Harsunan Arawak

Arawakan ( Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan dace ), wanda kuma aka sani da Maipurean (kuma Maipurean, Maipureano, Maipúre ), dangin harshe ne wanda ya haɓaka tsakanin tsoffin ƴan asali a Kudancin Amurka . Reshe sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka ta Tsakiya da Manyan Antilles a cikin Caribbean da Tekun Atlantika, gami da abin da ke yanzu Bahamas. Kusan duk ƙasashen Kudancin Amirka na yau an san su sun kasance gida ga masu magana da harsunan Arawakan, ban da Ecuador, Uruguay, da Chile . Maipurean na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da wasu iyalai na harshe a cikin hatsabibin macro-Arawakan jari.

Filippo S. Gilii ya ba iyalin sunan Maipure a cikin 1782, bayan yaren Maipure na Venezuela, wanda ya yi amfani da shi azaman tushen kwatancensa. An sake masa suna bayan yaren Arawak mafi mahimmanci a al'ada bayan karni guda. Kalmar Arawak ta karɓe, har sai da masana Arewacin Amurka suka tsawaita amfani da shi zuwa mafi girman shawara na Macro-Arawakan . A lokacin, an ta da sunan Maipurean don ainihin iyali. Dubi Arawakan <i id="mwIQ">vs</i> Maipurean don cikakkun bayanai.

Hasashen matrix na harshen Arawakan (ALMH) yana nuna cewa bambance-bambancen zamani na dangin harshen Arawakan ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen yaren kasuwanci ko yare wanda ake magana a cikin mafi yawan wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka. Magoya bayan wannan hasashe sun haɗa da Santos-Granero (2002) ^[2] da Eriksen (2014). ^[3] Eriksen (2014) ya ba da shawarar cewa dangin Arawakan sun rabu ne kawai bayan 600 AZ, amma Michael (2020) yana ganin hakan ba zai yuwu ba, lura da cewa bambancin cikin Arawakan ya fi na yarukan Romance. ^[4] A gefe guda, Blench (2015) ya ba da shawarar faɗaɗa alƙaluman jama'a da aka yi sama da ƴan shekaru dubu kaɗan, kama da tarwatsa dangin Austronesia da Austroasiatic a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. ^[5]

A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin iyalai mafi yaɗuwar harshe a duk faɗin Amurka, ana iya samun tasirin harshen Arawakan a yawancin harsunan Kudancin Amurka. Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya na lexical tare da Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina , Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantxe, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Macro -Jko, Kwaza Kechua Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana, Pano, Takana, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Urarina, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Saliba -kuna, Zaparo - Iyalan harshen Yuri saboda tuntuɓar juna. Koyaya, waɗannan kamanni na iya kasancewa saboda gado, lamba, ko dama. ^[6]

Rarraba Maipurean yana da wahala saboda ɗimbin harsunan Arawakan waɗanda ba su da kyau kuma ba a tantance su ba. Koyaya, baya ga alaƙa ta gaskiya wacce zata iya zama yaruka ɗaya, ƙungiyoyin harsunan Maipurean gabaɗaya masana sun yarda da su. Yawancin rabe-rabe sun yarda a raba Maipurean zuwa rassan arewa da kudanci, amma watakila ba duka harsuna suka dace da ɗaya ko ɗaya ba. An yarda da rabe-rabe guda uku da ke ƙasa:

• Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran,
• Upper Amazon Maipurean = Arewa Amazonian Arawak = Maipuran na cikin gida,
• Maipurean tsakiya = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Maipuran ta tsakiya,
• Piro = Purus,
• Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran.

Sabanin farko tsakanin Ta-Arawak da Nu-Arawak, dangane da prefix na "I", yana da ban tsoro; nu- shine siffar kakanni ga dukan iyali, kuma ta- bidi'a ce ta reshe ɗaya na iyali.

Rabe-rabe (tentative) mai zuwa daga Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Ana ba da cikakkun bayanai na rassan da aka kafa a cikin labaran da aka haɗa. Baya ga bishiyar iyali dalla-dalla a ƙasa, akwai ƴan harsuna waɗanda “harsunan Arawakan da ba na Maipurean ba ko kuma waɗanda ba a san su ba don rarrabawa” (Kaufman 1994: 58), waɗanda suka haɗa da waɗannan:

• Shebaye ( † )
• Lapachu ( † )
• Morique (kuma aka sani da Morike) ( † )

Har ila yau, an ambaci wani harshe kamar "Arawakan":

• Salumã (kuma aka sani da Salumán, Enawené-Nawé)

Ciki har da harsunan da aka ambata a sama, dangin Maipurean suna da kusan harsuna 64. Daga cikinsu, harsuna 29 sun bace yanzu: Wainumá, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Warikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, da Morique.  

• Harsunan Arawak - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies
• Database Inventory phonological na Kudancin Amurka