[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/ifwkdp/408.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

From Washington to post-Washington? Consensus policies and divergent developments in Latin America and Asia

Author

Listed:
  • Schweickert, Rainer
  • Thiele, Rainer
Abstract
Most Latin American countries have made considerable progress in implementing the core recommendations of the Washington Consensus. The comparison with fast-growing Asian countries shows, however, that higher and more broadbased growth can only be achieved with more comprehensive reforms which contain four important additional elements. First, external stability should be given priority in order to support export activities. More flexible exchange rates and the prudent use of capital market policies could stabilize real exchange rates as well as capital inflows. At the same time, the need for capital inflows could be reduced by increasing domestic savings through higher government savings and efforts to overcome the segmentation of domestic capital markets. Second, the adoption of best-practice technologies should be encouraged in order to accelerate technical progress. Measures which could ease the transfer of technology are the use of FDI as a source of technology for export-oriented sectors and human capital formation with an emphasis on technical and job-related skills. More flexible labor markets could bring higher employment levels, which is important for mobilizing resources through learning-on-the-job. Third, poverty should be alleviated and inequality be reduced in order to broaden the participation of the population in economic activities and to facilitate the establishment of small and medium-sized firms. The highest priority should be given to a strong basic education system, labor market reforms which facilitate the migration from the informal sector to higher-paid formal employment, and a comprehensive titling program for land and property which allows access to the formal credit market. Fourth, the formal institutional framework should be reliable in order to guarantee a certain degree of predictability. Only then investors will have an incentive to undertake projects with a longer gestation period. In addition, the establishment of informal institutions (social capital) should be encouraged in order to reduce transaction costs. This can best be achieved indirectly by means of targeted support for the poor which reduces the extent of social exclusion and polarization, a higher level of education which raises the acceptance of norms transcending narrow kin groups, and better formal institutions which constrain the ability of the government to act arbitrarily. Taken together, export orientation, technology transfer, poverty alleviation, and institution-building could allow developing a more flexible economic structure and a more dynamic performance of investment and exports, which would in turn be reflected in higher and more equitable growth. In order to start such a process, the countries need to design their own strategies. This is because most reforms, especially institution-building, have to be tailored to domestic conditions. The poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), which have to be set up by highly indebted poor countries (HIPC) in order to get debt reductions, could provide a blueprint for the development of national reform strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Schweickert, Rainer & Thiele, Rainer, 2004. "From Washington to post-Washington? Consensus policies and divergent developments in Latin America and Asia," Kiel Discussion Papers 408, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkdp:408
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/3381/1/kd408.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Thiele, Rainer & Wiebelt, Manfred, 2000. "Sind die Anpassungsprogramme von IWF und Weltbank gescheitert? Eine Bilanz der Erfahrungen von zwei Jahrzehnten," Kiel Discussion Papers 357, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    2. Zak, Paul J & Knack, Stephen, 2001. "Trust and Growth," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 111(470), pages 295-321, April.
    3. Dollar, David & Kraay, Aart, 2002. "Growth Is Good for the Poor," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 7(3), pages 195-225, September.
    4. Guillermo A. Calvo & Carmen M. Reinhart, 2002. "Fear of Floating," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 117(2), pages 379-408.
    5. Nunnenkamp, Peter & Spatz, Julius, 2003. "Foreign direct investment and economic growth in developing countries: how relevant are host-country and industry characteristics?," Kiel Working Papers 1176, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    6. Dani Rodrik & Arvind Subramanian & Francesco Trebbi, 2004. "Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 9(2), pages 131-165, June.
    7. Stephen Knack & Philip Keefer, 1997. "Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 112(4), pages 1251-1288.
    8. Juan Berganza & Roberto Chang & Alicia Herrero, 2004. "Balance sheet effects and the country risk premium: An empirical investigation," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 140(4), pages 592-612, December.
    9. Juan C. Botero & Simeon Djankov & Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer, 2004. "The Regulation of Labor," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 119(4), pages 1339-1382.
    10. Corbo, Vittorio & Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus, 1991. "Public policies and saving in developing countries," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 89-115, July.
    11. Vinhas de Souza, Lúcio, 2002. "Trade effects of monetary integration in large, mature economies: a primer on the European Monetary Union," Kiel Working Papers 1137, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    12. Rodrik, Dani, 1994. "King Kong Meets Godzilla: The World Bank and The East Asian Miracle," CEPR Discussion Papers 944, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    13. Birdsall, Nancy & Londono, Juan Luis, 1997. "Asset Inequality Matters: An Assessment of the World Bank's Approach to Poverty Reduction," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 87(2), pages 32-37, May.
    14. Eduardo Lora, 2001. "Las Reformas estructurales en América Latina: Qué se ha reformado y cómo medirlo," Research Department Publications 4288, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    15. Calderon, Cesar & Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus, 2003. "Macroeconomic policies and performance in Latin America," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(7), pages 895-923, December.
    16. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2003. "Why economic performance and international competitiveness differ so much between Latin America and Asia," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 4320, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    17. Manuel Agosin & Roberto Machado, 2005. "Foreign Investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment?," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(2), pages 149-162.
    18. Busse, Matthias & Huth, Matthias & Koopmann, Georg, 2000. "Preferential Trade Agreements: The Case of EU-Mexico," Discussion Paper Series 26269, Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
    19. Shang-Jin Wei & Jeffrey A. Frankel, 1998. "Open Regionalism in a World of Continental Trade Blocs," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 45(3), pages 440-453, September.
    20. N. Gregory Mankiw & David Romer & David N. Weil, 1992. "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 107(2), pages 407-437.
    21. Easterly, William & Levine, Ross, 2003. "Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 3-39, January.
    22. Peter Warr, 2002. "Poverty Incidence and Sectoral Growth: Evidence from Southeast Asia," WIDER Working Paper Series DP2002-20, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    23. Peter Kenen, 1996. "Analyzing and managing exchange-rate crises," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 469-492, March.
    24. Sebastian Edwards, 1995. "Why are Saving Rates so Different Across Countries?: An International Comparative Analysis," NBER Working Papers 5097, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    25. World Bank, 2002. "World Development Indicators 2002," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 13921.
    26. Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus & Serven, Luis, 2000. "Does income inequality raise aggregate saving?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(2), pages 417-446, April.
    27. Nunnenkamp, Peter & Thiele, Rainer, 2004. "Strategien zur Bekämpfung der weltweiten Armut: Irrwege, Umwege und Auswege," Kiel Discussion Papers 407, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    28. Griffith-Jones, Stephany & Ocampo, José Antonio, 2003. "What progress on international financial reform? why so limited?," Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago (Estudios e Investigaciones) 34941, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    29. Norman Loayza & Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel & Luis Servén, 2000. "What Drives Private Saving Across the World?," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 82(2), pages 165-181, May.
    30. Ansgar Belke & Ralph Setzer, 2003. "Exchange Rate Volatility and Employment Growth: Empirical Evidence from the CEE Economies," CESifo Working Paper Series 1056, CESifo.
    31. Carstensen, Kai & Gern, Klaus-Jürgen & Kamps, Christophe & Scheide, Joachim, 2002. "Euroland: Upswing postponed," Kiel Discussion Papers 396, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    32. Lal, Deepak, 1987. "The Political Economy of Economic Liberalization," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 1(2), pages 273-299, January.
    33. Cardenas, Mauricio & Barrera, Felipe, 1997. "On the effectiveness of capital controls: The experience of Colombia during the 1990s," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1), pages 27-57, October.
    34. Erich Gundlach & Jose Navarro de Pablo & Natascha Weisert, 2001. "Education Is Good for the Poor: a Note on Dollar and Kraay (2001)," WIDER Working Paper Series DP2001-137, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    35. Daron Acemoglu & Simon Johnson & James A. Robinson, 2001. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(5), pages 1369-1401, December.
    36. Morris Goldstein, 2017. "Managed Floating Plus," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: TRADE CURRENCIES AND FINANCE, chapter 6, pages 207-239, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    37. Belke, Ansgar & Gros, Daniel, 2002. "Monetary integration in the Southern Cone," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 323-349, December.
    38. Frederic S. Mishkin & Adam S. Posen, 1997. "Inflation targeting: lessons from four countries," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 3(Aug), pages 9-110.
    39. Mr. Arvind Subramanian & Mr. Francesco Trebbi & Mr. Dani Rodrik, 2002. "Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Integration and Geography in Economic Development," IMF Working Papers 2002/189, International Monetary Fund.
    40. Deininger, Klaus & Olinto, Pedro, 2000. "Asset distribution, inequality, and growth," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2375, The World Bank.
    41. Luc Christiaensen & Lionel Demery & Stefano Paternostro, 2002. "Growth, Distribution, and Poverty in Africa : Messages from the 1990s," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 15215.
    42. Machado, Roberto & Morley, Samuel A. & Pettinato, Stefano, 1999. "Indexes of structural reform in Latin America," Series Históricas 7453, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    43. Carare, Alina & Stone, Mark R., 2006. "Inflation targeting regimes," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(5), pages 1297-1315, July.
    44. John Williamson, 2000. "Exchange Rate Regimes for Emerging Markets: Reviving the Intermediate Option," Peterson Institute Press: All Books, Peterson Institute for International Economics, number pa60, April.
    45. Schweickert, Rainer & Thiele, Rainer & Wiebelt, Manfred, 2003. "Makroökonomische Reformen und Armutsbekämpfung in Bolivien: ebnet die HIPC-Initiative den Weg zu sozialverträglicher Anpassung?," Kiel Discussion Papers 398, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    46. Stephan Klasen, 2003. "In Search of The Holy Grail: How to Achieve Pro-Poor Growth ?," Ibero America Institute for Econ. Research (IAI) Discussion Papers 096, Ibero-America Institute for Economic Research.
    47. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 2001. "Ist diesmal alles anders? Die neue Welle regionaler Integration in Lateinamerika aus europäischer Perspektive," Kiel Working Papers 1026, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    48. Michael Gavin & Ricardo Hausmann & Ernesto Talvi, 1997. "Saving Behavior in Latin America: Overview and Policy Issues," Research Department Publications 4070, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    49. Barro, Robert J, 2000. "Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 5-32, March.
    50. World Bank, 2003. "World Development Indicators 2003," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 13920.
    51. Edwards, Sebastian, 1996. "Why are Latin America's savings rates so low? An international comparative analysis," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 5-44, October.
    52. Mr. Mark Zelmer & Ms. Andrea Schaechter, 2000. "Adopting Inflation Targeting: Practical Issues for Emerging Market Countries," IMF Occasional Papers 2000/017, International Monetary Fund.
    53. Kuczynski, Pedro-Pablo & John Williamson (ed.), 2003. "After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America," Peterson Institute Press: All Books, Peterson Institute for International Economics, number 350, April.
    54. Kaufmann, Daniel & Kraay, Aart & Zoido-Lobaton, Pablo, 1999. "Aggregating governance indicators," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2195, The World Bank.
    55. Mr. Saleh M. Nsouli & Mr. Mounir Rached & Mr. Norbert Funke, 2002. "The Speed of Adjustment and the Sequencing of Economic Reforms: Issues and Guidelines for Policymakers," IMF Working Papers 2002/132, International Monetary Fund.
    56. Kristin J. Forbes, 2000. "A Reassessment of the Relationship between Inequality and Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(4), pages 869-887, September.
    57. Andrew A. Samwick, 2000. "Is Pension Reform Conducive to Higher Saving?," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 82(2), pages 264-272, May.
    58. Mr. Mark R. Stone, 2003. "Inflation Targeting Lite," IMF Working Papers 2003/012, International Monetary Fund.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Vinhas de Souza, Lúcio & Schweickert, Rainer & Movchan, Veronika & Bilan, Olena & Burakovsky, Igor, 2005. "Now so near, and yet still so far: economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union," Kiel Discussion Papers 419, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    2. Julija MICHAILOVA, 2009. "Gender, Corruption And Sustainable Growth In Transition Countries," Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Financial Management and Accounting Craiova, vol. 4(3(9)_Fall).
    3. Hammermann, Felix & Schweickert, Rainer, 2005. "EU enlargement and institutional development: How far away are the EU's Balkan and Black Sea neighbors?," Kiel Working Papers 1261, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    4. Benner, Joachim & Gern, Klaus-Jürgen & Meier, Carsten-Patrick & Scheide, Joachim, 2005. "Low-speed recovery in euroland," Kiel Discussion Papers 420, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    5. Gawrich, Andrea & Schweickert, Rainer, 2004. "Institutionelle Entwicklung in Europa - wie weit sind die südosteuropäischen Länder?," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 3259, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    6. Schweickert, Rainer, 2005. "Vor der nächsten Erweiterung - Herausforderungen und Reformbedarf der EU," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 3667, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    7. Thorsten Drautzburg & Andrea Gawrich & Inna Melnykovska, 2008. "Institutional Convergence of CIS Towards European Benchmarks," CASE Network Reports 0082, CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Norman Loayza & Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel & Luis Servén, 2001. "Una Revisión del COmportamiento y de los determinantes del ahorro en el mundo," Central Banking, Analysis, and Economic Policies Book Series, in: Felipe Morandé & Rodrigo Vergara & Norman Loayza (Series Editor) & Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel (Series Edit (ed.),Análisis Empírico del Ahorro en Chile, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 2, pages 13-48, Central Bank of Chile.
    2. W. A. Naudé, 2004. "The effects of policy, institutions and geography on economic growth in Africa: an econometric study based on cross-section and panel data," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(6), pages 821-849.
    3. Nunnenkamp, Peter & Thiele, Rainer, 2004. "Strategien zur Bekämpfung der weltweiten Armut: Irrwege, Umwege und Auswege," Kiel Discussion Papers 407, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    4. Han, Xuehui & Wei, Shang-Jin, 2017. "Re-examining the middle-income trap hypothesis (MITH): What to reject and what to revive?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(PA), pages 41-61.
    5. Gawrich, Andrea & Schweickert, Rainer, 2004. "Institutionelle Entwicklung in Europa - wie weit sind die südosteuropäischen Länder?," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 3259, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    6. Kouadio, Hugues Kouassi & Gakpa, Lewis-Landry, 2022. "Do economic growth and institutional quality reduce poverty and inequality in West Africa?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 41-63.
    7. Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés & Ketterer, Tobias, 2016. "Institutions vs. ‘First-Nature’ Geography – What Drives Economic Growth in Europe’s Regions?," CEPR Discussion Papers 11322, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    8. Grabiella Berloffa & Maria Luigia Segnana, 2004. "Trade, inequality and pro-poor growth: Two perspectives, one message?," Department of Economics Working Papers 0408, Department of Economics, University of Trento, Italia.
    9. Martin Ravallion, 2013. "The Idea of Antipoverty Policy," NBER Working Papers 19210, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Mr. Charalambos G Tsangarides, 2005. "Growth Empirics Under Model Uncertainty: Is Africa Different?," IMF Working Papers 2005/018, International Monetary Fund.
    11. Frankel, Jeffrey A., 2010. "The Natural Resource Curse: A Survey," Scholarly Articles 4454156, Harvard Kennedy School of Government.
    12. Alali, Walid Y., 2010. "Impact of Institutions and Policy on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence," EconStor Preprints 269878, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    13. Alali, Walid Y., 2010. "Impact of Institutions and Policy on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence," MPRA Paper 115610, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Stephen Knowles, 2006. "Is Social Capital Part of the Institutions Continuum and is it a Deep Determinant of Development?," WIDER Working Paper Series RP2006-25, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    15. Maier, Rolf, 2005. "External Debt and Pro-Poor Growth," Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Kiel 2005 23, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.
    16. Schweickert, Rainer, 2003. "Vom Washington-Konsens zum Post-Washington-Dissens? Glaubwürdigkeit, Timing und Sequencing wirtschaftlicher Reformen," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 3082, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    17. David Fielding & Sebastian Torres, 2006. "A simultaneous equation model of economic development and income inequality," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 4(3), pages 279-301, December.
    18. Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, 2006. "La Gran Transición de Regímenes Cambiarios y Monetarios en América Latina," Economic Policy Papers Central Bank of Chile 17, Central Bank of Chile.
    19. Tobias D. Ketterer & Andrés Rodríguez‐Pose, 2018. "Institutions vs. ‘first‐nature’ geography: What drives economic growth in Europe's regions?," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 97(S1), pages 25-62, March.
    20. Dietz, Simon & Neumayer, Eric & De Soysa, Indra, 2007. "Corruption, the resource curse and genuine saving," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 33-53, February.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:zbw:ifwkdp:408. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/iwkiede.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.