Harshen Tumbuka

Harshen Tumbuka
ChiTumbuka — Chitumbuka
'Yan asalin magana	2,680,000
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo Harsunan Atlantic-Congo Harsunan Volta-Congo Harsunan Benue-Congo Harsunan Bantoid Southern Bantoid (en) Bantu (en) East Bantu (en) Nyasa (en) Harshen Tumbuka
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	tum
ISO 639-3	tum
Glottolog	tumb1250[1]

Harshen Tumbuka yaren Bantu ne wanda ake magana da shi a Malawi, Zambia, da Tanzaniya . ^[2] Chitumbuka kuma ya san shi</link> kuma ya rubuta Citumbuka</link> - chi- prefix da ke gaban Tumbuka yana nufin "a cikin yanayin", kuma a wannan yanayin ana fahimtar ma'anar "harshen mutanen Tumbuka ". Tumbuka yana cikin rukunin yare ɗaya ( Guthrie Zone N ) da Chewa . ^[3]

Almanac na Duniya shekarar alif daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas(1998) ya kiyasta cewa akwai kusan masu magana da Tumbuka miliyan biyu da dubu tamanin 2,080,000 a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998, kodayake wasu majiyoyin sun ƙididdige adadin mafi ƙanƙanta. An ce yawancin masu magana da harshen Tumbuka suna zaune a Malawi. ^[2] Tumbuka ita ce mafi yawan yarukan Arewacin Malawi, musamman a yankunan Rumphi, Mzuzu, Mzimba da Karonga . ^[4]

Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin nau'in Tumbuka da ake magana a cikin biranen Malawi (wanda ke aron wasu kalmomi daga Swahili da Chewa ) da "kauye" ko "zurfin" Tumbuka da ake magana a ƙauyuka. Bambancin Rumphi galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi “tsabtar harshe”, kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa “tumbuka na gaske”. ^[5] Yaren Mzimba ya sami tasiri sosai daga Zulu (chiNgoni), ^[6] har zuwa samun danna kalmomi kamar chitha</link> [ ʇʰitʰa ]</link> "urinate", wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu yarukan.

A cikin tarihin Malawi, Tumbuka da Chewa ne kawai suka kasance a wani lokaci ko kuma wani harshe na farko da jami'an gwamnati ke amfani da su. Duk da haka, harshen Tumbuka ya sha wahala sosai a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda, tun a shekara ta alif 1968 sakamakon manufofinsa na kasa daya, harshe daya ya rasa matsayinsa na harshen hukuma a Malawi. Hakan ya sa aka cire Tumbuka daga tsarin karatun makaranta, gidan rediyon kasa, da kuma kafafen yada labarai. ^[7] Da zuwan dimokradiyyar jam’iyyu da yawa a 1994, an sake fara shirye-shiryen Tumbuka a rediyo, amma adadin littattafai da sauran littattafai a Tumbuka ya ragu. ^[8]

Ana amfani da tsarin rubutu guda biyu na Tumbuka: rubutun gargajiya (an yi amfani da shi misali a cikin sigar Chitumbuka na Wikipedia da kuma a jaridar Fuko .</link> ), a cikin waɗanne kalmomi irin su banthu</link> 'mutane' da chaka</link> An rubuta 'shekara' da 'b' da 'ch', da kuma sabon rubutun kalmomi (amfani da misali a cikin ƙamus na Citumbuka wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta buga akan layi da kuma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na kan layi), wanda a ciki an rubuta kalmomi iri ɗaya da su. 'ŵ' da 'c', misali ŵanthu da caka . (Sautin 'ŵ' shine mai zagaye kusa da [w] wanda ake furtawa da harshe a wurin kusa-i. ^[9] Akwai rashin tabbas kan inda za a rubuta 'r' da kuma inda 'l', misali cakulya</link> (Kamus) ko cakurya</link> (Bible) 'abinci'. (A gaskiya [l] da [r] allphone na sauti iri ɗaya ne. ) Akwai kuma shakku tsakanin kalmomin 'sk' da 'sy' (duka miskombe</link> da misyombe</link> ('bamboo') ana samunsu a cikin ƙamus na Citumbuka). ^[10]

Wasalan guda ɗaya /a/</link> , /ɛ/</link> , /i/</link> , /ɔ/</link> , /u/</link> da syllabic /m̩/</link> Ana samun su a Tumbuka kamar yadda a cikin yaren makwabta Chewa . ^[11]

Har ila yau, baƙaƙen Tumbuka suna kama da na Chewa maƙwabta, amma tare da wasu bambance-bambance. Ci gaba da sauti /ɣ/</link> , /β/</link> da /h/</link> , waɗanda ba su nan ko kaɗan a Chewa, sun zama ruwan dare a Tumbuka. Har ila yau, na kowa shine sautunan da ba su da kyau /vʲ/</link> , /fʲ/</link> , /bʲ/</link> , /pʲ/</link> , /skʲ/</link> , /zgʲ/</link> , da /ɽʲ/</link> . A Tumbuka babu 'yan kasuwa kamar Chichewa /psʲ/</link> , /bzʲ/</link> , /t͡s/</link> , /d͡z/</link> . Sauti /s/</link> da /z/</link> ba a taba nasalised a Tumbuka, don haka Chewa nsómba</link> ('fifi') = Tumbuka somba</link> . Sautin /ʃ/</link> ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin kalmomin waje kamar shati</link> ('shirt') dan shuga</link> ('sukari'). Tumbuka /ɽ/</link> wani lokacin yakan yi daidai da Chewa /d/</link> , misali Chewa kudwala</link> 'to be rashin lafiya' = Tumbuka kulwala</link> , Chewa kudya</link> 'cin abinci' = Tumbuka kulya</link> . Lafazin "sk" da "zg" sun bambanta bisa ga yare.

Baƙaƙen Tumbuka akai-akai ko dai an lanƙwasa su (watau biye da /y/) ko kuma zagaye (watau /w/ bi.) Wasu daga cikinsu kuma ana iya gaba da su da hanci mai ɗaci (/n/, /ng'/ ko /m/) . Ana nuna yuwuwar haɗe-haɗe a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa:

Table of Tumbuka Consonants ^{[12] [13]}

		labbabi			hakori			palatal		maras kyau		glotal
		a fili	lab.	dan uwa	a fili	lab.	dan uwa	a fili	lab.	a fili	lab.
hanci		ma /m /	mwa /mʷ /	mya /mʲ /	na /n /	uwa /nʷ /	ina /nʲ /			ina /ŋ /	ng'wa /ŋʷ /
m / </br> dangantaka	mara murya	ba /p /	pwa /pʷ /	pya /pʲ /	ta /t /	twa /tʷ /	tya /tʲ /	ca /t͡ʃ /	cwa /t͡ʃʷ /	ka /k /	kwa /kʷ /
	murya	ba /ɓ /	bwa /ɓʷ /	bya /bʲ /	da /ɗ /	dwa /ɗʷ /	dya /ɗʲ /	ja /d ͡ʒ /	jwa /d͡ʒʷ /	ga /g /	gwa /gʷ /
	m	pha /pʰ /	phwa /pʷʰ /	phya /pʲʰ /	ta /tʰ /	tawa /tʷʰ /	ka /tʲʰ /	cha /t͡ʃʰ /		kha /kʰ /	kowa /kʷʰ /
	nasalised	mba /ᵐb /	mbwa /ᵐbʷ /	mbya /ᵐbʲ /	nda /da /	ndwa /ɗʷ /	(ndya) [lower-alpha 1] /ɗʲ /	nja /ɗ ʒ /		nga /g /	ngwa /ᵑgʷ /
	nasalised </br> m	mpha /ᵐpʰ /	mphwa /ᵐpʷʰ /	mfy /ᵐpʲʰ /	ntha /da /	wata /ɗʰ /	(natsaya) /tʲʰ /	ncha /ba ʃʰ /		nkha /kʰ /	nkhwa /kʷʰ /
m	mara murya	fa /f /	fwa /fʷ /	fya /fʲ /	sa /s /	swa /sʷ /	ska (ya) /sʲ /	(sha) /ʃ /				ha /h /
	murya	ba /v /	wata /vʷ /	vya /vʲ /	za /z /	zwa /zʷ /	zga /zʲ /
semivowel / ruwa		ŵa /β /	wa /w /		la/ra /ɽ /	lwa/rwa /ɽʷ /	iya/rya /ɽʲ /	ya /j /		ga /da /

Babban bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Chewa da Tumbuka shi ne cewa Chewa harshe ne na tonal, yayin da a Tumbuka ba a bambance sautin tsakanin kalma ɗaya da wata.

Tumbuka yana da lafazin tonal amma ta hanya mai iyaka, ta yadda kowace kalma, da aka yi magana a keɓe, tana da sautin faɗuwa iri ɗaya akan ma'anar kalmar (wanda kuma ya zo daidai da damuwa). ^[14] Don haka ba zai yiwu ba a Tumbuka a bambanta kalmomi guda biyu daban-daban ko mabanbanta lokaci biyu, kamar yadda ake yi a Chichewa da sauran harsunan Bantu. Koyaya, wannan sautin faɗuwar juzu'i yana faruwa ba akan kowace kalma ba, amma akan kalmar ƙarshe ta jimlar sautin kawai; misali a cikin jimla mai zuwa, kalma ta biyu ce kawai tana da sautin sauti, ta farko mara sauti: ^[15]

• ti-ku-phika sî:ma 'we are cooking porridge'

Ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tonal a cikin ra'ayoyin (kalmomin bayyanannu) na Tumbuka; misali Low ( yoyoyo</link> 'watse cikin kananan guda'), High ( fyá:</link> 'swooping low (na tsuntsaye)'), High-Low ( phúli</link> 'sautin abu ya fashe'), da Low-High ( yií</link> 'bacewar kwatsam'), da sauransu ^[16]

Hakanan ana amfani da sautunan intonational a Tumbuka; alal misali, a eh–babu tambayoyi sau da yawa akan sami faɗuwar ƙasa mai girma akan harafin ƙarshe na tambayar: ^[17]

• ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ? 'are you also weeding the maize?'

Da alama babu daidaito, alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin sautin a Tumbuka da mai da hankali . ^[18]

Kamar yadda aka saba a cikin harsunan Bantu, ana harhada sunayen Tumbuka zuwa nau'o'in sunaye daban-daban bisa ga prefixes guda ɗaya da jam'i. Kowane nau'in suna yana da nasa sifa, karin magana, da yarjejeniyar fi'ili, wanda aka sani da 'concords'. Inda yarjejeniyoyin suka saba da prefix, yarjejeniyoyin suna kan gaba wajen yanke shawarar nau'in suna. Misali, sunan katundu</link> 'mallaka', duk da kasancewar prefix ka-, an sanya shi a cikin aji 1, tunda wani ya ce katundu uyu</link> 'Wadannan kadarorin' ta amfani da aji 1 mai nuna uyu</link> . Malawi da kansu (misali a cikin ƙamus Citumbuka na Jami'ar Malawi) suna nufin azuzuwan suna ta sunayen gargajiya kamar "Mu-Ŵa-"; Kwararrun Bantu, duk da haka, suna komawa zuwa azuzuwan ta lambobi (1/2 da sauransu) daidai da azuzuwan suna na sauran harsunan Bantu. Wani lokaci sunaye ba su dace da azuzuwan da ke ƙasa ba, misali fumu</link> 'shugaba' (class 9) ba bisa ka'ida ba yana da jam'i mafumu a aji 6.

Darasi na 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)

Wasu sunaye a cikin wannan ajin basu da prefix Mu-:

• Munthu pl. ŵanthu (banthu) = person
• Muzungu pl. ŵazungu (bazungu) = foreigner, white man
• Mwana pl. ŵana (bana) = child
• Bulu pl. ŵabulu = donkey
• Sibweni pl. ŵasibweni = maternal uncle
• Katundu (no pl.) = goods, possessions

Darasi na 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)

• Mutu pl. mitu = head
• Mkuyu pl. mikuyu = fig-tree
• Moyo pl. miyoyo = life
• Mtima pl. mitima = heart

Darasi na 5/6 (Li-Ma-)

• Bele (bhele pl. mabele (mabhele) = breast
• Boma (bhoma) pl. maboma (mabhoma) = government, district
• Botolo (bhotolo) pl. mabotolo (mabhotolo) = bottle
• Fuko pl. mafuko = tribe, nation
• Jiso pl. maso = eye
• Maji (no singular) = water
• Phiri pl. mapiri = hill
• Suzgo pl. masuzgo = problem, trouble
• Woko pl. mawoko = hand

Darasi na 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)

• Caka (chaka) pl. vyaka = year
• Caro (charo) pl. vyaro = country, land
• Ciŵeto (chibeto) pl. viŵeto (vibeto) = farm animal
• Cidakwa (chidakwa) pl. vidakwa = drunkard
• Cikoti (chikoti) pl. vikoti = whip

Darasi na 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)

• Mbale pl. mbale (mambale) = plate
• Ndalama pl. ndalama = money
• Njelwa pl. njelwa = brick
• Nkhuku pl. nkhuku = chicken
• Somba pl. somba = fish

Darasi na 11 (Lu-)

Wasu masu magana suna ɗaukar kalmomi a cikin wannan ajin kamar suna cikin aji 5/6. ^[19]

• Lwande = side
• Lumbiri = fame
• Lulimi = tongue

Darasi na 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)

• Kanthu (kantu) pl. tunthu (tuntu) = small thing
• Kamwana pl. tuŵana (tubana) = baby
• Kayuni pl. tuyuni = bird
• Tulo (no singular) = sleep

Darasi na 14/6 (U-Ma-)

Waɗannan sunaye akai-akai kuma ba su da jam'i.

• Usiku = night
• Ulimi = farming
• Ulalo pl. maulalo = bridge
• Uta pl. mauta = bow

Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive

• Kugula = to buy, buying
• Kwiba (kwibha) = to steal, stealing

Azuzuwan 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Wuri

• Pasi = underneath
• Kunthazi (kuntazi) = in front, before
• Mukati = inside

Kalmomi, dalla-dalla, lambobi, masu mallaka, da karin magana a cikin Tumbuka dole ne su yarda da sunan da ake magana akai. Ana yin haka ta hanyar prefixes, infixes, ko suffixes da ake kira 'concords' waɗanda suka bambanta bisa ga ajin suna. Class 1 yana da mafi girma iri-iri na concords, daban-daban don karin magana, prefix topic, infix abu, lambobi, adjectives, da masu mallaka: ^{[20] [21] [22]}

• Mwana uyu = this child
• Mwana yumoza = one child
• Mwana uyo = that child
• Mwana yose = the whole child
• Mwana waliyose = every child
• Mwana wakamuwona = the child saw him
• Mwana muchoko (coko) = the small child
• Mwana wa Khumbo = Khumbo's child
• Mwana wane = my child
• Mwana wawona = the child has seen

Sauran nau'o'in suna suna da ƙananan nau'ikan concords, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga teburin da ke ƙasa:

Table of Tumbuka concords

	noun	English	this	num	that	all	subj	object	adj	of	perf
1	mwana	child	uyu	yu-	uyo	yose	wa-	-mu-	mu-	wa	wa-
2	ŵana	children	aŵa	ŵa-	awo	wose	ŵa-	-ŵa-	ŵa-	ŵa	ŵa-
3	mutu	head	uwu	wu-	uwo	wose	wu-	-wu-	wu-	wa	wa-
4	mitu	heads	iyi	yi-	iyo	yose	yi-	-yi-	yi-	ya	ya-
5	jiso	eye	ili	li-	ilo	lose	li-	-li-	li-	la	la-
6	maso	eyes	agha	gha-	agho	ghose	gha-	-gha-	gha-	gha	gha-
7	caka	year	ici	ci-	ico	cose	ci-	-ci-	ci-	ca	ca-
8	vyaka	years	ivi	vi-	ivyo	vyose	vi-	-vi-	vi-	vya	vya-
9	nyumba	house	iyi	yi-	iyo	yose	yi-	-yi-	yi-	ya	ya-
10	nyumba	houses	izi	zi-	izo	zose	zi-	-zi-	zi-	za	za-
11	lwande	side	ulu	lu-	ulo	lose	lu-	-lu-	lu-	lwa	lwa-
		(or:	ili	li-	ilo	lose	li-	-li-	li-	la	la-)
12	kayuni	bird	aka	ka-	ako	kose	ka-	-ka-	ka-	ka	ka-
13	tuyuni	birds	utu	tu-	uto	tose	tu-	-tu-	tu-	twa	twa-
14	uta	bow	uwu	wu-	uwo	wose	wu-	-wu-	wu-	wa	wa-
15	kugula	buying	uku	ku-	uko	kose	ku-	-ku-	ku-	kwa	kwa-
16	pasi	underneath	apa	pa-	apo	pose	pa-	-pa-	pa-	pa	pa-
17	kunthazi	in front	uku	ku-	uko	kose	ku-	-ku-	ku-	kwa	kwa-
18	mukati	inside	umu	mu-	umo	mose	mu-	-mu-	mu-	mwa	mwa-

Mai zuwa shine jerin jimlolin da za a iya amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya ziyarci yanki wanda babban yarensa shine Tumbuka:

Tumbuka	Turanci
Moni	Sannu
Monile	sannu, zuwa ga gungun mutane
Muli makola? Menene?	ya ya kake?
Muli makola? Menene?	Lafiya lau? , zuwa gungun mutane
Nili makola	ina lafiya
Tili makola	Muna lafiya
Naonga (chomene)	Na gode (mai yawa)
Yau (chomene)	Na gode (mai yawa)
Shin kun gaji da ku?	Menene sunanka?
Zina layin nan....	Sunana shi ne....
Me kuke gani?	Menene lokaci?
Ningakuvwila?	Zan iya taimaka muku?
Uyende makola	Barka da zuwa lafiya/tafiya lafiya
Mwende makola	Barka da zuwa lafiya/tafiya lafiya (ya ce ga gungun mutane)
Ina/ Eh	Ee
Yayi/Chala	A'a
Kwali	Ban sani ba
Mukumanya kuyowoya Chizungu?	Kuna iya jin Turanci?
Nayambapo kusambilila ChiTumbuka	Na fara koyon Tumbuka
Mukung'anamula vichi?	Me kuke nufi?
Chonde, ningaluta kubafa?	Zan iya zuwa gidan wanka?
Nakutemwa/Nkhukutemwa	"Ina son ku"
Phepa	Yi hakuri
Phpani	Yi hakuri (ga rukunin mutane)
Banja	Iyali
Yowoya	Yi magana/magana

Dole ne dukkan kalmomin aiki su kasance suna da prefix na jigo, wanda ya yarda da jigon suna. ^[23] Misali, kalmar ciŵinda</link> 'Mafarauci' aji na 7 ne, don haka idan abin magana ne, fi'ili yana da prefix ci- :

ciŵinda ci-ka-koma nkhalamu = 'the hunter killed a lion'^[24]

Hakanan yana yiwuwa batun ya zama suna na wuri (azuzuwan 16, 17, 18), a cikin haka kalmar fi'ili tana da prefix na wuri: ^[25]

pamphasa pa-ka-khala mwana = 'on the mat there sat down a child'

Har ila yau ana amfani da prefix ku- (aji na 17) ba da kansa ba lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da yanayin: ^[26]

kukuzizima madazi ghano = 'it's cold these days'

Lokacin da jigon karin magana ne na sirri, jigon jigon suna kamar haka (ana iya barin karin magana da kanta, amma ba prefix na batun ba):

(ine) n-kha-gula = 'I bought' (nkha- stands for ni-ka-)

(iwe) u-ka-gula = 'you bought' (informal, singular)

(iyo)^[27] wa-ka-gula = 'he, she bought'

(ise) ti-ka-gula = 'we bought'

(imwe) mu-ka-gula = 'you bought' (plural or respectful)

(iwo) ŵa-ka-gula = 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful)

A cikin madaidaicin lokaci, an taƙaita waɗannan zuwa n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-</link> , misali t-a-gula</link> 'mun saya'.

A cikin yare na Karonga, a cikin mutum na 3 mai maɗaukaki a- ana samun a maimakon wa-, jam’i na 3 kuwa shi ne wa- maimakon ŵa-, sai dai a daidai lokacin da ake amfani da wa- da ŵa- . ^[28]

Don nuna abu, ana iya ƙara infix a cikin fi'ili nan da nan kafin tushen fi'ili. Gabaɗaya magana, alamar abu na zaɓi ne: ^[29]

Pokani wa(yi)gula galimoto = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9)

Changa waka(mu)nyamula katundu = 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1)

Alamar abu ta yarda da ajin abun, kamar yadda aka nuna akan tebur na concords a sama.

Alamar abu kuma na iya zama wuri (azuzuwan 16, 17, ko 18): ^[30]

Kondwani wa(pa)kwera pa nyumba = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house'

Alamar wuri don karin magana na sirri sune kamar haka: ^[31]

waniona (ine) = 'he has seen me'

wakuona (iwe) = 'he has seen you'

wamuona = 'he has seen him/her'

wationa = 'he has seen us'

wamuonani = 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful)

waŵaona = 'he has seen them'

Ana yin abubuwan jin daɗi a cikin Tumbuka ta hanyar ƙara infixes, da kuma wani ɓangare ta kari. Ba kamar Chichewa ba, sautuna ba su haifar da wani ɓangare na banbance tsakanin ɗaki ɗaya da wani ba.

A baya an bambanta tsakanin lokutan hodiernal (yana nufin abubuwan da ke faruwa a yau) da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na nesa (yana nufin abubuwan da suka faru jiya ko wani lokaci da suka gabata). Koyaya, iyaka tsakanin kwanan nan da na nesa ba daidai bane. ^[32]

Ana yin wani bambanci tsakanin lokutan da suka gabata da cikakke. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da cikakken lokaci yana ɗaukar ma'anar cewa yanayin da ya haifar har yanzu yana wanzu a lokacin magana, misali: 'kabewa sun yada ( zathambalala .</link> ) bisa gonar'. ^[33] Hakanan ana iya amfani da cikakke na yanzu a cikin kalmomi masu bayyana halin yanzu kamar ndakhala</link> 'Ina zaune' ko ndakondwa</link> 'Na ji daɗi'. Ana amfani da kamiltaccen nesa don abubuwan da suka faru a wani lokaci da suka wuce amma wanda har yanzu tasirinsa yana aiki a yau, kamar libwe lilikuwa</link> 'dutsen ya fado' ko walikutayika</link> 'ya (ya mutu)'. ^[34]

Abubuwan da ke gaba suna bambanta kusa da abubuwan da suka faru na nesa. Wasu lokuta suna nuna cewa taron zai faru a wani wuri, misali ndamukuchezga</link> 'Zan je in ziyarta'. ^[35]

Hakanan ana samun abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a Tumbuka, kamar wati wagona</link> 'ya yi barci', wakaŵa kuti wafumapo</link> "ya tafi" da wazamukuŵa waguliska</link> 'zai saida'. ^[36]

Wasu lokutan Tumbuka ^[37]

Tashin hankali	Alamar tashin hankali	Misali	Fassara
Na yanzu mara iyaka	ku-	ku-luta	'don tafiya'
Gaba mai sauƙi	-ku-	wa-ku-luta	'shi/ta tafi/yana tafiya'
Na yau da kullum	-ku-... - anga	wa-ku-lut-anga	'shi/ta tafi' (wasu masu magana kawai)
Gaba cikakke	-a-	w-a-luta	'shi/ta tafi'
Gabatar da ci gaba cikakke	- a--... - anga	w-a-lut-anga	'shi/ta tafi'
Nesa cikakke	-ku-	wa-liku-luta	'shi/ta tafi'
Kwanan baya mai sauƙi	-angu-	w-angu-luta	'ya/ta tafi' (yau)
Ci gaba na baya-bayan nan	- angu-... - anga	w-angu-lut-anga	'shi/ta je' (yau)
Mai nisa mai sauƙi	-ka-	wa-ka-luta	'ya/ta tafi'
Ci gaba mai nisa da ya wuce	- ka--... - anga	wa-ka-lut-anga	'shi/tana zuwa/kasance ya tafi'
Nan gaba	... - inji	wa-lut-enge	'zai tafi' (yanzu ko yau)
Gaba mai mahimmanci [38]	- da-... - inji	wa-ti-lut-enge	' tabbas zai tafi'
Nan gaba [39]	-amu-(ku)	w-amuku-gula	'zai/ta siya' (wani wuri)
Makomar nesa	-zamu-(ku)-	wa-zamu-luta	'shi/ta zata tafi' (gobe ko daga baya)
Ci gaba mai nisa nan gaba	-zamu-... - anga	wa-zamu-lut-anga	'shi/ta zata tafi' (gobe ko daga baya)
Subjunctive na yanzu	-e	ti-lut-e	'mu tafi'
Distal subjunctive	- ka--... -e	wa-ka-gul-e	'domin ya saya (wani wuri)'
Mai yiwuwa	-ga-	wa-nga-luta	'zai iya tafiya' [40]

Wasu lokuta na gaba Vail (1972) da sauransu ne suka bayar. ^[41]

A cikin mutum na farko, ni-ku- da ni-ka- an taƙaita su zuwa nkhu- da nkha- : nkhuluta</link> 'Zan tafi', 'Zan tafi', nkhalutanga</link> 'Na kasance ina tafiya'. ^[42]

Don yin mummunan aiki a Tumbuka, kalmar yayi</link> ya cha(ra)</link> an ƙara a ko kusa da ƙarshen jumlar. Da alama yayi</link> matasa masu magana sun fi son: ^[43]

wakulemba kalata yayi

'he is not writing a letter'

tizamugwira ntchito cha machero

'we will not work tomorrow'

Tare da madaidaicin halin yanzu, duk da haka, akwai wani nau'i daban, ƙara -nda- kuma yana ƙarewa a -e : ^[44]

enya, nakumana nawo

'yes, I have met him'

yayi, nindakumane nawo

'no, I haven't met him'

Kalmomin asalin Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) da aka samo a Tumbuka:

Harshen Ngoni ya shafi dukkan yarukan Tumbuka, musamman a gundumar Mzimba na Malawi. Ngoni yare ne da ya samo asali daga mutanen Ndwandwe waɗanda suke makwabtaka da zuluwar Zulu kafin a ci su a hannun Zulu kuma aka haɗa su da asalin Zulu. Harshen da Ndwandwe ke magana da shi ya kusan zama iri ɗaya na Zulu. A ƙasa akwai wasu misalan kalmomin da aka samo a cikin chitumbuka waɗanda asalin Zulu/Ndwandwe ne, kodayake yawancinsu suna da ainihin kalmomin takwarorinsu na Tumbuka waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ta musanyawa a wurin masu magana, (ban da 'munwe/minwe' ma'ana' yatsa/yatsu' don misali, wanda da alama ba shi da takwaransa na asali ko kuma kalmar asalin ta ɓace).

Turanci	Tumbuka	Yaren Tumbuka-Ngoni
Duba	Wona	Bheka
Shan taba	Khweŵa	Bhema
Mutum	Mwanalume	Doda
Budurwa	Mwali	Nthombi

Watanni a Tumbuka:

Turanci	Tumbuka
Janairu	Mathipa
Fabrairu	Muswela
Maris	Nyakanyaka
Afrilu	Masika
Mayu	Wuna
Yuni	Zizima
Yuli	Mphepo
Agusta	Mpupulu
Satumba	Lupya
Oktoba	Zimya
Nuwamba	Thukila
Disamba	Vula

Misalin tatsuniya da aka fassara zuwa Tumbuka da sauran harsunan Arewacin Malawi an bayar da su a cikin Taswirar Taswirar Harshe na Arewacin Malawi wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta Jami'ar Malawi ta gudanar. ^[45] Sigar tatsuniyar Tumbuka ta tafi kamar haka:

KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)

Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya ku ŵanthu. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwakhe.

Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma kwakhe ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndakaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda.” Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wakati “Tilute ku Mphala yikateruzge.” Mphala yikadumula mlandu na kuceketa cingwe ico Fulu wakakakira thumba. Ŵakatola thumba lira ndipo ŵakapa kalulu.

Pa zuŵa linyakhe Kalulu wakendanga, Fulu wakamsanga ndipo wakati, "Bowo, mcira wane!" Kalulu wakati, “Ake! Fulu iwe m'cira ngwane." Fulu wakakana, ndipo wakati, "Ndasola ngwane." Ŵakaluta ku mphala, kuti yikaŵeruzge. Ku Mphala kula mlandu ukatowera Fulu. Ŵakadumula m'cira wa Kalulu nakupa Fulu.

(Fassarar)

KUNUNI DA KUNGIYOYI

Kunkuru ya je ya roki mutane abinci. Don ɗaukar jakarsa, sai ya ɗaure ta da doguwar igiya ya sa a wuyansa. Yana cikin tafiya sai ga jakar ta bishi.

Watarana da kurege yana tafiya, Kunkuru ya same shi ya ce, "Ga shi, wutsina!" Kurege ya ce, "Ai banza, wannan wutsiyata ce, Kunkuru." Kunkuru ya ki yarda da wannan, ya ce, "Abin da na samu nawa ne." Sun je kotu domin ta yanke hukunci. A waccan Kotun, shari’ar ta tafi a hannun Tortoise. Suka yanke wutsiyar Kurege suka ba Kunkuru.

• Enya = Yes
• Yayi = No
• Yebo (yeŵo) = Thank you
• Taonga = We are thankful
• Nkhukhumba chakurya! = I want some food !
• Munganipako chakurya? = could you give me some food?
• Ine nkhuyowoya chiTumbuka yayi! = I do not speak chiTumbuka!
• Yendani makola = Travel well.
• Nkukhumba maji yakumwa = I would like water to drink.

• Mwawuka uli? = Good morning. (How did you wake up?)
• Tawuka makola. Kwali imwe? = Fine. And you? (I woke up well. I don't know about you?)
• Muli uli? = How are you?
• Nili makola, kwali imwe? = I am fine, how are you?
• Mwatandala uli? = Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?)
• Natandala makola. Kwali imwe? = Good afternoon. How are you? (I spent the day well. I don't know about you?)
• Monile = somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings".
• Tionanenge = We shall meet again.

Ana amfani da jam'i ba- (ŵa-) sau da yawa don ladabi yayin magana ga dattawa:

• Munyamata = boy
• Banyamata (ŵanyamata) = boys
• Musungwana = girl
• Basungwana (ŵasungwana) = girls
• Bamwali (ŵamwali) = young ladies
• Banchembere (ŵancembele) = a woman with babies
• Bamama (ŵamama) = mother
• Badada(ŵadhadha) = dad
• Bagogo (ŵagogo) = grandmother
• Babuya (ŵabhuya) = grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons
• Basekulu (ŵasekulu) = grandfather
• Bankhazi (ŵankhazi) = paternal aunt
• ŵa/Bamama ŵa/bachoko / ŵa/bakulu = maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister
• Basibweni (ŵasibweni) = maternal uncle
• Badada(ŵadhadha) bachoko / bakulu = paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother
• Mudumbu(mudhumbu) wane = my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex)
• Muchoko wane / muzuna wane/ munung'una wane = my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex)
• Mukuru wane / mulala wane = my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex)

• Kusebela (Kuseŵera) = to play
• Kuseka = to laugh
• Kurya = to eat
• Kugona = to sleep
• Kwenda = to walk
• Kuchimbila = to run
• Kulemba = to write
• Kuchapa = to do laundry
• Kugeza = to bath
• Kuphika = to cook
• Kulima = to dig / cultivate
• Kupanda = to plant
• Kuvina = to dance
• Kwimba = to sing

• Fulu = tortoise
• Kalulu = hare
• Gwere = hippo
• Chimbwi = hyena
• Njoka = snake
• Nkhumba = pig
• Ng'ombe = cow
• Nchebe (Ncheŵe) = dog
• Chona/pusi/kiti = cat
• Mbelele = sheep
• Nkalamu = lion
• Mbuzi = goat
• Nkhuku = chicken

• Sheperd Bushiri (mai wa'azi na Kirista)
• Mwai Kumwenda (dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)
• Bridget Kumwenda (dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)
• Chakufwa Chihana (dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam kuma dan siyasa)
• Enoch Chihana (dan majalisa)

 

• Takaitaccen rahoto kan harshen Tumbuka. Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
• Binciken Taswirar Harshe don Arewacin Malawi Archived 2021-04-13 at the Wayback Machine . Jami'ar Malawi Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe, 2006.
• Taswirar Harshe na Arewacin Malawi Archived 2021-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
• Wasu ƙarin ƙamus na chiTumbuka.
• PanAfrican L10n shafi akan Tumbuka
• Kamus na harshe ɗaya na Citumbuka Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine