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Los inmigrantes mexicanos, salvadoreños y dominicanos en el mercado laboral estadounidense: las brechas de género en los años 1990 y 2000

Author

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  • Gammage, Sarah
  • Schmitt, John
Abstract
Resumen En el trabajo se expone una reseña de la migración de México, El Salvador y la República Dominicana hacia los Estados Unidos. Mediante la información de los censos estadounidenses de 1990 y 2000 se describe la actual localización geográfica de los inmigrantes, se caracteriza una serie de indicadores del bienestar, se analiza el grado de integración económica y social de los hogares inmigrantes y se consideran los progresos y retos de la integración de las mujeres inmigrantes de los tres países en el mercado de trabajo de los Estados Unidos. Se sostiene que la migración responde fundamentalmente a la expectativa de mayores oportunidades económicas en el mercado de trabajo de los Estados Unidos y se observa que el género es un factor importante en la migración en cuanto a quién emigra y cuándo, con qué nivel de preparación y con qué recursos económicos y personales, en cuáles mercados de trabajo y ocupaciones se busca inserción, y en el monto de las remesas que se envían a los familiares y comunidades en los países de origen. A pesar de la acelerada migración ocurrida durante los años noventa, flujo en el que se advierte un descenso leve en el nivel educativo de los inmigrantes más recientes, los hogares inmigrantes, por lo general, lograron elevar su nivel socioeconómico en esa década. Ahora bien, existen grandes brechas entre las oportunidades económicas de las mujeres inmigrantes y sus compatriotas hombres: ellas tienen una tasa de empleo inferior y ganan menos al año y por hora que los varones de sus países. De acuerdo con la descomposición Oaxaca-Blinder, ello no se explica por deficiencias de capital humano, ya que el de las mujeres es incluso ligeramente superior al de los hombres nacidos en el mismo país. Las brechas de género parecen responder al trato diferencial en tanto inmigrantes y mujeres. Un posible canal para esta discriminación es su segregación en ocupaciones que concentran tasas altas de mujeres e inmigrantes, y donde los rendimientos económicos del capital humano son inferiores a los de otras ocupaciones, lo cual se analiza con índices Duncan.

Suggested Citation

  • Gammage, Sarah & Schmitt, John, 2004. "Los inmigrantes mexicanos, salvadoreños y dominicanos en el mercado laboral estadounidense: las brechas de género en los años 1990 y 2000," Estudios y Perspectivas – Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México 4940, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    • Handle: RePEc:ecr:col031:4940
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fairlie, Robert W., 2003. "An Extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition Technique to Logit and Probit Models," Center Discussion Papers 28425, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
    2. Fairlie, Robert W, 1999. "The Absence of the African-American Owned Business: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Employment," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 17(1), pages 80-108, January.
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    4. Poirine, Bernard, 1997. "A theory of remittances as an implicit family loan arrangement," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 589-611, January.
    5. Funkhouser, Edward, 1995. "Remittances from International Migration: A Comparison of El Salvador and Nicaragua," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 77(1), pages 137-146, February.
    6. Fairlie, Robert W, 1999. "The Absence of the African-American Owned Business: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Employment," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 17(1), pages 80-108, January.
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    1. Bowles, Paul & Moreno Brid, Juan Carlos, 2006. "The political economy of Mexico's dollarization debate," Estudios y Perspectivas – Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México 4981, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    2. Saade Hazin, Lilian, 2005. "Agir ensemble pour une gestion plus efficace des services de l'eau potable et l'assainissement en Haïti," Estudios y Perspectivas – Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México 4958, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    3. Moreno Brid, Juan Carlos & Rivas Valdivia, Juan Carlos & Santamaría, Jesús, 2005. "Mexico: economic growth, exports and industrial performance after NAFTA," Estudios y Perspectivas – Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México 4963, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).

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