[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/apfiec/v24y2014i7p481-493.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Technological-induced information asymmetry, M&As and earnouts: stock market evidence from Germany

Author

Listed:
  • E. Lukas
  • C. Heimann
Abstract
To date, a few empirical studies exist that investigate the use of earnout contracts in mergers and acquisitions (M&As). However, two limitations can be attested. First, the studies predominantly investigate earnouts in Anglo-American economies and it is questionable whether we can generalize on these findings for other economies. Second, while earnouts have become an increasingly popular way of coping with information asymmetries and reducing the risk of overpayment in takeovers, less is known about what really drives the design of such contracts. To answer these questions, we conduct an event study that examines abnormal returns for different M&A contracts for a cross-industry sample of German acquirers. The novel aspect of this article is that we explicitly present a theoretical model to discuss the effect of technological-induced information asymmetries on the design of earnout contracts. While we find support for the fact that capital markets favour the use of earnouts when uncertainty and the buyer's ability to reduce technological-induced information asymmetry is high, a too-long earnout period specified in the contract appears to be detrimental.

Suggested Citation

  • E. Lukas & C. Heimann, 2014. "Technological-induced information asymmetry, M&As and earnouts: stock market evidence from Germany," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(7), pages 481-493, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:apfiec:v:24:y:2014:i:7:p:481-493
    DOI: 10.1080/09603107.2014.887189
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09603107.2014.887189
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1080/09603107.2014.887189?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Brown, Stephen J. & Warner, Jerold B., 1985. "Using daily stock returns : The case of event studies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 3-31, March.
    2. Datar, Srikant & Frankel, Richard & Wolfson, Mark, 2001. "Earnouts: The Effects of Adverse Selection and Agency Costs on Acquisition Techniques," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 17(1), pages 201-238, April.
    3. Brown, Stephen J. & Warner, Jerold B., 1980. "Measuring security price performance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 205-258, September.
    4. Stephen A. Ross, 1977. "The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive-Signalling Approach," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 8(1), pages 23-40, Spring.
    5. Moeller, Sara B. & Schlingemann, Frederik P. & Stulz, Rene M., 2004. "Firm size and the gains from acquisitions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(2), pages 201-228, August.
    6. B. Michael Gilroy & Melanie Baier & Elmar Lukas, 2008. "Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in internationally operating R&D networks: recent findings and trends," International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 2(3), pages 325-341.
    7. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:6:p:2719-2743 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. George A. Akerlof, 1970. "The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 84(3), pages 488-500.
    9. Cohen, Wesley M & Levinthal, Daniel A, 1989. "Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 99(397), pages 569-596, September.
    10. Boehmer, Ekkehart, 2000. "Business Groups, Bank Control, and Large Shareholders: An Analysis of German Takeovers," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 9(2), pages 117-148, April.
    11. Stefano Caselli & Stefano Gatti & Marco Visconti, 2006. "Managing M&A Risk with Collars, Earn‐outs, and CVRs," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 18(4), pages 91-104, September.
    12. Boehmer, Ekkehart & Masumeci, Jim & Poulsen, Annette B., 1991. "Event-study methodology under conditions of event-induced variance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 253-272, December.
    13. Ball, R & Brown, P, 1968. "Empirical Evaluation Of Accounting Income Numbers," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(2), pages 159-178.
    14. Fama, Eugene F, et al, 1969. "The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 10(1), pages 1-21, February.
    15. Kohers, Ninon & Ang, James, 2000. "Earnouts in Mergers: Agreeing to Disagree and Agreeing to Stay," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 73(3), pages 445-476, July.
    16. Mantecon, Tomas, 2009. "Mitigating risks in cross-border acquisitions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 640-651, April.
    17. Cowan, Arnold R. & Sergeant, Anne M. A., 1996. "Trading frequency and event study test specification," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(10), pages 1731-1757, December.
    18. Lukas, Elmar & Reuer, Jeffrey J. & Welling, Andreas, 2012. "Earnouts in mergers and acquisitions: A game-theoretic option pricing approach," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 223(1), pages 256-263.
    19. Corrado, Charles J., 1989. "A nonparametric test for abnormal security-price performance in event studies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 385-395, August.
    20. Stulz, ReneM., 1990. "Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 3-27, July.
    21. Beaver, Wh, 1968. "Information Content Of Annual Earnings Announcements," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6, pages 67-92.
    22. Eckbo, B. Espen, 2009. "Bidding strategies and takeover premiums: A review," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 149-178, February.
    23. Cain, Matthew D. & Denis, David J. & Denis, Diane K., 2011. "Earnouts: A study of financial contracting in acquisition agreements," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1-2), pages 151-170, February.
    24. Cain, Matthew D. & Denis, David J. & Denis, Diane K., 2011. "Earnouts: A study of financial contracting in acquisition agreements," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 151-170.
    25. Chatterjee, Sris & Yan, An, 2008. "Using Innovative Securities under Asymmetric Information: Why Do Some Firms Pay with Contingent Value Rights?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 43(4), pages 1001-1035, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Elnahas, Ahmed M. & Kabir Hassan, M. & Ismail, Ghada M., 2017. "Religion and mergers and acquisitions contracting: The case of earnout agreements," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 221-246.
    2. Bachmann, & Baumann, & Schuler,, 2016. "Earnout-Klauseln bei Asset Deals: Eine betriebswirtschaftliche Analyse unter bilanziellen und steuerlichen Aspekten," Die Unternehmung - Swiss Journal of Business Research and Practice, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 70(2), pages 77-97.
    3. Monaco, Eleonora & Ibikunle, Gbenga & Palumbo, Riccardo & Zhang, Zeyu, 2022. "The liquidity and trading activity effects of acquisition payment methods: Evidence from the announcements of private firms' acquisitions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    4. Song, Di & Su, Jun & Yang, Chao & Shen, Na, 2019. "Performance commitment in acquisitions, regulatory change and market crash risk–evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    5. Elnahas, Ahmed M. & Kim, Dongnyoung, 2017. "CEO political ideology and mergers and acquisitions decisions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 162-175.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Barbopoulos, Leonidas & Sudarsanam, Sudi, 2012. "Determinants of earnout as acquisition payment currency and bidder’s value gains," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 678-694.
    2. Leonidas G. Barbopoulos & Jo Danbolt, 2021. "The real effects of earnout contracts in M&As," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 44(3), pages 607-639, September.
    3. Gada, Viswa Prasad & Goyal, Lakshmi & Popli, Manish, 2021. "Earnouts in M&A deal structuring: The impact of CEO prevention focus," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(1).
    4. Nils Patschureck & Friedrich Sommer & Arnt Wöhrmann, 2015. "Contract design as a risk management tool in corporate acquisitions: theoretical foundations and empirical evidence," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 26(4), pages 279-316, October.
    5. Christian Toll & Jan-Phillipp Rolinck, 2017. "Earn-outs to bridge gap between negotiation parties – curse or blessing?," Managerial Economics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 18(1), pages 103-116.
    6. Ercan Balaban & Charalambos Th. Constantinou, 2006. "Volatility clustering and event-induced volatility: Evidence from UK mergers and acquisitions," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(5), pages 449-453.
    7. Kanungo, Rama Prasad, 2021. "Uncertainty of M&As under asymmetric estimation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 774-793.
    8. Corrado, Charles J. & Truong, Cameron, 2008. "Conducting event studies with Asia-Pacific security market data," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 493-521, November.
    9. Kohli, Reena & Mann, Bikram Jit Singh, 2013. "Analyzing the likelihood and the impact of earnout offers on acquiring company wealth gains in India," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 16(C), pages 203-222.
    10. Atkas, Nihat & Bodt, Eric de & Roll, Richard, 2001. "Market Response to European Regulation," University of California at Los Angeles, Anderson Graduate School of Management qt0qc9p8gf, Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA.
    11. Leonidas G. Barbopoulos & Krishna Paudyal & Sudi Sudarsanam, 2018. "Earnout deals: Method of initial payment and acquirers’ gains," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(5), pages 792-828, November.
    12. Leonidas G Barbopoulos & Jo Danbolt & Dimitris Alexakis, 2018. "The role of earnout financing on the valuation effects of global diversification," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(5), pages 523-551, July.
    13. Aktas, Nihat & de Bodt, Eric & Cousin, Jean-Gabriel, 2007. "Event studies with a contaminated estimation period," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 129-145, March.
    14. Panayiotis C. Andreou & Christodoulos Louca & Christos S. Savva, 2016. "Short-horizon event study estimation with a STAR model and real contaminated events," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 47(3), pages 673-697, October.
    15. Barbopoulos, Leonidas G. & Molyneux, Phil & Wilson, John O.S., 2016. "Earnout financing in the financial services industry," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 119-132.
    16. Neelam Rani & Surendra S Yadav & P.K. Jain, 2015. "Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Shareholders’ Wealth in the Short Run: An Event Study Approach," Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, , vol. 40(3), pages 293-312, September.
    17. Ranjeeni, Kumari, 2014. "Sectoral and industrial performance during a stock market crisis," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 178-193.
    18. Debasish Maitra & Kushankur Dey, 2012. "Dividend Announcement and Market Response in Indian Stock Market: An Event-Study Analysis," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 13(2), pages 269-283, June.
    19. Wijayana, Singgih & Gray, Sidney J., 2018. "Capital market consequences of cultural influences on earnings: The case of cross-listed firms in the U.S. stock market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 134-147.
    20. Maul, D. & Schiereck, D., 2017. "The bond event study methodology since 1974," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 80723, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:taf:apfiec:v:24:y:2014:i:7:p:481-493. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Chris Longhurst (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.tandfonline.com/RAFE20 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.