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The Evolution of Forecast Density Combinations in Economics

Author

Listed:
  • Knut Are Aastveit

    (Norges Bank)

  • James Mitchell

    (Warwick Business School)

  • Francesco Ravazzolo

    (Free University of Bozen/Bolzano)

  • Herman van Dijk

    (Erasmus University, Noges Bank)

Abstract
Increasingly, professional forecasters and academic researchers present model-based and subjective or judgment-based forecasts in economics which are accompanied by some measure of uncertainty. In its most complete form this measure is a probability density function for future values of the variables of interest. At the same time combinations of forecast densities are being used in order to integrate information coming from several sources like experts, models and large micro-data sets. Given this increased relevance of forecast density combinations, the genesis and evolution of this approach, both inside and outside economics, is explored. A fundamental density combination equation is specified which shows that various frequentist as well as Bayesian approaches give different specific contents to this density. In its most simplistic case, it is a restricted finite mixture, giving fixed equal weights to the various individual densities. The specification of the fundamental density combination is made more flexible in recent literature. It has evolved from using simple average weights to optimized weights and then to `richer' procedures that allow for time-variation, learning features and model incompleteness. The recent history and evolution of forecast density combination methods, together with their potential and benefits, are illustrated in a policy making environment of central banks.

Suggested Citation

  • Knut Are Aastveit & James Mitchell & Francesco Ravazzolo & Herman van Dijk, 2018. "The Evolution of Forecast Density Combinations in Economics," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 18-069/III, Tinbergen Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:tin:wpaper:20180069
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    File URL: https://papers.tinbergen.nl/18069.pdf
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    3. Knüppel, Malte & Krüger, Fabian, 2017. "Forecast Uncertainty, Disagreement, and Linear Pools of Density Forecasts," VfS Annual Conference 2017 (Vienna): Alternative Structures for Money and Banking 168294, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    4. Knotek, Edward S. & Zaman, Saeed, 2023. "Real-time density nowcasts of US inflation: A model combination approach," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 1736-1760.
    5. Michael K. Adjemian & Valentina G. Bruno & Michel A. Robe, 2020. "Incorporating Uncertainty into USDA Commodity Price Forecasts," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 102(2), pages 696-712, March.
    6. Kenichiro McAlinn & Kosaku Takanashi, 2019. "Mean-shift least squares model averaging," Papers 1912.01194, arXiv.org.
    7. Yuru Sun & Worapree Maneesoonthorn & Ruben Loaiza-Maya & Gael M. Martin, 2023. "Optimal probabilistic forecasts for risk management," Papers 2303.01651, arXiv.org.
    8. David Kohns & Tibor Szendrei, 2020. "Horseshoe Prior Bayesian Quantile Regression," Papers 2006.07655, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2021.
    9. Roberto Casarin & Stefano Grassi & Francesco Ravazzolo & Herman K. van Dijk, 2019. "Forecast density combinations with dynamic learning for large data sets in economics and finance," Working Paper 2019/7, Norges Bank.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Forecasting; Model Uncertainty; Density Combinations;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C10 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - General
    • C11 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Bayesian Analysis: General

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