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US Water Pollution Regulation over the Last Half Century: Burning Waters to Crystal Springs?

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  • David A. Keiser
  • Joseph S. Shapiro
Abstract
In the half century since the founding of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, public and private U.S. sources have spent nearly $5 trillion ($2017) to provide clean rivers, lakes, and drinking water, or annual spending of 0.8 percent of U.S. GDP in most years. Yet over half of rivers and substantial shares of drinking water systems violate standards, and polls for decades have listed water pollution as Americans’ number one environmental concern. We assess the history, effectiveness, and efficiency of the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act, and obtain four main conclusions. First, water pollution has fallen since these laws, in part due to their interventions. Second, investments made under these laws could be more cost-effective. Third, most recent studies estimate benefits of cleaning up pollution in rivers and lakes which are less than their costs, though these studies may under-count several potentially important types of benefits. Analysis finds more positive net benefits of drinking water quality investments. Fourth, economic research and teaching on water pollution is relatively uncommon, as measured by samples of publications, conference presentations, and textbooks.

Suggested Citation

  • David A. Keiser & Joseph S. Shapiro, 2019. "US Water Pollution Regulation over the Last Half Century: Burning Waters to Crystal Springs?," NBER Working Papers 26077, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26077
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    9. Roberto Mosheim & Robin C. Sickles, 2021. "Spatial effects of nutrient pollution on drinking water production," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(6), pages 2741-2764, June.
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    14. Moore, Michael R. & Doubek, Jonathan P. & Xu, Hui & Cardinale, Bradley J., 2020. "Hedonic Price Estimates of Lake Water Quality: Valued Attribute, Instrumental Variables, and Ecological-Economic Benefits," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    15. Clay, Karen & Jha, Akshaya & Lewis, Joshua & Severnini, Edson R., 2021. "Impacts of the Clean Air Act on the Power Sector from 1938-1994: Anticipation and Adaptation," IZA Discussion Papers 14494, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
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    17. Cassidy, Alecia & Meeks, Robyn C. & Moore, Michael R., 2023. "Cleaning up the Great Lakes: Housing market impacts of removing legacy pollutants," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
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    JEL classification:

    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • K32 - Law and Economics - - Other Substantive Areas of Law - - - Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
    • Q5 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics

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