Pandita Ramabai

Pandita Ramabai
Haihuwa	Rama Dongre (1858-04-23)23 Afrilu 1858 Canara, Madras Presidency, British India
Mutuwa	5 Afrilu 1922(1922-04-05) (shekaru 63) Bombay Presidency, British India
Aiki	Social reformer
Shekaran tashe	1885–1922
Organization	Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission, Kedgaon
Shahara akan	Ministry among destitute and orphan girls
Notable work	The High Caste Hindu Woman (1887)
Uwar gida(s)	Bipin Behari Medhvi ​ ​ (m. 1880; his death Kuskuren bayani: Ba'a zata ba < mai-aiki.)​
Yara	1

Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati (23 Afrilu 1858 - 5 Afrilu 1922) yar Indiya ce mai gyara zamantakewar al'umma. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba wa lakabin Pandita a matsayin masanin Sanskrit da Sarasvati bayan da jami'ar Calcutta ta bincikar ta. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilai goma na mata na zaman majalisa na 1889. A lokacin zamanta a Ingila a farkon shekarun 1880 ta koma Kiristanci. Bayan haka ta zagaya da dama a Amurka domin karɓar kuɗaɗe ga matan Indiya marasa galihu. Da kuɗaɗen da aka tara ta fara Sharada Sadan ga zawarawa. A ƙarshen 1890s, ta kafa Mukti Mission, ƙungiyar agaji ta Kirista a ƙauyen Kedgaon, mil arba'in gabas da birnin Pune. Daga baya aka sanya wa aikin suna Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission.^{[1][2] [3][4]}

An haifi Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati a matsayin Ramabai Dongre a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1858 a cikin dangin Chitpavan Brahmin na Marathi. Mahaifinta, Anant Shastri Dongre, masanin Sanskrit, ya koya mata Sanskrit a gida. Babban ibadar Dongre ya sa shi ya zagaya ko'ina cikin Indiya tare da danginsa. Mahaifiyarta, Lakshmi ta auri Anant Shastri da ta fi girma tun tana shekara tara. Anant Shastri ya goyi bayan ilimin mata kuma ya fara koyar da Sanskrit zuwa Lakshmi. Wannan ya bambanta sosai da al'adun gargajiya. Ramabai ya sami damar yin magana a bainar jama'a ta hanyar shiga cikin karatun jama'a na iyali na Purana a wuraren aikin hajji a kusa da Indiya, wanda shine yadda suke samun kuɗi kaɗan. ^[5] Lakshmi ta kware sosai a Sanskrit ta yadda har ma za ta koyar da samari maza, amma Brahmins na orthodox sun yi adawa da hakan sosai. Waɗannan su ne yanayin da suka tilasta Anant Shastri ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa wani wuri kufai.^{[6] [7] [8] [9]}

Marayu yana da shekaru 16 a lokacin Babban Yunwar shekarar 1876-78, Ramabai da ɗan'uwanta Srinivas sun ci gaba da al'adar iyali na tafiya ƙasar suna karanta littattafan Sanskrit. Ramabai ya ji daɗin magana da kowane jinsi amma mata a lokacin ba sa fitowa a wuraren jama'a. Wani lokaci takan shiga cikin rukunin mata don shawo kan matan su sami ilimi. Shaharar Ramabai a matsayin mace da ta kware a Sanskrit ya kai Calcutta, inda 'yan fashin suka gayyace ta don yin magana. ^[10] Wata jami'ar Burtaniya, WW Hunter, an santa da ita ta hanyar labarin adireshinta a wata jaridar Indiya. Jawabin da ta yi a zauren majalisar dattijai na Jami'ar Calcutta ya samu karbuwa sosai kuma ya samu yabo sosai. A cikin 1878, Jami'ar Calcutta ta ba ta lakabin Pandita da Sarasvati don sanin iliminta na ayyukan Sanskrit daban-daban.

Wannan shine bayyanarta ta farko ga ƴan Ƙabilar Bengali da Kiristanci. Rama da Shrinivas suna saduwa da malaman Sanskrit da yawa amma ta yi mamakin halartar taron Kiristoci. Ta yarda tsarin ibada na Kirista ya burge ta. Mai kawo sauyi mai ilimin tauhidi Keshab Chandra Sen ya ba ta kwafin Vedas, mafi tsarki a cikin dukan littattafan Hindu, kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta karanta su. Wannan shine lokacin da Ramabai ta ci karo da sabbin tasiri kuma ta fara tambayar tsohuwar imaninta.

Ta sadu da Bipin Chandra Madhvi a makarantar gundumar Sylhet wanda ke cikin kwamitin da aka shirya don maraba da ita. Bayan mutuwar Srinivas a 1880, Ramabai ya auri Bipin Behari Medhvi, lauyan Bengali. Angon dan Bengali Kayasta ne, don haka auren ya kasance tsakanin kabilu da yanki don haka ana ganin bai dace da wannan shekarun ba. Sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1880. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1881 wanda suka sanya wa suna Manorama (fassarar turanci: farin cikin zuciya). . A cikin wannan lokaci Ramabai ya rubuta waƙa game da mummunan yanayin Sanskrit kuma ya aika da ita zuwa taron Gabas ta Tsakiya da za a yi a Berlin. An karanta fassararsa tare da gabatarwarta da zurfin godiya daga Masanin binciken Indologist Monier Monier-Williams . Abin takaici, Bipin Bihari Medhvi ya kamu da cutar kwalara a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1882. Wannan lokaci ne da Rama ta tuna cewa saboda rashin al'ada, babu wanda ya yi tunaninta sai dan uwanta Anandibai amma a cikin damuwa, ba ta iya amsa irin tallafin da ta ba ta. Bayan mutuwar Medhvi, Ramabai, wacce ke da shekaru 23 kacal, ta koma Pune kuma ta kafa wata kungiya don inganta ilimin mata.

Lokacin da a cikin 1882 Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Indiya ta nada Hukumar Hunter don duba ilimi, Ramabai ya ba da shaida a gabansa. A wani jawabi da ta yi a gaban Hukumar Mafarauta, ta bayyana cewa, “A cikin kashi casa’in da tara a cikin dari, mazan da ke da ilimin kasar nan suna adawa da ilimin mata da kuma matsayin da ya dace na mata, idan suka lura ko kadan sai su kara girman hatsi. na ƙwayar mastad a cikin dutse, ku yi ƙoƙari ku lalata halin mace." Ta ba da shawarar a horar da malamai tare da nada mata masu duba makarantu. Bugu da kari, ta ce kamar yadda yanayin da ake ciki a Indiya shi ne yanayin mata ya sa mata za su iya kula da su kawai ta hanyar likitanci, ya kamata matan Indiya su shiga kwalejojin likitanci. Shaidar Ramabai ta haifar da ban mamaki kuma ta kai Sarauniya Victoria . Ya ba da 'ya'ya daga baya a fara aikin Likitan Mata na Lord Dufferin . A Maharashtra, Ramabai ya yi tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin Kirista da ke da hannu a cikin ilimin mata da aikin mishan na likitanci, musamman al'umma na Anglican nuns, Community of St. Mary the Virgin (CSMV).

Tare da samun kuɗin da aka samu daga sayar da littafinta na farko, Stri Dharma Niti ("Dabi'a ga Mata," 1882) da kuma hulɗa tare da CSMV, Ramabai ya tafi Biritaniya a 1883 don fara horar da likita; An ƙi ta daga shirye-shiryen likita saboda ci gaba da kurma. ^[11] A lokacin zamanta ta koma Kiristanci. Daga cikin dalilan da Ramabai ta bayar na musuluntarta har da yadda ta ke kara ruguza addinin Hindu musamman abin da take ganin rashin daukar mata. A cikin wani tarihin tarihin rayuwarta na tuba da aka rubuta shekaru bayan haka, Ramabai ta rubuta cewa akwai, "abubuwa biyu ne kawai waɗanda duk waɗannan littattafan, Dharma Shastras, almara masu tsarki, Puranas da mawaƙa na zamani, mashahuran masu wa'azi na yau da na al'ada. manyan mazaje, an yarda cewa, mata masu girma da ƙanƙanta, a matsayinsu na miyagu, mugaye ne, sun fi aljanu muni, marasa tsarki kamar ƙarya, kuma ba za su iya samun Moksha ba. Ramabai yana da dangantaka mai cike da takaddama da "manyan Anglican" a Ingila, musamman 'yar'uwar Geraldine, kuma ta tabbatar da 'yancin kai ta hanyoyi daban-daban: ta ci gaba da cin ganyayyaki, ta ki amincewa da sassan koyarwar Anglican da ta dauka a matsayin rashin hankali, ciki har da koyaswar Triniti, kuma ta yi tambaya ko gicciye da aka nemi ta saka dole ne ta sami rubutun Latin maimakon rubutun Sanskrit da ta so.

A cikin 1886, ta yi balaguro daga Biritaniya zuwa Amurka bisa gayyatar Dr. Rachel Bodley, shugabar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Mata ta Pennsylvania, don halartar bikin yaye 'yan uwanta da kuma mace ta farko da likitan Indiya, Anandibai Joshi, ta zauna. tsawon shekaru biyu. A wannan lokacin ta kuma fassara litattafai tare da ba da laccoci a duk faɗin Amurka da Kanada. Ta kuma buga ɗaya daga cikin muhimman litattafanta, Matar Hindu Mai Girma . Littafinta na farko da aka rubuta da Turanci, Ramabai ta sadaukar da shi ga dan uwanta, Dokta Joshi. Babbar mace Hindu ta nuna mafi duhun al'amuran rayuwar matan Hindu, ciki har da matan aure da zawarawa, kuma ta nemi fallasa irin zaluncin da ake yi wa mata a Biritaniya ta Indiya da Hindu ta mamaye. Ta hanyar yin magana da bunƙasa ɗimbin magoya bayansa, Ramabai ya tara kwatankwacin rupees 60,000 don ƙaddamar da makaranta a Indiya ga yaran zawarawa waɗanda littafinta ya fallasa.^{[12] [13] [14] [15]}

Yayin gabatar da gabatarwa a Amurka don neman tallafi ga aikinta a Indiya, Ramabai ta sadu da Suffragette na Amurka da mai fafutukar kare yancin mata, Frances Willard a watan Yuli 1887. Willard ya gayyaci Ramabai don yin magana a taron Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Mata ta Ƙasa a watan Nuwamba 1887 inda ta sami goyon bayan wannan babbar ƙungiyar mata. Ta koma Indiya a watan Yuni 1888 a matsayin Lecturer na kasa na WCTU. Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt, Mai Wa'azin Duniya na farko na WCTU, ta riga ta kasance a can lokacin da Ramabai ya dawo, amma ba su hadu ba. Ramabai ya yi aiki duk da haka tare da WCTU na Indiya da zarar an shirya shi bisa hukuma a 1893. ^[16]

a cikin 1889, ta koma Indiya, kuma ta kafa makarantar yara zawarawa a Pune mai suna Sharada Sadan, wanda ya sami goyon bayan yawancin masu gyara Hindu, ciki har da MG Ranade . Ko da yake Ramabai ba ta shiga aikin bishara a fili ba, ita ma ba ta ɓoye bangaskiyarta ta Kirista ba, kuma lokacin da ɗalibai da yawa suka koma Kiristanci, ta rasa goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin gyara na Hindu na Pune. Ta ƙaura da makarantar mai nisan kilomita 60 gabas zuwa ƙauyen Kedgaon mafi natsuwa, kuma ta canza suna zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Mukti. A cikin 1896, a lokacin tsananin yunwa, Ramabai ya zagaya ƙauyukan Maharashtra tare da ayarin motocin bijimai tare da kubutar da dubban yara da ba a san su ba, da zawarawa, marayu, da sauran mata marasa galihu kuma ya kai su mafaka na Ofishin Jakadancin Mukti. Zuwa 1900 akwai mazauna 1,500 da shanu sama da ɗari a cikin aikin Mukti. Wata mata mai ilimi da ta san harsuna bakwai, ta kuma fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa harshenta na asali—Marathi—daga Ibrananci da Hellenanci na ainihi. ^[17] Tawagar Pandita Ramabai Mukti tana ci gaba da aiki a yau, inda ta samar da gidaje, ilimi, koyar da sana'o'i, da dai sauransu ga kungiyoyin mabukata da dama da suka hada da zawarawa, marayu, da makafi.

Malaman Pentikostalizim sun fara nazarin yuwuwar cewa, maimakon cewa an samo asali ne a wani taron da aka yi a shahararriyar cocin Azusa Street da ke Los Angeles a shekara ta 1906, asalin Pentikostalizim za a iya gano shi zuwa farfaɗo da addini a duniya, wanda mahalarta suka fassara da cewa. alamun sabon zamani a tarihin Kiristanci. Kasashe na ban mamaki na tunani-jiki waɗanda ke tare da farfaɗowar motsin rai sun ɗauki salo daban-daban a wurare daban-daban. Minnie Abrams, mataimakiyar Amurka ta Ramabai kuma tsohuwar mishan mai wa'azi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da motsin tsarki, ta ruwaito cewa a cikin watan Yuni 1905, watanni goma kafin farfaɗowar titin Azusa, wani matron ya zo kan ɗakin kwanan yara na 'yan mata suna kuka, addu'a, da furta zunubansu. Sai wata yarinya ta shaida cewa bacci ya dauke ta saboda jin an wanke ta da wuta. ^[18] Kamar yadda Michael Bergunder ya yi jayayya, Ofishin Jakadancin Mukti wani yanki ne na cibiyar sadarwa na cibiyoyin mishan na Furotesta wanda a farkon karni na ashirin ya mamaye duniya. An kafa wannan hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar tsarin labarai, ƙasidu, littattafai da sauran nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, tare da tarurrukan da ke kawo masu mishan cikin tattaunawa da juna, da tafiye-tafiyen mishan da magoya bayansu daga wannan tashar mishan zuwa na gaba. Don haka, labarai game da “wuta mai-tsarki” a Ofishin Jakadancin Mukti, tare da farfaɗowar da ke faruwa tare da bayyana lokaci ɗaya a duniya ya sa mutane da yawa suka gaskata cewa “zubawar Ruhu Mai Tsarki” na duniya yana gudana. Masu mishan da yawa sun zo da kansu zuwa Kedgaon don ziyarta da sa kai, don amsa labarin fashewar Ruhu Mai Tsarki a tsakanin ɗaliban. ^[18]

Ta hanyoyi da yawa, rayuwar dangin Pandita Ramabai ta rabu da ƙa'idodin da ake tsammani mata a zamaninta. Yarinta ya cika da wahalhalu ta rasa iyayenta da wuri. Auren ta da Bipin Bihari Medhvi ya ketare layin tsafi. Ƙari ga haka, sa’ad da mijinta ya rasu bayan shekara biyu da aure, ta zama gwauruwa. A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, irin wannan bala'i ya sanya matan Indiya na ƙarni na goma sha tara cikin wani yanayi mai rauni, dogara ga dangin mijinsu da ya rasu don samun tallafi. Pandita Ramabai, duk da haka, ta dage a matsayin mace mai zaman kanta, kuma uwa daya tilo ga Manorama Bai. Ta tabbatar da cewa Manorama Bai ta sami ilimi, duka a cikin Wantage ta 'yan uwan CSMV, daga baya kuma a Jami'ar Bombay, inda Manorama ta sami BA. Bayan ta je kasar Amurka domin kara karatu, ta koma Indiya inda ta yi aiki kafada da kafada da Ramabai. Yin hidima ta farko a matsayin Shugabar Sharada Sadan, ta kuma taimaka wa mahaifiyarta wajen kafa Makarantar Sakandare ta Kirista a Gulbarga (yanzu a Karnataka), gunduma mai ci baya a kudancin Indiya, a lokacin 1912. A cikin 1920 lafiyar Ramabai ta fara tuta kuma ta nada 'yarta a matsayin wacce za ta karbi ma'aikatar Ofishin Jakadancin Mukti. Duk da haka, Manorama ya mutu a 1921. Mutuwarta ta kasance abin kaduwa ga Ramabai. Bayan watanni tara, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1922, Ramabai da kanta ta mutu daga cutar sankarau, tana da shekaru 63. ^[19]

• "Pandit" da "Sarasvati" a Bengal (kafin ta tafi Biritaniya), sanin ƙwarewarta a Sanskrit. ^]
• Medal don hidimar al'umma a cikin 1919, wanda Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta Mallaka ta Indiya ta bayar. ^[20]
• Ana tunawa da ita a cikin Cocin Ingila tare da tunawa da ranar 30 ga Afrilu.((England with a commemoration on 30 April.

Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name [32])).

• A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1989, don jin daɗin gudummawar da ta bayar ga ci gaban matan Indiya, gwamnatin Indiya ta ba da tambarin tunawa.

Bayan mutuwar Medhvi (1882), Ramabai ya koma Pune inda ta kafa Arya Mahila Samaj (Arya Women's Society). Tasirin akidun Yesu Almasihu, Brahmo Samaj, da masu kawo gyara na Hindu, manufar al'umma ita ce inganta harkar ilimin mata da kubuta daga zaluncin auren yara^[3]

• Kartini

• Burton, Antoinette. "Colonial encounters in late-Victorian England: Pandita Ramabai at Cheltenham and Wantage 1883–6." Feminist Review 49.1 (1995): 29–49.
•  
• Case, Jay Riley. An Unpredictable Gospel (Oxford University Press, 2012)
• Chakravarti, Uma. Rewriting history: The life and times of Pandita Ramabai (Zubaan, 2014).
• Dyer, Helen S. Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life (1900) online
• Khatua, Suchismito. "A Classroom of One's Own: Ramabai, Reform, and the 19th Century Woman Question," Women's Voices : Representation And Resistance (Anirban Bhattacharjee & Suranjana Choudhury eds., New Delhi and Kolkata: Worldview Publications, 2023).
• Kosambi, Meera. "Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: Case of Pandita Ramabai." Economic and Political Weekly (1992): WS61-WS71. online Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
• White, Keith J. "Insights into child theology through the life and work of Pandita Ramabai." Transformation (2007): 95–102. online

• Ramabai, Pandita. Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889), online
• Ramabai Sarasvati, Pandita. The High-Caste Hindu woman (1888) online
• Kosambi, Meera, ed. Pandita Ramabai through her own words: Selected works (Oxford University Press, 2000).
• Shah, A.B., ed.; Sister Geraldine, ed. The Letters and Correspondence of Pandita Ramabai (Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, 1977)

Bayan mutuwar Medhvi (1882), Ramabai ya koma Pune inda ta kafa Arya Mahila Samaj (Ƙungiyar Mata ta Arya) . Tasirin akidar Yesu Kiristi, Brahmo Samaj, da masu kawo sauyi na Hindu, manufar al'umma ita ce inganta harkar ilimin mata da kubuta daga glancing auren yara.

• Life Testimony of Pandita Ramabai
• Pandita Ramabai materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
• The Story of Ramabai
• A Short History of Mukti Mission Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

1. ↑ Kollanoor, Greger. "Indian Christianity and National Movements". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. ↑ "Short Biography of Ramabai". 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Ramabai Sarasvati (Pandita); Pandita Ramabai (2003). Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889). Indiana University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0-253-21571-4.
4. ↑ Anne Feldhaus (29 January 1998). Images of Women in Maharashtrian Society. SUNY Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7914-3660-8.
5. ↑ Empty citation (help)
6. ↑ Khan, Aisha (14 November 2018). "Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator". The New York Times.
7. ↑ Sujata (2023). Vikal Vidrohini Pandita Ramabai (1st ed.). New Delhi: Rajkamal. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-81-19028-04-7.
8. ↑ Kosambi, Meera (24–31 October 1992). "Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: The Case of Pandita Ramabai". Economic and Political Weekly. 27 (43/44): WS-62. JSTOR 4399059 – via JSTOR.
9. ↑ "Pandita Ramabai: Life and landmark writings". Routledge & CRC Press (in Turanci). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
10. ↑ My Story by Pandita Ramabai. Pub: Christian Institute for Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore.
11. ↑ Kosambi, M., 1988. Women, emancipation and equality: Pandita Ramabai's contribution to women's cause. Economic and political weekly, pp.WS38-WS49.
12. ↑ "Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator". The New York Times (in Turanci). 14 November 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
13. ↑ Kosambi, Meera (2016). Pandita Ramabai: Life and Landmark Writings. New York: Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 978-1138962453.
14. ↑ Jayawardena, Kumari (1995). The white woman's other burden: Western women and South Asia during British colonial rule. New York: Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-415-91104-7.
15. ↑ Shah, A.B. (1977). The Letters and Correspondence of Pandita Ramabai. Compiled by Sister Geraldine. Bombay: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. pp. xxi.
16. ↑ Anja. Invalid |url-status=129–142 (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
17. ↑ Johnson, R.B., 2008. The Biblical Theological Contribution of Pandita Ramabai: A Neglected Pioneer Indian Christian Feminist Theologian. Ex Auditu-Volume 23: An International Journal for the Theological Interpretation of Scripture, 23, p.111.
18. ↑ ^{18.0 18.1} Empty citation (help)
19. ↑ Panditha Ramabai Sarasvathi – Book in Kannada (1962) Pub by Christ Sahitya Sangha, Bangalore
20. ↑ Butler (1922), p. 83