Mujaddid

Col termine mujaddid (in arabo مجدد‎^?)^[1] si indica un "rinnovatore" della religione islamica.^[2]^[3] Secondo la tradizione popolare musulmana, viene attribuito a persone che Allah farebbe nascere ogni secolo per rivivificare l'Islam e riportarlo alla sua primitiva purezza.

Il concetto è basato su un hadith famoso citato da Abu Dawud al-Sijistani:

«Abu Hurayra ha narrato che il Profeta Maometto ha detto: "Allah farà sorgere per la sua Umma ogni secolo un uomo che rinnoverà la sua religione.^[4]»

Secondo al-Dahabi ed Hajar al-Asqalani, il termine Mujaddid potrebbe anche essere plurale.

Elenco dei Mujaddid riconosciuti e potenziali

Mujaddid popolari includono imperatori e conquistatori come Saladino, Tamerlano, Shah Rukh, Mehmet II, Selim I, Solimano il Magnifico, Aurangzeb e Tipu Sultan.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Malgrado non vi sia alcun criterio formale per designare la qualità di Mujaddid, esiste però un riconoscimento sostanziale da parte dei fedeli. Lo Sciismo e i Naqshbandi hanno loro elenchi di Mujaddid.^[3]

XIII secolo (14 novembre 1882)

Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)^[14]
Said Nursî (1878–1960)^[39]
Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898)^[40]
Mirza Ghulam of Qadian (1835–1908) (solo secondo all'Ahmadia)^[41]

XIV secolo (21 novembre 1979)

Abu l-A'la Maududi (1903-1979)^[42]
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (1914-1999)^[43]
Ahmed Didat (1918–2005)^[44]^[45]

Note

^ Participio attivo di II forma, il cui ma?dar è tajdid, in Arabo ?????.
^ Burhan Ahmad Faruqi, The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid, p. 7. URL consultato il 31 dicembre 2014.
^ ^a ^b Meri Josef W. (a cura di), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Psychology Press, p. 678.
^ Sunan, Libro 37, Kitab al-Malahim [Battaglie], ?adith n. 4278.
^ Roy Jackson, Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State, Routledge, 2010, ISBN 978-1-136-95036-0.
^ B. N. Pande, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies, University of Michigan, 1996, ISBN 978-81-85220-38-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013
^ ^a ^b (EN) Ahmed Akgunduz e Said Ozturk, Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths, IUR Press, 2011, p. 14, ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. URL consultato il 28 dicembre 2019.
^ ^a ^b Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
^ ^a ^b Mujaddid Ulema, su livingislam.org, Living Islam.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1º dicembre 2005), p. 678. ISBN 0415966906.
^ Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman
^ ^a ^b Shah Waliullah, Izalat al-khafa'an khilafat al-khulafa?, p. 77, part 7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e C.A.O.van Nieuwenhuijze, Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East, 1997, p. 24, ISBN 90-04-10672-3.
^ Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98
^ Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1º dicembre 2005), p. 678. ISBN 0415966906
^ Islamic Studies - Volume 8 - Page 268
^ Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam, The Pen, 1º febbraio 2011.
^ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p. 36. ISBN 0231519990
^ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
^ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 421
^ Islamic Encyclopedia, su islamicencyclopedia.org. URL consultato il 30 luglio 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 marzo 2016).
^ al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209), su muslimphilosophy.com, Muslim Philosophy.
^ Sufi Movements in Eastern India - Page 194
^ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227-228
^ Ricordato dai salafiti. Ibn Taymiyya, i salafiti lo chiamano “Sheikh ul-Islam” - Hidaya Research Archiviato il 30 giugno 2015 in Internet Archive.. Ibn Taymiyya e alcuni suoi discepoli, come Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, furono criticati da loro contemporanei, quali al-Shafi?i, Taqi al-Din al-Subki [m. 1355] o Taj al-Din al-Subki [m. 1370]. https://books.google.ru/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=%22Ibn+Taymiyya+and+his+disciples+such+as+Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya+were+declared+wayward+by+their+Sh%C4%81fi%27i+contemporaries+such+as+%22&source=bl&ots=ChbQXUhlYA&sig=sqx93iG0NuSHJQYBGrqkgSU5TPI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GBONVabCIMHoywOox66wDg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ibn%20Taymiyya%20and%20his%20disciples%20such%20as%20Ibn%20Qayyim%20al-Jawziyya%20were%20declared%20wayward%20by%20their%20Sh%C4%81fi'i%20contemporaries%20such%20as%20%22&f=false Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century by Khaled El-Rouayheb]
^ The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
^ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
^ Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani, su islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk, Hanafi.co.uk (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 settembre 2004).
^ ^a ^b Azyumardi Azra, The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series, University of Hawaii Press, 2004, p. 18, ISBN 978-0-8248-2848-6.
^ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth Series By Royal Historical Society
^ Cyril Glasse, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, AltaMira Press, 1997, p. 432, ISBN 90-04-10672-3.
^ ^a ^b A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad, su iqra.net, Iqra Islamic Publications (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 maggio 2011).
^ ^a ^b Saifudheen Kunju, Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions, 2012, p. 1. URL consultato il 5 aprile 2015.
^ Nawaf E. Obaid, The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders, in Middle East Quarterly, VI, n. 3, September 1999, pp. 51–58. URL consultato il 23 giugno 2011 (archiviato il 6 agosto 2011).
^ Gyarwee Sharif, su almukhtarbooks.com, al-mukhtar books (archiviato dall'url originale il 26 aprile 2012).
^ John O. Hunwick, African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources, 1995, p. 6.
^ Muslims and India's freedom movement, Shan Muhammad, Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), Institute of Objective Studies and the University of Michigan, 2002; 9788185220581
^ Andrew Rippin, Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, p. 282.
^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thompson Gale (2004)
^ Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
^ Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism, Oxford University Press.
^ Joas Wagemakers, Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community, Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 43, ISBN 978-1-107-16366-9.
^ An Interview with Sh. Muhammad Awal, su muslimchroniclett.com. URL consultato il 30 luglio 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 luglio 2015).
^ Ahmed Deedat: The Man and His Mission by Goolam Vahed

Bibliografia

Sajida Silvia Alvi, "The Mujaddid and Tajdid Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan'da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd gelenegi: Tarihî bir bakis"), in: Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994), pp. 1–15.
Yohanan Friedmann, Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity, Oxford India Paperbacks.

Collegamenti esterni

Concept of a Mujaddid and the past and present ones, su islamqa.org.

Portale Islam: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di Islam

[1] Participio attivo di II forma, il cui ma?dar è tajdid, in Arabo ?????.

[faruqi-2] Burhan Ahmad Faruqi, The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid, p. 7. URL consultato il 31 dicembre 2014.

[MICE-3] Meri Josef W. (a cura di), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Psychology Press, p. 678.

[4] Sunan, Libro 37, Kitab al-Malahim [Battaglie], ?adith n. 4278.

[5] Roy Jackson, Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State, Routledge, 2010, ISBN 978-1-136-95036-0.

[pande-6] B. N. Pande, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies, University of Michigan, 1996, ISBN 978-81-85220-38-3.

[ref_A-7] Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013

[books.google.co.uk-8] (EN) Ahmed Akgunduz e Said Ozturk, Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths, IUR Press, 2011, p. 14, ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. URL consultato il 28 dicembre 2019.

[ref_B-9] Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8

[livingislam-10] Mujaddid Ulema, su livingislam.org, Living Islam.

[Josef_W._Meri_2005_p._678-11] Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1º dicembre 2005), p. 678. ISBN 0415966906.

[12] Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman

[Izalat_al-Khafi-13] Shah Waliullah, Izalat al-khafa'an khilafat al-khulafa?, p. 77, part 7.

[Paradise_Lost-14] C.A.O.van Nieuwenhuijze, Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East, 1997, p. 24, ISBN 90-04-10672-3.

[15] Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98

[Josef_W._Meri_p._678-16] Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1º dicembre 2005), p. 678. ISBN 0415966906

[17] Islamic Studies - Volume 8 - Page 268

[thepenmagazine-18] Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam, The Pen, 1º febbraio 2011.

[19] Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p. 36. ISBN 0231519990

[20] Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566

[21] Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 421

[22] Islamic Encyclopedia, su islamicencyclopedia.org. URL consultato il 30 luglio 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 marzo 2016).

[muslimphilosophy-23] -Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209), su muslimphilosophy.com, Muslim Philosophy.

[24] Sufi Movements in Eastern India - Page 194

[25] The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227-228

[26] Ricordato dai salafiti. Ibn Taymiyya, i salafiti lo chiamano “Sheikh ul-Islam” - Hidaya Research Archiviato il 30 giugno 2015 in Internet Archive.. Ibn Taymiyya e alcuni suoi discepoli, come Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, furono criticati da loro contemporanei, quali al-Shafi?i, Taqi al-Din al-Subki [m. 1355] o Taj al-Din al-Subki [m. 1370]. https://books.google.ru/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=%22Ibn+Taymiyya+and+his+disciples+such+as+Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya+were+declared+wayward+by+their+Sh%C4%81fi%27i+contemporaries+such+as+%22&source=bl&ots=ChbQXUhlYA&sig=sqx93iG0NuSHJQYBGrqkgSU5TPI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GBONVabCIMHoywOox66wDg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ibn%20Taymiyya%20and%20his%20disciples%20such%20as%20Ibn%20Qayyim%20al-Jawziyya%20were%20declared%20wayward%20by%20their%20Sh%C4%81fi'i%20contemporaries%20such%20as%20%22&f=false Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century by Khaled El-Rouayheb]

[27] The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez

[28] Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8

[islamic.pwp-29] Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani, su islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk, Hanafi.co.uk (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 settembre 2004).

[The_Origins_of_Islamic_Reformism_in_Southeast_Asia-30] Azyumardi Azra, The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series, University of Hawaii Press, 2004, p. 18, ISBN 978-0-8248-2848-6.

[31] Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth Series By Royal Historical Society

[The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Islam-32] Cyril Glasse, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, AltaMira Press, 1997, p. 432, ISBN 90-04-10672-3.

[iqra.net-33] A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad, su iqra.net, Iqra Islamic Publications (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 maggio 2011).

[academia.edu-34] Saifudheen Kunju, Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions, 2012, p. 1. URL consultato il 5 aprile 2015.

[meforum.org-35] Nawaf E. Obaid, The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders, in Middle East Quarterly, VI, n. 3, September 1999, pp. 51–58. URL consultato il 23 giugno 2011 (archiviato il 6 agosto 2011).

[almukhtarbooks-36] Gyarwee Sharif, su almukhtarbooks.com, al-mukhtar books (archiviato dall'url originale il 26 aprile 2012).

[African_And_Islamic_Revival-37] John O. Hunwick, African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources, 1995, p. 6.

[38] Muslims and India's freedom movement, Shan Muhammad, Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), Institute of Objective Studies and the University of Michigan, 2002; 9788185220581

[Muslims:_Their_Religious_Beliefs_and_Practices-39] Andrew Rippin, Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, p. 282.

[40] Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thompson Gale (2004)

[41] Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.

[Maududi-42] Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism, Oxford University Press.

[43] Joas Wagemakers, Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community, Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 43, ISBN 978-1-107-16366-9.

[44] An Interview with Sh. Muhammad Awal, su muslimchroniclett.com. URL consultato il 30 luglio 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 luglio 2015).

[45] Ahmed Deedat: The Man and His Mission by Goolam Vahed

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Elenco dei Mujaddid riconosciuti e potenziali

I secolo dell'Egira (3 agosto 718)

II secolo (10 agosto 815)

III secolo (17 agosto 912)

IV secolo (24 agosto 1009)

V secolo (1º settembre 1106)

VI secolo (9 settembre 1203)

VII secolo (5 settembre 1300)

VIII secolo (23 settembre 1397)

IX secolo (1º ottobre 1494)

X secolo (19 ottobre 1591)

XI secolo (26 ottobre 1688)

XII secolo (4 novembre 1785)

XIII secolo (14 novembre 1882)

XIV secolo (21 novembre 1979)

Note

Bibliografia

Collegamenti esterni