Lihat sumber bagi Nephrozoa

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{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Ediacaran]] - [[Holocene|Present]], {{fossilrange|558|0}}
| image = <imagemap> File:Nephrozoa collage.png|220px
rect 1 1 400 300 [[Echinoderm]]ata
rect 400 1 800 300 [[Chordate|Chordata]]
rect 1 300 400 600 [[Ecdysozoa]]
rect 400 300 800 600 [[Hemichordata]]
rect 1 600 400 900 [[Lophotrochozoa]]
rect 400 600 800 900 [[Platyzoa]]
</imagemap>
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Nephrozoa
| authority = [[Ulf Jondelius|Jondelius]] ''[[et al.]]'', 2002
| subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions
| subdivision = * ''[[Ikaria wariootia|Ikaria]]'' [[extinction|†]]
* [[Deuterostomia]]
** [[Chordata]]
**[[Ambulacraria]] 
* [[Protostomia]]
** [[Ecdysozoa]]
** [[Spiralia]]
| synonyms = Eubilateria <small>[[Peter Ax|Ax]], 1987</small>
}}

'''Nephrozoa''' merupakan sebuah [[klad]] utama yang merangkumi semua [[haiwan]] [[bilateria]] selain daripada [[Xenacoelomorpha]]. Ia bertentangan dengan hipotesis [[Xenambulacraria]], yang sebaliknya mengandaikan bahawa Xenacoelomorpha adalah yang paling berkait rapat dengan [[Ambulacraria]].<ref name="PhilippePoustka2019">{{cite journal |last1=Philippe |first1=Hervé |last2=Poustka |first2=Albert J. |last3=Chiodin |first3=Marta |last4=Hoff |first4=Katharina J. |last5=Dessimoz |first5=Christophe |last6=Tomiczek |first6=Bartlomiej |last7=Schiffer |first7=Philipp H. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1818–1826.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=31104936 |s2cid=155104811 |hdl-access=free |hdl=21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marlétaz |first1=Ferdinand |date=2019-06-17 |title=Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=R577–R579 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=31211978 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kapli_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Telford |first2=Maximilian J. |date=11 Dec 2020 |title=Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=eabc5162 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 |pmc=7732190 |pmid=33310849 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="telford">{{Cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Natsidis |first2=Paschalis |last3=Leite |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Fursman |first4=Maximilian |last5=Jeffrie |first5=Nadia |last6=Rahman |first6=Imran A. |last7=Philippe |first7=Hervé |last8=Copley |first8=Richard R. |last9=Telford |first9=Maximilian J. |date=2021-03-19 |title=Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=eabe2741 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2741K |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe2741 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7978419 |pmid=33741592}}</ref><ref name="gnathifera">{{Cite journal |last1=Marlétaz |first1=Ferdinand |last2=Peijnenburg |first2=Katja T.C.A. |last3=Goto |first3=Taichiro |last4=Satoh |first4=Noriyuki |last5=Rokhsar |first5=Daniel S. |date=2019-01-21 |title=A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=312–318.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042 |pmid=30639106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hipotesis manakah yang betul adalah kontroversi. Pengarang yang menyokong hipotesis Xenambulacraria telah mencadangkan bahawa bukti genetik yang digunakan untuk menyokong Nephrozoa mungkin disebabkan oleh kesalahan sistematik.<ref name="PhilippePoustka2019" />

Di bawah adalah [[pokok filogenetik]] yang dicadangkan untuk Nephrozoa:

{{Clade 
|label1=[[Bilateria]]
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Xenacoelomorpha]] [[File:Proporus sp. (no background).png|55 px]]
   |label2='''Nephrozoa''' |sublabel2=650 mya
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Deuterostomia]]
      |1={{clade
         |sublabel1=540 mya<!--Chordates-->
         |1=[[Chordata]] [[File:Cyprin carpi 090613-0329 tdp.png|60 px]]
         |label2=[[Ambulacraria]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Echinodermata]] [[File:Echinaster serpentarius (USNM E28192) 001.png|50 px]]
            |2=[[Hemichordata]] [[File:Saccoglossus kowalevskii by Spengel 1893.png|45px]]
            }}
         }}
         |label2 =[[Protostomia]] |sublabel2=610 mya
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Ecdysozoa]] [[File:Aptostichus simus Monterey County.jpg|60px]]
            |2=[[Spiralia]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Grapevinesnail 01a.jpg|60px]]</span>
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3059449}}

[[Category:Nephrozoa| ]]
[[Category:Bilaterians]]

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