感

See also: 惑

感	U+611F, 感 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611F

← 愞
[U+611E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

愠 →
[U+6120]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

感 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 戈口心 (IRP), four-corner 5333₀, composition ⿱咸心(GJKV) or ⿵咸心(HT))

Derived characters

𬿯, 𭂢, 𠿑, 㙳, 𡢳, 憾, 撼, 澸, 𭤚, 𣛴, 𤐉, 𤛸, 䃭, 𥽇, 𫄅, 𤜁, 䜗, 𧾔, 轗(𫐘), 𨣝, 𫓏, 𩞿, 𭭹, 鱤(鳡), 𪊄, 𣤮, 𦒝, 䫲, 𮭗, 𦽫, 䉞

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 395, character 21
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10953
Dae Jaweon: page 733, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2321, character 2
Unihan data for U+611F

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 感
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
感	*kɯːmʔ
鱤	*kɯːmʔ
顑	kʰɯːmʔ, ŋɡrɯːms
轗	kʰɯːmʔ, kʰɯːms
撼	*ɡɯːmʔ
憾	*ɡɯːms
喊	qʰaːmʔ, qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
緘	*krɯːm
瑊	krɯːm, kjum
黬	krɯːm, ŋɡrɯːm
減	krɯːmʔ, ɡrɯːmʔ
羬	ŋɡrɯːm, ɡram
麙	*ŋɡrɯːm
咸	*ɡrɯːm
鹹	*ɡrɯːm
醎	*ɡrɯːm
諴	*ɡrɯːm
椷	*ɡrɯːm
輱	*ɡrɯːm
鍼	ɡam, ɡram, *kjɯm
箴	*kjɯm
葴	*kjɯm
鱵	*kjum

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːmʔ) : phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology 1

trad.		感
simp. ^#		感
2nd round simp.		𫹯
alternative forms		𢦡

Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). Note similarities to Burmese ခံ (hkam, “to endure, accept, catch”) (Luce, 1981).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gǎn (gan³)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄢˇ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gan³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gam²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gam²
Gan (Wiktionary): gon³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kám

(Meixian, Guangdong): gam³
Jin (Wiktionary): gan²
Northern Min (KCR): gǒ̤ng
Eastern Min (BUC): gāng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kám

(Teochew, Peng'im): gam²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵koe
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǎn
  - Wade–Giles: kan³
  - Yale: gǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaan
  - Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gan³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gam²
  - Yale: gám
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gam²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gem²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gam²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kam⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: gon³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɵn²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kám
  - Hakka Romanization System: gam^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gam³
  - Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gam³
  - Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: gan²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kæ̃⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǒ̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kám
  - Tâi-lô: kám
  - Phofsit Daibuun: karm
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kam⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kam⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gam²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kám
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kam⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵koe
  - MiniDict: koe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²koe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kø³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: gan³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan⁴¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 感
Mandarin	Beijing	/kan²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/kan²¹³/
	Tianjin	/kan¹³/
	Jinan	/kã⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/kã⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/kan⁵³/
	Xi'an	/kã⁵³/
	Xining	/kã⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/kan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/kɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/kan⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/kan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/kan⁵³/
	Guiyang	/kan⁴²/
	Kunming	/kã̠⁵³/
	Nanjing	/kaŋ²¹²/
	Hefei	/kæ̃²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kæ̃⁵³/
	Pingyao	/kɑŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/kæ̃⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/kø³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kø⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/kẽ̞⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/ky³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/kɛ³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/kɛ³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kan⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kan⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/kɵn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kam³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kɑm³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kɐm³⁵/
	Nanning	/kam³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/kɐm³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kam⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kaŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kam⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kam²¹³/

Middle Chinese: komX

Rime
Character	感
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古禫切
Baxter	komX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʌm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kəm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kɒm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəm^X/
Li Rong	/kᴀm^X/
Wang Li	/kɒm^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kăm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤ[ə]mʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kɯːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	感
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ kom^X ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁ[ə]mʔ/
English	move (emotionally) (v.t.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	感
Reading #	1/1
No.	13498
Phonetic component	咸
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	感
Old Chinese	/*kɯːmʔ/

Definitions

感

to move (someone); to affect; to touch; to arouse
response; influence
to feel; to perceive
feeling; thought; sensation; emotion
to thank; to feel grateful
to sigh with emotion; to be sentimental
to miss; to long for
(traditional Chinese medicine) to be affected by wind-cold

Usage notes

A popular stylistic choice in the written form of the character 感 involves putting the 心 component inside of the 咸 component in the area directly below the 口 component.

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (感):

→ Japanese: 感(かん) (kan); 感(こん) (kon)
→ Vietnamese: cảm (感)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 感 – see 撼 (“to shake; to move”). (This character is an obsolete form of 撼).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 感 – see 憾 (“regret; remorse”). (This character is an obsolete form of 憾).

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

感

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

feeling, sensation, emotion

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon)^{←こん (kon, historical)}^{←こむ (komu, ancient)}
Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)^{←かん (kan, historical)}^{←かむ (kamu, ancient)}
Kun: かまける (kamakeru, 感ける)、かんじる (kanjiru, 感じる)

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
感
かん Grade: 3
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 感 (MC komX).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Noun

感(かん) • (kan)

feeling; sense
虚(きょ)無(む)感(かん)
kyomukan
feeling of emptiness
(grammar) Clipping of 感動詞 (kandōshi, “interjection”).

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

感 (eumhun 느낄 감 (neukkil gam))

hanja form^? of 감 (“feeling”) [noun; suffix]

Compounds

감기 (感氣, gamgi)
감동 (感動, gamdong)
민감 (敏感, min'gam)
감은 (感恩, gameun)
감각 (感覺, gamgak)
감격 (感激, gamgyeok)
감정 (感情, gamjeong)
감사 (感謝, gamsa)
감염 (感染, gamyeom)
호감 (好感, hogam)
쾌감 (快感, kwaegam)
민감 (敏感, min'gam)
성감 (性感, seonggam)

Vietnamese

Han character

感: Hán Nôm readings: cảm, cám

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

mẫn cảm (敏感, “sensitive”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]