Cinema of Africa

Cinema of Africa

Ein location	Africa

Cinema of Africa dey cover both history plus present of how dem dey make anaa show films for Africa continent insyd, wey esanso dey refer to de people wey dey involve for dis kind of audiovisual culture. E start from early 20th century, wen dem dey use film reels as de main cinematic technology. As dem get more dan 50 countries wey get audiovisual traditions, no be one single 'African cinema' dey. Both historically den culturally, dem get major regional differences between North Africa den sub-Saharan cinemas, den between cinemas of different countries.^[1]

Egypt den Tunisia get sam of de oldest cinema for de world. Egypt own be de biggest wey dey flourish well well for Africa.^[2][3] Pioneers Auguste plus Louis Lumière screen dema films for Alexandria, Cairo, Tunis, Susa, Libya den Hammam-Lif, Tunisia for 1896 insyd.^[4][5] Albert Samama Chikly dey say be de first person wey produce African cinema wey komot Africa, show ein own short documentaries for casino of Tunis as far back as December 1905.^[6] Chikly den ein daughter Haydée Tamzali go on produce important early films like 1924 ein The Girl from Carthage. For 1927, Egypt produce Laila, de first big film wey Aziza Amir make. For 1935, Studio Misr for Cairo start produce mostly comedies den musicals wey no be too original, buh e sanso films like Kamal Selim ein The Will (1939). Egyptian cinema cam turn strong for 1940s, 1950s, den 1960s, dem consider am as Golden Age.^[7] Youssef Chahine ein big film Cairo Station (1958) lay de foundation for Arab film, make am start dey grow.^[8]

Nigeria film industry be de biggest for Africa, look sharp-sharp, dem dey produce plenty films every year, dem get plenty money, and plenty people dey watch dem.^[9][10][11] E sanso be de second biggest for de world, dem dey make plenty films.^[12] For 2016, dem contribute 2.3% to Naija GDP, wey show say dem dey important for de country economy.^[12]

During colonial time, Western people dey control de story wey dem tell about Africa thru films. Dem make films wey show black people as if dem no be human, anaa dem be slaves, anaa dem be wild animals wey dey eat human being. See films like Kings of de Cannibal Islands insyd 1909, Voodoo Vengeance (1913) den Congorilla (1932) wey dem use take portray Africa people bad.^[1]

Films wey colonial masters make about Africa show say Africa be strange place wey no get past or culture. Dem get plenty films like Tarzan wey dem take from Edgar Rice Burrou story, plus de film The African Queen (1951), den different films wey dem make from H. Rider Haggard ein book King Solomon's Mines (1885). All dis films dey show Africa as bush mannas.^[13]

De first film wey dem make complete for Africa be de South African film The Great Kimberley Diamond Robbery (1911). Dem make am for South Africa, wey na de first time dem dey make film like dat for Africa.^[14] De Voortrekkers (1916) follow am, wey be South Africa ein (den maybe Africa ein) first big film and oldest film wey still dey exist, about de Great Trek wey dem make am give Afrikaner people to watch.^[15] Early South African cinema get one topic wey dem dey focus on, plus dat be de quarrel between Afrikaner people (especially Boer) den British people wey dey live for South Africa.^[14]

Plenty early films wey dem make to show de life of indigenous people, dey focus for de things top wey make dem different from white people wey dem consider as civilized, den dis one dey help spread colonial lies.^[16] Marc Allégret ein first film, Voyage au Congo (1927), show Masa people for good way insyd, especially one small boy wey dey entertain ein kiddie bro plus baby crocodile wey dem tie plus string. Buh dem no show Africans as equals, dem show dem as human being buh no be as people wey get sense. For example, dem write something for de film say de way dem dey dance traditional dance be like kiddie play. Ein lover, writer André Gide, follow am go Congo wey he wrep book wey dem call Voyage au Congo too. Allégret later make film Zouzou, wey star Josephine Baker, wey be de first big film wey star black woman. Josephine Baker cause trouble for Paris arts people secof she dance for Revue Nègre plus banana string per for ein body

For French colonies, dem no allow Africans make dem own film by de 1934 Laval Decree.^[17][18] De ban stunt de growth for film as means of African expression, political, cultural, den artistic.^[19] Congolese man, Albert Mongita, manage make film wey dem call The Cinema Lesson for 1951, den for 1953, Mamadou Touré make film wey dem call Mouramani, wey come from folk story about one man den ein dog.^[20] For 1955, Paulin Soumanou Vieyra - wey komot Benin, buh go school for Senegal - den ein paddies from Le Group Africain du Cinema, make short film for Paris, wey dem call Afrique-sur-Seine (1955). Vieyra learn filmmaking for Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC) for Paris, wey even though dem no allow people make film for Africa, dem give am permission make he film for France.^[21] Dem consider am de first film wey black African direct, Afrique Sur Seine dey explore de difficulties of being an African for 1950s for France.^[22]

As Portuguese colonies get independence but na dem no get place wey dem dey make film, because de colonial government no allow dem make film except dem be colonialist propaganda, wey dey show say indigenous people no reach. So, dem no dey think am till dem get independence to find way wey dem go make African voices wey be real.^[23]

For 1930s, dem do one experiment wey dem call Bantu Educational Kinema Experiment for eastern and south-eastern African countries. Dem do dis ting to "teach Bantu people, mostly about how to keep body clean". Buh three films per from dis project still dey exist; dem keep dem for British Film Institute.^[24]

Before de colonies get freedom, small films wey talk against colonialism dey come out. Example be Statues Also Die (Les statues meurent aussi) wey Chris Marker plus Alain Resnais make, wey talk about how European people steal African art. De second part of dis film, Afrique 50 by René Vautier, show how people dey protest against colonialism for Côte d'Ivoire den Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), buh dem ban am.^[25]

Dat time, one French man, Jean Rouch, wey dey make film about Africa culture, dey work for Africa too. Ein films, like Jaguar (1955), Les maitres fous (1955), Moi, un noir (1958) den La pyramide humaine (1961), cause trouble for both French den African people. Buh Rouch no openly talk against colonialism, ein films just change how people see Africa plus esana give African people dema new voice.^[26] Although na Ousmane Sembene plus odas^[27] accuse Rouch of he dey see Africans "say dem be insects,"^[28] Jean Rouch be important person for Africa film ein growth insyd, plus he san be de first person wey work plus African people, many of dem cam turn important for Africa cinema insyd (like Oumarou Ganda, Safi Faye, Moustapha Alassane, den odas).^[29]

Secof most films wey dem make before Africa countries get independence dey show racism, African filmmakers wey come after independence, like Ousmane Sembene den Oumarou Ganda, den odas, see filmmaking as way to correct de bad image wey Western filmmakers show about Africans, wey dem wan take back de image of Africa give Africans.^[30]

De first Africa film wey win recognition outsyd Africa be Sembène Ousmane ein La Noire de... anaa Black Girl. De film show how one African woman dey suffer secof she dey work as housegirl for France. De film win Prix Jean Vigo award for 1966.^[31] Sembène start as writer, wey he turn to film-making to reach more people. Dem still dey bell am "de papa of Africa cinema".^[32] Sembène ein own country, Senegal, continue to be de place wey Africa film production dey happen most for over ten years.

When dem create Africa film festival FESPACO for Burkina Faso (wey be Upper Volta before) for 1969, Africa film get ein own place wey dem dey showcase am. Now, FESPACO dey happen every two years, wey dem dey alternate am plus Carthago film festival for Tunisia.

De Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (Fédération Panafricaine des Cinéastes, anaa FEPACI)^[33] FEPACI start for 1969 to help Africa film industries grow in terms of how dem make film, share film, den show film. From de beginning, people see FEPACI as important partner to Organisation of African Unity (OAU), wey be African Union now. FEPACI dey look at how film fit into politics, economy, den culture development for Africa countries den de whole continent

Med Hondo ein film, Soleil O, wey dem make for 1969, become popular quick quick. Hondo care about politics just like Sembène, buh he use different way of filming to show how hard be for stranger for France if you get de "wrong" skin colour.

Souleymane Cissé ein film, Yeelen (from Mali, 1987), be de first film wey Black African make wey go compete for Cannes.^[34] Cheick Oumar Sissoko ein film, Guimba (from Mali, 1995), also get good talk for West. Many films for 1990s, wey dey include Quartier Mozart by Jean-Pierre Bekolo (from Cameroon, 1992), dey show life for big city Africa wey dey connect plus de whole world.

Nigeria film industry blow up for 1990s secof how easy dem get video camera for Nigeria, wey soon Nollywood cam turn de center of West Africa English-language films. Nollywood drop 1844 movies for 2013 alone.^[35]

De last cinema for Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, close down for 2004. Many of de old cinema places dem convert to churches.^[36] Buh for 2009, UN refugee agency show film dem bell Breaking the Silence for South Kivu den Katanga Province. De film talk about how dem dey rape women during Congolese civil war.^[37] Buh for neighboring Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, dem open new 200-seat cinema, MTS Movies House, for 2016,^[38] den for April 2018, dem start build anoda new cinema.^[39]

De first Africa Film Summit happen for South Africa for 2006. After dat, FEPACI 9th Congress follow. Africa Movie Academy Awards start for 2004, show say local film industries like Nigeria own dey grow, wey film industry culture dey spread for sub-Saharan Africa.

Nowadays Africa cinema dey talk about many things wey dey happen now den problems wey everybro dey face.

How people dey move from Africa go Europe plus how Africa den Europe countries dey relate to each oda dey inside many Africa films. Abderrahmane Sissako ein film, Waiting for Happiness, show how one Mauritania city dey try fight against things wey komot outsyd dey change dem, thru de story of one man wey come back from Europe.^[40] Migration na important thing for Mahamat Saleh Haroun ein film, Une Saison en France too, wey show how one family from Central Africa Republic dey try go stay for France.^[41] Haroun be part of Chadian people wey dey live for France, wey he dey use de film talk about some things wey concern dis people wey dey live outsyd dem own country.^[42]

Africanfuturism den Afrofuturism be new style wey dey grow, wey dey encompass Africans both for de continent den insyd de diaspora wey tell science anaa speculative fiction stories wey dey involve Africa den African people. Neill Blomkamp ein film, District 9, be well-known example, wey show how aliens invade South Africa.^[43] Wanuri Kahiu ein short film, Pumzi, show fictional Maitu community for Africa 35 years after World War III, wey be futuristic.

Some directors like Haroun den Kahiu dey worry say no be enough cinema house wey people no dey appreciate cinema for some Africa countries.^[44] But some organizations like Changamoto arts fund dey help give more resources den chances to African filmmakers.^[45]

Some Africa countries no get freedom to talk, wey dey affect film industry bad bad. Dis one dey worse for Equatorial Guinea.^[46] De feature film, The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores,^[47] be de first film wey dem shoot for dat country, wey e dey criticize Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo ein rule, wey be one of de longest rule for de whole world.

Africa cinema, like cinema for oda places, dey cover chaw topics. For Algiers insyd 1975, Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) take Charte du cinéaste africain (Charter of de African filmmaker), wey know say postcolonial den neocolonial tings important for Africa cinema. De filmmakers begin by talk about how Africa societies dey suffer under neocolonialism. "De way Africa societies dey live now be say dem no get freedom for many tings: politics, economy, culture." Africa filmmakers show dem support for filmmakers wey dey fight for good tings for other places. Africa cinema dey count as part of Third Cinema

Some Africa filmmakers, like Ousmane Sembène, dey try to give Africa history back to Africa people by remembering how dem resist European den Islamic people wey come rule dem.

Africa filmmaker dey resemble de traditional griot. Like griot, dem task be to express den show tings wey happen for de community. De way Africa people dey tell stories orally san dey appear for Africa films. Africa film sanso take influence from oda continents, like Italian neorealism, Brazilian Cinema Novo den de Bertolt Brecht ein theatre

• 
  Kemi Adetiba (born 1980), Nigerian film maker, 2014.
• 
  Safi Faye (1943-2023), Senegalese film director, anthropologist, ethnologist den feminist, 2004.
• 
  Wanuri Kahiu (born 1980), Kenyan film director, producer, den author, 2018.
• 
  Hala Khalil (born 1967), Egyptian film director, producer, den screenwriter, 2018.

Safi Faye, wey be ethnologist den filmmaker, dem know am as one of de pioneers of Senegalese cinema den cinema for Africa continent as a whole. She be de first Africa woman wey direct film wey she get recognition from outsyd.^[48] Faye ein first film, La Passante (De Passerby), come out for 1972, den after dat, she release ein first big film, Kaddu Beykat (Letter from My Village), for 1975. Faye continue to work hard wey she release many tings for de late 1970s till her last work, de 1996 drama film Mossane.

Sarah Maldoror, French filmmaker den de daughter give people wey komot Guadeloupe, dey known as one of de pioneers of Africa cinema for outsyd Africa. She start Les Griots (The Troubadours), de first drama group for France wey focus for actors from Africa den Afro-Caribbean.^[49] She start from theatre wey she go study filmmaking for State Institute of Cinematography of de Russian Federation (VGIK) for Moscow.^[49] For 1972, Maldoror shoot her film Sambizanga about de war wey happen for Angola from 1961-74. De women wey survive dat war be de subject of de documentary Les Oubliées (De Forgotten Women), wey Anne-Laure Folly make 20 years later. Maldoror sanso work as assistant director on The Battle of Algiers (1966) plus filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo.

For 1995 insyd, Wanjiru Kinyanjui make de feature film The Battle of the Sacred Tree for Kenya.^[50]

For 2008, Manouchka Kelly Labouba cam turn de first woman for Gabon cinema history wey direct film wey no be real. Ein short film Le Divorce talk about how modern tings den traditional tings dey affect de divorce of one young Gabon couple.

Kemi Adetiba, wey be music video director before, make ein first film as director for 2016 plus The Wedding Party. De film, wey talk about tings wey happen for de celebration of one big wedding for aristocratic people, go become de most successful Nollywood film for de history of her country, Nigeria.

Wanuri Kahiu be Kenyan film director, wey people know well for ein film From a Whisper, wey win Best Director, Best Screenplay, den Best Picture for Africa Movie Academy Awards for 2009. Almost 10 years after dem release From a Whisper, Kahiu ein film Rafiki, wey be story about two teenage girls wey dey grow up for present-day Kenya, come out. De film make news, partly secof dem select am for Cannes Film Festival buh sanso secof dem talk about sexuality wey no dey okay for Kenyan government.^[51]

Rungano Nyoni, wey people know well for de film I am Not a Witch wey get praise from around de world, be Zambian-Welsh director den screenwriter. Dem born am insyd Zambia buh sanso grow up for Wales, Nyoni go graduate from University of Arts for London plus Master's degree insyd acting for 2009.^[52] Ein work as filmmaker (whether as director anaa screenwriter) sanso dey include de short films: The List (2009, short), Mwansa The Great (2011, short), Listen (2014, short), wey she sanso be one of de directors of de international film project Nordic Factory (2014).^[53][54] She win many awards, weydey include BAFTA for best new British filmmaker for I am Not a Witch.^[55]

For October 2021, UNESCO release report give film den audiovisual industry give 54 countries for Africa insyd, wey include numbers den facts, den also analysis of de good den bad tings for de industry at Africa level den regional level. De report give advice on how to make film den audiovisual sectors better for Africa wey e invite government people, professional groups, companies, filmmakers, den artists to work together to make am happen.^[56]

Part one of de report be titled Pan-African Trends Wey Dey Shape de Future of Africa's Film and Audiovisual Sector, Part two be Strategic Development and Growth Models, Part three show detailed information about each country, den de annex list important dates for African cinema from 1896 to 2021. Apart from how audiovisual productions start den grow, de report sanso talk about big filmmakers den dema good work, recent tings like online streaming, wey e sanso be de problems wey de industry dey face like lack of training, money, den appreciation.^[57]

• Cinema of Algeria
• Cinema of Egypt
• Cinema of Libya

• Cinema of Morocco
• Cinema of Tunisia

• Cinema of Benin
• Cinema of Burkina Faso
• Cinema of Cape Verde
• Cinema of the Gambia
• Cinema of Ghana
• Cinema of Guinea
• Cinema of Guinea-Bissau
• Cinema of Ivory Coast

• Cinema of Liberia
• Cinema of Mali
• Cinema of Mauritania
• Cinema of Niger
• Cinema of Nigeria
• Cinema of Senegal
• Cinema of Sierra Leone
• Cinema of Togo

• Cinema of Angola
• Cinema of Burundi
• Cinema of Cameroon
• Cinema of the Central African Republic
• Cinema of Chad
• Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Cinema of Equatorial Guinea
• Cinema of Gabon
• Cinema of the Republic of the Congo
• Cinema of Rwanda
• Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe 

• Cinema of the Comoros
• Cinema of Djibouti
• Cinema of Eritrea
• Cinema of Ethiopia
• Cinema of Kenya
• Cinema of Mauritius

• Cinema of Seychelles
• Cinema of Somalia
• Cinema of South Sudan
• Cinema of Sudan
• Cinema of Tanzania
• Cinema of Uganda

• Cinema of Botswana
• Cinema of Eswatini
• Cinema of Lesotho
• Cinema of Madagascar
• Cinema of Malawi

• Cinema of Mozambique
• Cinema of Namibia
• Cinema of South Africa
• Cinema of Zambia
• Cinema of Zimbabwe

• Algeria: Merzak Allouache, Malek Bensmaïl, Nina Khada, Karim Moussaoui
• Angola: Zézé Gamboa,^[58] Miguel Hurst
• Benin: Idrissou Mora Kpaï, Jean Odoutan
• Botswana: Thabiso Maretlwaneng, Thato Rantao Mwosa
• Burkina Faso: Gaston Kaboré, Valérie Kaboré, Dani Kouyaté, Fanta Régina Nacro, Sanou Kollo, Idrissa Ouedraogo, Pierre Rouamba, Drissa Touré, Apolline Traoré, Saint Pierre Yaméogo
• Burundi: Justine Bitagoye, Eddy Munyaneza, Léonce Ngabo
• Cameroon: Jean-Pierre Bekolo, Bassek Ba Kobhio, Urbain Dia Moukouri, Bernard Auguste Kouemo Yanghu, Joséphine Ndagnou, Jean-Paul Ngassa, Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa, Thérèse Sita-Bella, Francis Taptue, Jean-Marie Teno, Francois L. Woukoache
• Cape Verde: Lolo Arziki, Leão Lopes, Júlio Silvão Tavares
• Chad: Issa Serge Coelo, Mahamat Saleh Haroun
• Comoros: Hachimiya Ahamada
• Côte d'Ivoire: Marie-Louise Asseu, Sidiki Bakaba, Akissi Delta, Henri Duparc, Desiré Ecaré, Fadika Kramo Lanciné, Roger Gnoan M'Bala, Jacques Trabi
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Machérie Ekwa Bahango, Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda, Baloji, Mars Kadiombo Yamba Bilonda, Guy Bomanyama-Zandu, Claude Haffner, Dieudo Hamadi, Mamadi Indoka, Kiripi Katembo, Joseph Kumbela, Laura Kutika, Zeka Laplaine,^[59] Albert Mongita, Djo Tunda Wa Munga, Guy Kabeya Muya, Mwezé Ngangura, Ne Kunda Nlaba, Monique Mbeka Phoba, Roger Kwami Zinga
• Egypt: Salah Abu Seif, Adel Adeeb, Youssef Chahine, Yousry Nasrallah, Ezz El-Dine Zulficar, Sherif Arafa, Khaled Youssef, Marwan Hamed, Mohamed Khan, Shady Abdel Salam, Khairy Beshara, Samir Seif, Nader Galal, Ali Abdel-Khalek, Ashraf Fahmy, Radwan El-Kashef, Hady El Bagoury, Ali Ragab, Hala Khaleel, Ehab Lamey, Tarek Al Eryan, Atef El-Tayeb, Daoud Abdel Sayed, Ehab Mamdouh, Sandra Nashaat
• Ethiopia: Yemane Demissie, Haile Gerima, Hermon Hailay, Salem Mekuria^[60]
• Gabon: Henri Joseph Koumba Bibidi, Pierre-Marie Dong, Imunga Ivanga, Manouchka Kelly Labouba, Charles Mensah
• Ghana: Egbert Adjesu, John Akomfrah, King Ampaw, Kwaw Ansah, Jim Awindor, Yaba Badoe, Akosua Busia, Leila Djansi, Kuukua Eshun, Shirley Frimpong-Manso, Chris Hesse, Nii Kwate Owoo, Kwesi Owusu, Tom Ribeiro, Halaru B. Wandagou
• Guinea: David Achkar, Cheick Fantamady Camara, Mohamed Camara, Cheik Doukouré, Gahité Fofana, Mama Keïta
• Guinea-Bissau: Flora Gomes, Sana Na N'Hada
• Kenya: Robby Bresson,Jim Chuchu, Wanuri Kahiu, Wanjiru Kinyanjui, Judy Kibinge, Gilbert Lukalia, Jane Munene, Anne Mungai
• Lesotho: Lemohang Jeremiah Mosese
• Madagascar: Alexander Abela, Marie-Clémence Andriamonta-Paes, Lova Nantenaina, Philippe Raberojo, Raymond Rajaonarivelo, Benoît Ramampy, Solo Randrasana, Luck Razanajaona, Laza Razanajatovo
• Mali: Abdoulaye Ascofare, Souleymane Cissé, Cheick Oumar Sissoko, Manthia Diawara, Adama Drabo
• Mauritania: Med Hondo, Abderrahmane Sissako, Sidney Sokhona
• Mozambique: Fátima Albuquerque, Licínio Azevedo, Karen Boswall, Sol de Carvalho, Camilo de Sousa, Mickey Fonseca, Rogério Manjate, Isabel Noronha, Lara Sousa
• Namibia: Joel Haikali, Tim Huebschle, Richard Pakleppa
• Niger: Moustapha Alassane,^[61] Oumarou Ganda
• Nigeria: Femi Adebayo, Kemi Adetiba, Kunle Afolayan, Dele Ajakaiye, Andy Amenechi, Bayo Awala, Ola Balogun, Biyi Bandele, Jide Bello, Chico Ejiro, Zeb Ejiro, Obi Emelonye, Lola Fani-Kayode, Greg Fiberesima, Amaka Igwe, Tunde Kelani, Billy Kings, Chris Obi Rapu, Tade Ogidan, Iyabo Ojo, Izu Ojukwu, Zina Saro-Wiwa, Yemi Shodimu, Eddie Ugboma
• Rwanda: Eric Kabera, Kivu Ruhorahoza
• São Tomé and Príncipe: Januário Afonso, Katya Aragão, Ângelo Torres
• Senegal: Tidiane Aw, Moussa Bathily, Ben Diogaye Bèye, Ahmadou Diallo, Clarence Thomas Delgado, Djibril Diop Mambéty, Thierno Faty Sow, Safi Faye, Joseph Gaï Ramaka, Dyana Gaye, Alain Gomis, Ousmane William Mbaye, Bouna Medoune Seye, Samba Félix Ndiaye, Moustapha Ndoye, Ababacar Samb Makharam, Ibrahima Sarr, Ousmane Sembène, Moussa Sène Absa, Blaise Senghor, Mansour Sora Wade, Paulin Soumanou Vieyra, As Thiam, Momar Thiam, Moussa Touré, Mahama Johnson Traoré
• Somalia: Abdisalam Aato, Abdulkadir Ahmed Said, Idil Ibrahim
• Sudan: Amjad Abu Alala, Suhaib Gasmelbari, Gadalla Gubara, Hajooj Kuka, Hussein Shariffe, Marwa Zein
• South Africa: Neill Blomkamp, Seipati Bulani-Hopa, Mickey Dube, Nosipho Dumisa, Oliver Hermanus, Katinka Heyns, Gavin Hood, William Kentridge, Jonathan Liebesman, Nana Mahomo,^[62] Zola Maseko, Teddy Matthera, Morabane Modise, Sechaba Morejele, Lionel Ngakane
• Togo: Anne Laure Folly
• Tunisia: Raja Amari, Mehdi Ben Attia, Mohamed Ben Attia, Kaouther Ben Hania, Férid Boughedir, Leyla Bouzid, Nouri Bouzid, Khaled Ghorbal, Nacer Khémir, Anis Lassoued, Moufida Tlatli
• Uganda: Matt Bish, Caroline Kamya, Hassan Kamoga,^[63] Usama Mukwaya, Mariam Ndagire, George Stanley Nsamba, Joseph Kenneth Ssebaggala,
• Zambia: Rungano Nyoni
• Zimbabwe: M. K. Asante, Jr., Tsitsi Dangarembga, Roger Hawkins, Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu, Jordan Riber

• Caméra d'Afrique, Director: Férid Boughedir, Tunisia/France, 1983
• La Belle at the Movies, Director: Cecilia Zoppelletto, Kinshasa, 2016
• Le Congo, quel cinéma!, Director: Guy Bomanyama-Zandu, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2005
• Les Fespakistes, Directors: François Kotlarski, Eric Münch, Burkina Faso/France, 2001
• Sembene!, Director: Samba Gadjigo and Jason Silverman, 2015^[64]
• Spell Reel, Director: Filipa César, Guinea-Bissau, 2017, documentary on the digitization of revolutionary films from Guinea-Bissau.^[65][66]
• This Is Nollywood, Director: Franco Sacchi, 2007

• Africa International Film Festival (AFRIFF), Lagos, Nigeria
• Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA, AMA Awards), Yenagoa, Nigeria
• Alexandria International Film Festival, Alexandria, Egypt
• Amakula International Film Festival, Kampala, Uganda
• Ananse Cinema International Film Festival (ANCIFF), Kasoa, Ghana
• Aswan International Women's Film Festival, Aswan, Egypt
• Bushman Film Festival, held in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire^[67]
• Cabo Verde International Film Festival
• Cairo International Film Festival (CIFF), Cairo, Egypt
• Carthage Film Festival
• El Gouna Film Festival (GFF), El Gouna, Egypt
• Festival International du Film Amateur de Kélibia (FIFAK), Kélibia, Tunisia
• Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO), Burkina Faso
• Festival of African Cinema (Tarifa-Tangier African Film Festival), Morocco/Spain
• Luanda International Pan African Film Festival (Luanda PAFF)
• Luxor African Film Festival, Luxor, Egypt
• Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) is the largest and most prestigious film festival in Africa
• Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar (Madagascourt Film Festival)
• Rwanda Film Festival (Hillywood), held in Rwanda
• Sahara International Film Festival (FiSahara), held in Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria
• Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF)

• Atesib Film Festival, Israel

• Africa in Motion, held in Edinburgh, Scotland insyd late October
• Festival cinémas d’Afrique Lausanne, in Lausanne, Switzerland insyd August
• Festival des Cinémas d'Afrique du pays d'Apt, in Apt, Vaucluse, France insyd November

• The African Film Festival (TAFF) dem hold insyd Dallas insyd late June^[68]
• African Film Festival, dem hold insyd New York
• Africa World Documentary Film Festival, dem hold insyd St Louis
• Pan African Film Festival, dem hold insyd Los Angeles
• Silicon Valley African Film Festival, dem hold insyd San Jose, California

• African literature
• Africa Movie Academy Awards, Nigeria
• Atlas Corporation Studios, Morocco
• List of African films
• Négritude
• Negrophilia
• Nu Metro Cinemas, South Africa

• Political cinema
• Somaliwood, Somali film industry, Ohio, USA
• Ster-Kinekor, South Africa
• Third Cinema, dey include filmmakers from Africa
• Women in African cinema
• World cinema

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} Hayward, Susan. "Third World Cinemas: African Continent" in Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442
2. ↑ Houissa, Ali. "LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film". guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
3. ↑ Gaffney, Jane (1987). "The Egyptian Cinema: Industry and Art in a Changing Society". Arab Studies Quarterly. 9 (1): 53–75. ISSN 0271-3519. JSTOR 41857918.
4. ↑ Leaman, Oliver (2003-12-16). Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film. Routledge. ISBN 9781134662524.
5. ↑ "Alexandria, Why? (The Beginnings of the Cinema Industry in Alexandria)". Bibliotheca Alexandrina's AlexCinema.
6. ↑ "Three Programmes". Cinema Ritrovato. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
7. ↑ "The Golden Age of Egyptian Cinema – the 1940s to 1960s". Archived from the original on 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
8. ↑ "African Cinema: Invisible Classics". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-08-03.
9. ↑ "Top 10 film industries in Africa". afriff.com. AFRIFF African International Film Festival. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
10. ↑ "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer – UN". un.org. United Nations. 2009-05-05. Archived from the original on 2013-03-09. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
11. ↑ "Nigeria's Nollywood eclipsing Hollywood in Africa". The Independent. May 15, 2010. Archived from the original on May 18, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1} "Spotlight: The Nigerian Film Industry" (PDF). July 2017.
13. ↑ Murphskirty, David (2000). "Africans Filming Africa: Questioning Theories of an Authentic African Cinema". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 13 (2): 239–249. doi:10.1080/713674315. JSTOR 1771833. S2CID 55143264.
14. ↑ ^{14.0 14.1} "Almost 100 years old and still rolling! The history of SA cinema Part 2". February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020.
15. ↑ "Voortrekkers (1916)". Africa in Motion. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
16. ↑ "The anti-colonial gaze in ethnographic cinema: "Voyage au Congo" e "Marquis de Wavrin"". Cinefilia ritrovata. July 1, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
17. ↑ Barlet, Olivier (2012). "The Ambivalence of French Funding". Black Camera. 3 (2): 205–16. doi:10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.205. JSTOR 10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.205. S2CID 143881053.
18. ↑ Diawara, Manthia (1992). African Cinema: Politics and Culture. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 22–23.
19. ↑ Halhoul, Khalid (2012). "Using African Cinema to Shift Cultural Perceptions." Utne Reader (June/July 2012 edition). Mixed Media Section, pp. 78–79.
20. ↑ Wes Felton (December 2010). "Caught in the Undertow: African Francophone Cinema in the French New Wave". Senses of Self.
21. ↑ Diawara (1992), African Cinema, p. 23.
22. ↑ Gugler, Josef (2003). African Film: Re-Imagining a Continent. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, p. 3.
23. ↑ Abiola Irele; Biodun Jeyifo (2010). Abiola Irele; Biodun Jeyifo (eds.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0195334739 – via Google Books.
24. ↑ Notcutt, L. A., and G. C. Latham, The African and the Cinema: An Account of the Work of the Bantu Educational Cinema Experiment during the Period March 1935 to May 1937, London: Edinburgh House Press, 1937.
25. ↑ Melissa Thackway (2003). Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-34349-9, pp. 7 and 32.
26. ↑ For more on Rouch's work, see Steven Feld (ed.), Cine-Ethnography (1994), and Paul Henley, The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the Craft of Ethnographic Cinema (2010).
27. ↑ See, for example, Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike, Black African Cinema (1994), pp. 48–58.
28. ↑ "You look at us like insects". maitres-fous.net. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
29. ↑ Diawara (1992). African Cinema, pp. 23–24. See also Henley, Paul (2010), The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the Craft of Ethnographic Cinema, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 310–337.
30. ↑ Thackway (2003). Africa Shoots Back, pp. 1–6.
31. ↑ Bilge Ebiri (November 5, 2015). "The Story of Sembene!: How Ousmane Sembene Invented African Cinema". Vulture. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
32. ↑ McLellan, Dennis (2007-06-14). "Ousmane Sembene, 84; Sengalese hailed as 'the father of African film'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
33. ↑ FEPACI. Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
34. ↑ Nadia Neophytou (May 19, 2018). "In Cannes, African filmmakers are plotting to take back control from European producers". QuartzAfrica.
35. ↑ Jake Bright (June 24, 2015). "Meet 'Nollywood': The second largest movie industry in the world". Fortune. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
36. ↑ Colm McAuliffe (November 6, 2015). "The death of cinema in Congo: how churches killed off cowboy films: As the country is left without a single film theatre, a new documentary explores the end of a once thriving movie culture". The Guardian. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
37. ↑ "DR Congo: UNHCR uses cinema to spread awareness of sexual violence". July 30, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
38. ↑ Jean-Sebastien Josset (August 25, 2016). "Congo : ouverture d'une salle de cinéma à la pointe de la technologie: La République du Congo s'offre un cinéma de haut standing de 200 places à Brazzaville" [Congo:Opening of a cutting-edge cinema hall: The Republic of the Congo getting a luxury cinema with 200 seats in Brazzaville] (insyd French). JeuneAfrique. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
39. ↑ "Cinéma : bientôt une salle de projection à Brazzaville" [Cinema: Soon a screen in Brazzaville] (insyd French). 19 April 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
40. ↑ Gonzalez, Ed (October 4, 2002). "Waiting for Happiness". Slant Magazine. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
41. ↑ "A Season in France (2017)". en.unifrance.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
42. ↑ "Mahamat-Saleh HAROUN - Festival de Cannes 2018". Festival de Cannes 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
43. ↑ Cousins, Mark (September 3, 2012). "African Cinema: ten of the best". The Guardian. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
44. ↑ Kermeliotis, Teo (30 March 2010). "Wanuri Kahiu "In Kenya, I'm a hustler"". CNN. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
45. ↑ "Changamoto Arts Fund". Contemporary And. 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
46. ↑ "10 Most Censored Countries". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
47. ↑ "The Writer from a Country Without Bookstores".
48. ↑ Beti Ellerson, "African through a Woman's Eyes: Safi Faye's Cinema" in Focus on African Cinema(ed) Francoise Pfaff, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 2004), 185
49. ↑ ^{49.0 49.1} "The pioneer in African cinema Sarah Maldoror, special guest to DocumentaMadrid and the Reina Sofía Museum | DocumentaMadrid". Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
50. ↑ G. Cahill. "THE BATTLE OF THE SACRED TREE". Cleaveland International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
51. ↑ "Meet the director of the Kenyan lesbian romance who sued the government who banned it". The Guardian. 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
52. ↑ "Rungano Nyoni | IFFR".
53. ↑ "films". rungano nyoni. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
54. ↑ "Producer and script consulting Valeria Richter". Pebble.dk. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
55. ↑ Donnelly, Matt (2018-11-27). "CAA Signs 'I Am Not a Witch' Director Rungano Nyoni". Variety. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
56. ↑ Lora-Mungai, Marie; Pimenta, Pedro (2021). The African film industry. Trends, challenges and opportunities for growth. UNESCO. p. 3. ISBN 978-92-3-100470-4. OCLC 1346154769. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
57. ↑ Lora-Mungai & Pimenta 2021, pp. 7–9.
58. ↑ Biography, African Film Festival, New York.
59. ↑ Thackway (2003). Africa Shoots Back. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780852555774. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
60. ↑ "Salem Mekuria", Women Make movies.
61. ↑ Lynsey Chutel (March 30, 2018). "One of Africa's oldest animated films has a timeless message about African life". Quartz Africa.
62. ↑ "Nelson "Nana" Mahomo". South African History Online.
63. ↑ Yael Even Or (August 14, 2017). "The Man Running a Queer Film Festival in a Nation Where Homosexuality Is Illegal". Broadly.
64. ↑ "Film Screening: SEMBENE! The Inspiring Story of the Father of African Cinema with Director Samba Gadjigo". February 7, 2017. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
65. ↑ Ela Bittencourt (June 27, 2017). "Reactivating the Lost Revolutionary Films of Guinea-Bissau: In her debut feature, artist Filipa César documents the digitization of films made in the African country around the time of its independence". HyperAllergic.
66. ↑ Ben Kenigsberg (June 27, 2017). "Review: 'Spell Reel' Shows a Revolution Filmed, on the Leader's Orders". New York Times.
67. ↑ "Bushmanfilmfestival – Smartphone Film festival in Côte d'Ivoire". Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
68. ↑ "TAFF WORKSHOPS AND EVENTS CALENDAR".

• Movie theatres re-opening in Africa (in French, extensive business discussion)
• Congo in Harlem
• The Heavy Flag of Pan-African Cinema Archived 2015-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
• African Cinema in the 1990s
• African Media Program – comprehensive database of African media
• Library of African Cinema in California
• Wiki of the African Film Festival of Tarifa
• Khalid Halhoul, "Using African Cinema to Shift Cultural Perceptions", UTNE, July 3, 2012. Archived 2013-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
• Pan-African Film Festival, Cannes
• "Top African Film Directors in Alphabetical order", Africapedia