[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v85y2020ics0140988319302051.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Renewable energy consumption and industrial production: A disaggregated time-frequency analysis for the U.S

Author

Listed:
  • Hoang, Thi Hong Van
  • Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain
  • Czudaj, Robert L.
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the interaction between renewable energy consumption and industrial production for the U.S. over the 1981–2018 period. We contribute to the existing literature by the disaggregation of renewable energy sources (hydropower, geothermal, and biomass), by the consideration of time and frequency through wavelet techniques and the time-varying Granger causality test recently proposed by Shi et al. (2018). Based on monthly data, wavelet results show a positive co-movement between industrial production and biomass energy consumption at low frequencies, meaning in the long term only. The bootstrap rolling-window Granger causality test indicates a bi-directional predictability between renewable energy consumption and industrial production in crisis and turmoil periods only. These results are found to be robust to the inclusion of control variables (non-renewable energy consumption and crude oil prices) and to the selection of the lag length for the corresponding VAR model.

Suggested Citation

  • Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Czudaj, Robert L., 2020. "Renewable energy consumption and industrial production: A disaggregated time-frequency analysis for the U.S," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:85:y:2020:i:c:s0140988319302051
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2019.06.018
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988319302051
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.06.018?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yildirim, Ertuğrul & Saraç, Şenay & Aslan, Alper, 2012. "Energy consumption and economic growth in the USA: Evidence from renewable energy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(9), pages 6770-6774.
    2. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2014. "The asymmetric Granger-causality analysis between energy consumption and income in the United States," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 362-369.
    3. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Rasool, Ghulam & Ahmed, Khalid & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar, 2016. "Considering the effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth: Fresh evidence from BRICS region," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1442-1450.
    4. Mantalos Panagiotis, 2000. "A Graphical Investigation of the Size and Power of the Granger-Causality Tests in Integrated-Cointegrated VAR Systems," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 4(1), pages 1-18, April.
    5. Bloch, Harry & Rafiq, Shuddhasattwa & Salim, Ruhul, 2015. "Economic growth with coal, oil and renewable energy consumption in China: Prospects for fuel substitution," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 104-115.
    6. Narayan, Seema & Doytch, Nadia, 2017. "An investigation of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus using industrial and residential energy consumption," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 160-176.
    7. Salim, Ruhul A. & Hassan, Kamrul & Shafiei, Sahar, 2014. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic activities: Further evidence from OECD countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 350-360.
    8. Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Lu, Zhou, 2018. "Energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from the OECD countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 27-34.
    9. Adewuyi, Adeolu O. & Awodumi, Olabanji B., 2017. "Renewable and non-renewable energy-growth-emissions linkages: Review of emerging trends with policy implications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 275-291.
    10. Asafu-Adjaye, John, 2000. "The relationship between energy consumption, energy prices and economic growth: time series evidence from Asian developing countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(6), pages 615-625, December.
    11. Troster, Victor & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2018. "Renewable energy, oil prices, and economic activity: A Granger-causality in quantiles analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 440-452.
    12. Aydin, Celil & Esen, Ömer, 2018. "Does the level of energy intensity matter in the effect of energy consumption on the growth of transition economies? Evidence from dynamic panel threshold analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 185-195.
    13. Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, Taku, 1995. "Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 225-250.
    14. Belke, Ansgar & Bordon, Ingo G. & Volz, Ulrich, 2013. "Effects of Global Liquidity on Commodity and Food Prices," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 31-43.
    15. Abdulnasser Hatemi-J, 2012. "Asymmetric causality tests with an application," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 43(1), pages 447-456, August.
    16. Dong, Kangyin & Hochman, Gal & Zhang, Yaqing & Sun, Renjin & Li, Hui & Liao, Hua, 2018. "CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: Empirical evidence across regions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 180-192.
    17. Silverman, Murray & Worthman, Susan, 1995. "The future of renewable energy industries," The Electricity Journal, Elsevier, vol. 8(2), pages 12-31, March.
    18. Barreto, Raul A., 2018. "Fossil fuels, alternative energy and economic growth," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 196-220.
    19. Thi Hong Van Hoang & Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad & Robert L. Czudaj & Javed Ahmad Bhat, 2019. "How Do Oil Shocks Impact Energy Consumption? A Disaggregated Analysis for the U.S," The Energy Journal, , vol. 40(1_suppl), pages 167-210, June.
    20. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Zakaria, Muhammad & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar, 2018. "The energy consumption and economic growth nexus in top ten energy-consuming countries: Fresh evidence from using the quantile-on-quantile approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 282-301.
    21. Tugcu, Can Tansel & Topcu, Mert, 2018. "Total, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Revisiting the issue with an asymmetric point of view," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 64-74.
    22. Andrews, Donald W K & Ploberger, Werner, 1994. "Optimal Tests When a Nuisance Parameter Is Present Only under the Alternative," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 62(6), pages 1383-1414, November.
    23. Rafindadi, Abdulkadir Abdulrashid & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2017. "Impacts of renewable energy consumption on the German economic growth: Evidence from combined cointegration test," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1130-1141.
    24. Shuping Shi & Peter C. B. Phillips & Stan Hurn, 2018. "Change Detection and the Causal Impact of the Yield Curve," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(6), pages 966-987, November.
    25. Menyah, Kojo & Wolde-Rufael, Yemane, 2010. "CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 2911-2915, June.
    26. Chor Foon Tang, 2013. "A revisitation of the export-led growth hypothesis in Malaysia using the leveraged bootstrap simulation and rolling causality techniques," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(11), pages 2332-2340, November.
    27. Halkos, George E. & Tzeremes, Nickolaos G., 2014. "The effect of electricity consumption from renewable sources on countries׳ economic growth levels: Evidence from advanced, emerging and developing economies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 166-173.
    28. Bruns, Stephan B. & König, Johannes & Stern, David I., 2019. "Replication and robustness analysis of ‘energy and economic growth in the USA: A multivariate approach’," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 100-113.
    29. Mahadevan, Renuka & Asafu-Adjaye, John, 2007. "Energy consumption, economic growth and prices: A reassessment using panel VECM for developed and developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 2481-2490, April.
    30. Granger, C W J, 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(3), pages 424-438, July.
    31. Zapata, Hector O & Rambaldi, Alicia N, 1997. "Monte Carlo Evidence on Cointegration and Causation," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 59(2), pages 285-298, May.
    32. Tang, Chor Foon & Tan, Bee Wah & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2016. "Energy consumption and economic growth in Vietnam," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1506-1514.
    33. Inglesi-Lotz, Roula, 2016. "The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 58-63.
    34. Sebri, Maamar, 2015. "Use renewables to be cleaner: Meta-analysis of the renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 657-665.
    35. Shuping Shi & Stan Hurn & Peter C B Phillips, 2016. "Causal Change Detection in Possibly Integrated Systems: Revisiting the Money-Income Relationship," NCER Working Paper Series 113, National Centre for Econometric Research.
    36. Belke, Ansgar & Dobnik, Frauke & Dreger, Christian, 2011. "Energy consumption and economic growth: New insights into the cointegration relationship," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 782-789, September.
    37. Ewing, Bradley T. & Sari, Ramazan & Soytas, Ugur, 2007. "Disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output in the United States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 1274-1281, February.
    38. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Aslan, Alper, 2017. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 757-763.
    39. Robert M. Solow, 1974. "The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Chennat Gopalakrishnan (ed.), Classic Papers in Natural Resource Economics, chapter 12, pages 257-276, Palgrave Macmillan.
    40. Pradhan, Rudra P. & Arvin, Mak B. & Nair, Mahendhiran & Bennett, Sara E. & Hall, John H., 2018. "The dynamics between energy consumption patterns, financial sector development and economic growth in Financial Action Task Force (FATF) countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 42-53.
    41. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Stephan Popp, 2010. "A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(9), pages 1425-1438.
    42. Andrews, Donald W K, 1993. "Tests for Parameter Instability and Structural Change with Unknown Change Point," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(4), pages 821-856, July.
    43. Ocal, Oguz & Aslan, Alper, 2013. "Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 494-499.
    44. Bildirici, Melike E. & Gökmenoğlu, Seyit M., 2017. "Environmental pollution, hydropower energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from G7 countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 68-85.
    45. Carmona, Mónica & Congregado, Emilio & Feria, Julia & Iglesias, Jesús, 2017. "The energy-growth nexus reconsidered: Persistence and causality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 342-347.
    46. Sari, Ramazan & Ewing, Bradley T. & Soytas, Ugur, 2008. "The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: An ARDL approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 2302-2313, September.
    47. Bilgili, Faik, 2015. "Business cycle co-movements between renewables consumption and industrial production: A continuous wavelet coherence approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 325-332.
    48. Masih, Abul M. M. & Masih, Rumi, 1997. "On the temporal causal relationship between energy consumption, real income, and prices: Some new evidence from Asian-energy dependent NICs Based on a multivariate cointegration/vector error-correctio," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 417-440, August.
    49. Beckmann, Joscha & Belke, Ansgar & Czudaj, Robert, 2014. "Does global liquidity drive commodity prices?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 224-234.
    50. Balcilar, Mehmet & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Arslanturk, Yalcin, 2010. "Economic growth and energy consumption causal nexus viewed through a bootstrap rolling window," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 1398-1410, November.
    51. Bhattacharya, Mita & Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy & Ozturk, Ilhan & Bhattacharya, Sankar, 2016. "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 733-741.
    52. Robert H. Rasche & John A. Tatom, 1977. "Energy resources and potential GNP," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 59(Jun), pages 10-24.
    53. Beckmann, Joscha & Belke, Ansgar & Czudaj, Robert, 2014. "Regime-dependent adjustment in energy spot and futures markets," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 400-409.
    54. Apergis, Nicholas & Payne, James E. & Menyah, Kojo & Wolde-Rufael, Yemane, 2010. "On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 2255-2260, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hong, Yanran & Wang, Lu & Ye, Xiaoqing & Zhang, Yaojie, 2022. "Dynamic asymmetric impact of equity market uncertainty on energy markets: A time-varying causality analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 535-546.
    2. Zhou, Anhua & Li, Jun, 2022. "How do trade liberalization and human capital affect renewable energy consumption? Evidence from the panel threshold model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 332-342.
    3. Montassar Kahia & Anis Omri & Bilel Jarraya, 2021. "Green Energy, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, January.
    4. Syed, Qasim Raza & Apergis, Nicholas & Goh, Soo Khoon, 2023. "The dynamic relationship between climate policy uncertainty and renewable energy in the US: Applying the novel Fourier augmented autoregressive distributed lags approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    5. Ding, Qian & Huang, Jianbai & Chen, Jinyu & Luo, Xianfeng, 2024. "Climate warming, renewable energy consumption and rare earth market: Evidence from the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    6. Cai, Yifei & Wu, Yanrui, 2021. "Time-varying interactions between geopolitical risks and renewable energy consumption," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 116-137.
    7. Liang, Chao & Goodell, John W. & Li, Xiafei, 2024. "Impacts of carbon market and climate policy uncertainties on financial and economic stability: Evidence from connectedness network analysis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    8. Yang, Mian & Wang, En-Ze & Hou, Yaru, 2021. "The relationship between manufacturing growth and CO2 emissions: Does renewable energy consumption matter?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    9. Guo, Yaoqi & Yu, Chenxi & Zhang, Hongwei & Cheng, Hui, 2021. "Asymmetric between oil prices and renewable energy consumption in the G7 countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    10. David Guan & Ubaldo Comite & Muhammad Safdar Sial & Asma Salman & Boyao Zhang & Stefan B. Gunnlaugsson & Urszula Mentel & Grzegorz Mentel, 2021. "The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on Financial Development, and Economic Growth: The Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-13, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hussain Shahzad, Syed Jawad & Jammazi, Rania, 2016. "Nexus between U.S Energy Sources and Economic Activity: Time-Frequency and Bootstrap Rolling Window Causality Analysis," MPRA Paper 68724, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 08 Jan 2016.
    2. Marques, António Cardoso & Fuinhas, José Alberto & Neves, Sónia Almeida, 2018. "Ordinary and Special Regimes of electricity generation in Spain: How they interact with economic activity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1226-1240.
    3. Aslan, Alper & Ocal, Oguz & Ozsolak, Baki & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2022. "Renewable energy and economic growth relationship under the oil reserve ownership: Evidence from panel VAR approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 402-410.
    4. Troster, Victor & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2018. "Renewable energy, oil prices, and economic activity: A Granger-causality in quantiles analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 440-452.
    5. Destek, Mehmet Akif & Aslan, Alper, 2020. "Disaggregated renewable energy consumption and environmental pollution nexus in G-7 countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 1298-1306.
    6. Balcilar, Mehmet & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin & Ozdemir, Huseyin & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2018. "The renewable energy consumption and growth in the G-7 countries: Evidence from historical decomposition method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 594-604.
    7. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 199-212.
    8. Doytch, Nadia & Narayan, Seema, 2021. "Does transitioning towards renewable energy accelerate economic growth? An analysis of sectoral growth for a dynamic panel of countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    9. Bilgili, Faik & Kuşkaya, Sevda & Toğuç, Nurhan & Muğaloğlu, Erhan & Koçak, Emrah & Bulut, Ümit & Bağlıtaş, H. Hilal, 2019. "A revisited renewable consumption-growth nexus: A continuous wavelet approach through disaggregated data," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 1-19.
    10. Tuna, Gülfen & Tuna, Vedat Ender, 2019. "The asymmetric causal relationship between renewable and NON-RENEWABLE energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 114-124.
    11. Adewuyi, Adeolu O. & Awodumi, Olabanji B., 2017. "Renewable and non-renewable energy-growth-emissions linkages: Review of emerging trends with policy implications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 275-291.
    12. Chen, Chaoyi & Pinar, Mehmet & Stengos, Thanasis, 2020. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    13. Kahia, Montassar & Aïssa, Mohamed Safouane Ben & Lanouar, Charfeddine, 2017. "Renewable and non-renewable energy use - economic growth nexus: The case of MENA Net Oil Importing Countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 127-140.
    14. Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur & Velayutham, Eswaran, 2020. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus: New evidence from South Asia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 399-408.
    15. Gyimah, Justice & Yao, Xilong & Tachega, Mark Awe & Sam Hayford, Isaac & Opoku-Mensah, Evans, 2022. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Ghana," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    16. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Jiao, Zhilun & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2020. "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    17. Daniel Ştefan Armeanu & Georgeta Vintilă & Ştefan Cristian Gherghina, 2017. "Does Renewable Energy Drive Sustainable Economic Growth? Multivariate Panel Data Evidence for EU-28 Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-21, March.
    18. Ozcan, Burcu & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2019. "Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus in emerging countries: A bootstrap panel causality test," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 30-37.
    19. Seong-Hoon Lee & Yonghun Jung, 2018. "Causal dynamics between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in South Korea: Empirical analysis and policy implications," Energy & Environment, , vol. 29(7), pages 1298-1315, November.
    20. Sofien, Tiba & Omri, Anis, 2016. "Literature survey on the relationships between energy variables, environment and economic growth," MPRA Paper 82555, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Sep 2016.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Renewable energies; Disaggregated sources; Industrial production; U.S.; Wavelet; Granger causality; Rolling-window;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q2 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:85:y:2020:i:c:s0140988319302051. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.