021-07-13.
3. ^ "Leader: Bending the arc of history towards justice and freedom". www.newstatesman.com (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2021-07-13.
4. ^ The History of the Fabian Society, Edward R. Pease, Frank Cass and Co. LTD, 1963.
5. ^ "Page 4189 | Issue 33509, 25 June 1929 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Miġbur 2021-07-13.
6. ^ Al Richardson, "Introduction" to C. L. R. James, World Revolution 1917–1936: The Rise and Fall of the Communist International. Humanities Press (reprint), 1994 ISBN 0-391-03790-0.
7. ^ Webb, Sidney (1889), "Facts for Londoners: An exhaustive collection of statistical and other facts relating to the metropolis: with suggestions for reform on socialist principles", Fabian Tract, 8.
8. ^ Webb, Sidney (May 1890), "An Eight Hours Bill in the form of an amendment of the Factory Acts, with further provisions for the improvement of the conditions of labour", Fabian Tract, 9.
9. ^ Webb, Sidney (1891), "The case for an Eight Hours Bill", Fabian Tract, 23.
10. ^ Webb, Sidney (1890), "Practicable land nationalization", Fabian Tract, 12.
11. ^ Webb, Sidney (21 January 1894), "Socialism: true and false. A lecture delivered to the Fabian Society", Fabian Tract, 51.
12. ^ Webb, Sidney (1901), "The education muddle and the way out: a constructive criticism of English educational machinery", Fabian Tract, 106.
13. ^ Webb, Sidney (1907), "The decline in the birth-rate", Fabian Tract, 131.
14. ^ "Eugenics: the skeleton that rattles loudest in the left's closet | Jonathan Freedland". the Guardian (bl-Ingliż). 2012-02-17. Miġbur 2021-07-13.
15. ^ Webb, Sidney (1917), "The reform of the House of Lords", Fabian Tract, 183.
16. ^ "Webbs on the Web | LSE Digital Library". digital.library.lse.ac.uk. Miġbur 2021-07-13.
17. ^ "Beatrice Webb's typescript diary, 2 January 1901-10 February 1911". digital.library.lse.ac.uk. Miġbur 2021-07-13.
18. ^ "Beatrice Webb's typescript diary, 2 January 1901-10 February 1911". digital.library.lse.ac.uk. Miġbur 2021-07-13.
19. ^ Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (Londra: Allen u Unwin, 1969).
20. ^ "Collection Browser". archives.lse.ac.uk. Miġbur 2021-07-13.
21. ^ "Webbs « Out of the box". web.archive.org. 2010-04-19. Arkivjat minn l-oriġinal fl-2010-04-19. Miġbur 2021-07-13.