Yaren Chewa

Yaren Chewa
Chilankhulo cha Chichewa — Chicheŵa
'Yan asalin magana	harshen asali: 12,000,000 (2007)
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo Harsunan Atlantic-Congo Harsunan Volta-Congo Harsunan Benue-Congo Harsunan Bantoid Southern Bantoid (en) Bantu (en) East Bantu (en) Nyasa (en) Chewa language
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1	ny
ISO 639-2	nya
ISO 639-3	nya
Glottolog	nyan1308[1]

Chewa (wanda aka fi sani da Nyanja, /ˈnjændʒə/) yare ne na Bantu da ake magana a Malawi kuma sanannen 'yan tsiraru ne a Zambia da Mozambique . Ana amfani da prefix na aji chi- don harsuna, ^[2] don haka ana kiran yaren Chichewa da Chinyanja (wanda aka rubuta Cinianja a cikin Portuguese). ^[3] Malawi, an canza sunan a hukumance daga Chinyanja zuwa Chichewa a shekarar 1968 a kan dagewar Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda (shi kansa daga Mutanen Chewa), kuma wannan har yanzu shine sunan da aka fi amfani dashi a Malawi a yau. ^[4] Zambia, an san yaren da Nyanja ko Cinyanja/Chinyanja ' (harshe) na tafkin' (yana nufin Tafkin Malawi). [1]

A cikin tarihin Malawi, Chewa da Tumbuka ne kawai a wani lokaci suka kasance manyan harsunan kasa da jami'an gwamnati ke amfani da su da kuma a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. Koyaya, yaren Tumbuka ya sha wahala sosai a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda, tun daga shekarar 1968 sakamakon manufofinsa na ƙasa ɗaya, harshe ɗaya ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayin harshen hukuma a Malawi. A sakamakon haka, an cire Tumbuka daga tsarin karatun makaranta, rediyo na kasa, da kafofin watsa labarai. ^[5] Tare ^[6] zuwan dimokuradiyya ta jam'iyyun da yawa a cikin 1994, an sake fara shirye-shiryen Tumbuka a rediyo, amma yawan littattafai da sauran wallafe-wallafen a Tumbuka ya kasance ƙasa.

Chewa shine sanannen yaren Malawi, wanda ake magana da shi mafi yawa a Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin ƙasar. ^[7] Hakanan ana magana shi a Lardin Gabashin Zambia, da kuma Mozambique, musamman a lardunan Tete da Niassa.   [Tushen da aka buga da kansa?] Yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 55 da aka nuna a cikin Jirgin sararin samaniya na Voyager . [1]

^[8][9] Chewa reshe ne na mutanen Maravi waɗanda ke zaune a Lardin Gabashin Zambia da arewacin Mozambique har zuwa kudu kamar Kogin Zambezi daga karni na 16 ko a baya.

António Gamitto ne ya fara rubuta sunan "Chevas" (a cikin nau'in Chévas), wanda a lokacin da yake da shekaru 26 a 1831 aka nada shi a matsayin na biyu a cikin umurni na balaguro daga Tete zuwa kotun Sarki Kazembe a cikin abin da ke yanzu Zambia. Hanyar ^[10] ya yi ta hanyar ƙasar Sarki Undi a yammacin tsaunukan Dzalanyama, a fadin kusurwar Malawi ta yanzu zuwa Zambia. Daga baya, ya rubuta wani asusun da ya hada da wasu bayanan ethnographic da harshe da ƙamus. ^[11] cewar Gamitto, mutanen Malawi ko Maravi (Maraves) su ne mutanen da Sarki Undi ya mallaka a kudancin kogin Chambwe (ba da nisa a kudancin iyakar Mozambique / Zambia ta yanzu ba), yayin da Chewa ke zaune a arewacin Chambwe.

Wani, mafi girma, jerin kalmomi 263 da jimloli na yaren ya yi da mishan na Jamus Sigismund Koelle wanda, yana aiki a Saliyo a Yammacin Afirka, ya yi hira da wasu tsoffin bayi 160 kuma ya rubuta kalmomin a cikin yarensu. Ya buga sakamakon a cikin littafin da ake kira Polyglotta Africana a 1854. Ɗaya daga cikin bayin da ya yi hira da shi shine Mateke, wanda ke magana da yaren da ya kira 'Maravi'. Harshen Mateke a bayyane yake yaren kudancin wani nau'i ne na farko na Nyanja. ^[12], kalmar nan "shekaru biyu" a cikin jawabin Mateke, yayin da ga mai ba da labari na Johannes Rebmann Salimini, wanda ya fito daga yankin Lilongwe, shi ne bzaka bziŵiri. Bambancin ^[13] iri ɗaya ya tsira a yau a cikin kalmar dzala ko bzala " (zuwa) shuka".

Baya ga 'yan kalmomin da Gamitto da Koelle suka rubuta, Johannes Rebmann ne ya yi rikodin farko na harshen Chewa a cikin Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language, wanda aka buga a 1877 amma an rubuta shi a 1853-4. Rebmann ^[14] kasance mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a kusa da Mombasa a Kenya, kuma ya sami bayaninsa daga wani bawa na Malawi, wanda aka sani da sunan Swahili Salimini, wanda aka kama a Malawi kimanin shekaru goma da suka gabata. ^[15], wanda mombo fito ne daga wani wuri da ake kira Mphande a bayyane yake a yankin Lilongwe, ya kuma lura da wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin yarensa, wanda ya kira Kikamtunda, "harshe na tsaunin", da yaren Kimaravi da ake magana a kudu; alal misali, Maravi ya ba da sunan mombo ga itacen da kansa ya kira kamphoni.