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Zhangzhou (/ˈdʒæŋˈdʒoʊ/, Mandarin: [ʈʂaŋ.ʈʂóʊ]) is a prefecture-level city in Fujian Province, China. The prefecture around the city proper comprises the southeast corner of the province, facing the Taiwan Strait and (with Quanzhou) surrounding the prefecture of Xiamen.
Zhangzhou
漳州市 Changchew | |
|---|---|
Aojiao Village Ming-era stone archway in Xiangcheng Hukong Dropping Cave in Dongshan County Wushan Mountain West Ecological Park | |
 Location of Zhangzhou City jurisdiction in Fujian | |
 | |
  Zhangzhou Location in China | |
| Coordinates (Zhangzhou municipal government): 24°30′47″N 117°38′49″E / 24.513°N 117.647°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Fujian |
| Municipal seat | Xiangcheng District |
| Area | |
| 12,882.27 km2 (4,973.87 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,590.23 km2 (1,000.09 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 4,290.84 km2 (1,656.70 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 5,054,328 | |
| • Density | 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 939,943 |
| • Urban density | 360/km2 (940/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 7,284,148 |
| • Metro density | 1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 454.6 billion US$ 65.9 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 89,834 US$ 14,107 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (CST) |
| Postal code | 363000 |
| Area code | 596 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-FJ-06 |
| License Plate | 闽E |
| Local dialect | Min Nan: Zhangzhou dialect |
| City trees | Cinnamomum camphora |
| City flowers | Narcissus tazetta |
| Website | zhangzhou |
| Zhangzhou | |||||||||||||||||||||
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 "Zhangzhou" in regular Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 漳州 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Changchow | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Name
editZhangzhou is the atonal pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name 漳州, using its pronunciation in Standard Mandarin.[3] The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Zhang Prefecture. The same name was romanized as Changchow on the Chinese Postal Map and Chang-chou in Wade-Giles. Other romanizations include Chang-chow.[4]
It also appears as Chang-chu,[5] Changchew, Chiang-chew, Chiang-Chew, Chiang Chew, Chiochiu,[6] Chanchiu,[6] Changchiu[6] from the city's local Zhangzhou dialect pronunciation of Hokkien Chinese: 漳州; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chiang-chiu / Chioⁿ-chiu.[7] This name appeared in Spanish and Portuguese Jesuit sources as Chincheo as well from the Quanzhou dialect pronunciation of Hokkien Chinese: 漳州; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Cheng-chiu, which was anglicized as Chinchew. By the 19th century, however, Chinchew as a name had migrated and was used to refer to Quanzhou, a separate port about 65 miles (105 km) east-northeast of central Zhangzhou.[8]
Geography
editZhangzhou proper lies on the banks of the Jiulong River in southern Fujian about 35 miles (56 km) from central Xiamen,[4] whose urban core has grown to form a single urbanized area with it. The prefecture of Zhangzhou comprises the southeastern corner of the province, surrounding Xiamen. The prefecture of Quanzhou lies to its northeast, Longyan to its northwest, and Shantou in Guangdong to its southwest.
Climate
editZhangzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild to warm winters and long, very hot and humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) in January to 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F). The frost-free period lasts 330 days.
| Climate data for Zhangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.8 (83.8) |
30.3 (86.5) |
33.7 (92.7) |
35.1 (95.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.1 (100.6) |
37.1 (98.8) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
38.6 (101.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.7 (65.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.9 (89.4) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
22.2 (71.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
19.0 (66.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
1.3 (34.3) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46.3 (1.82) |
70.8 (2.79) |
106.9 (4.21) |
128.3 (5.05) |
199.2 (7.84) |
270.1 (10.63) |
198.5 (7.81) |
263.8 (10.39) |
175.5 (6.91) |
56.0 (2.20) |
42.0 (1.65) |
46.8 (1.84) |
1,604.2 (63.14) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.6 | 10.1 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 15.8 | 18.0 | 11.8 | 14.9 | 10.7 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 131.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 80 | 75 | 77 | 73 | 67 | 69 | 69 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 130.4 | 101.5 | 102.9 | 118.3 | 131.4 | 147.3 | 219.6 | 195.6 | 178.9 | 182.0 | 156.9 | 146.8 | 1,811.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 39 | 32 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 36 | 53 | 49 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 45 | 41 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[9][10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[11] | |||||||||||||
History
editAccording to Odoric of Pordenone, Zhangzhou was a prosperous city twice the size of Bologna.[12]
During the early Qing, Zhangzhou was the primary Fujianese port trading with Portuguese Macao and Spanish Manila. For a time, the Portuguese maintained a factory in the city.[8]
During the late Qing, Zhangzhou remained a center of silk, brick, and sugar production with about a million people and extensive internal and maritime trade. Its city wall had a circumference of about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) but included a good deal of open ground and farmland. Its streets were paved with granite but badly maintained. The 800-foot (240 m) bridge across the Jiulong River consisted of wooden planks laid between 25 piles of stones at roughly equal intervals.[4] The port of Xiamen in an island at the mouth of the Jiulong principally functioned as a trading center for the produce and wares of Zhangzhou and its hinterland;[5] both suffered economically when Indian tea plantations cratered demand for Fujianese tea in the late 19th century.[13]
From 1918 to 1920, Chen Jiongming established the anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian with Zhangzhou as its capital.[14]
The old city of Zhangzhou (now Xiangcheng District) was occupied in April and May 1932 by a column of Communist guerrillas under Mao Zedong. Due to the presence of Western gunboats in Xiamen Bay, arms shipments from the Soviet Union were unable to get up the Jiulong River to Mao's forces and the main Communist bases. Discovering this, Mao retreated from the city, according to some accounts with a substantial amount of loot taken from its residents.[15]
Administrative divisions
editZhangzhou comprises 4 urban districts, and 7 counties.[16]
- Xiangcheng District (芗城区)
- Longwen District (龙文区)
- Longhai District (龙海区)
- Changtai District (长泰区)
- Dongshan County (东山县)
- Hua'an County (华安县)
- Nanjing County (南靖县)
- Pinghe County (平和县)
- Yunxiao County (云霄县)
- Zhangpu County (漳浦县)
- Zhao'an County (诏安县)
| Map |
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Demographics
editDuring the 2020 Chinese census, the entire area of Zhangzhou was home to 5,054,328 inhabitants. Along with the 2,120,178 people of central Xiamen, its urban districts of Xiangcheng, Longwen, Longhai and Changtai, form a single metropolitan area of about 7,284,148 people.
The main language of the Zhangzhou Hokkiens is the local dialect of Min Nan, part of the Southern Min branch of Min Chinese. Government, education, and official business, however, are carried out in Mandarin.[citation needed]
Hakka is also spoken in the rural peasant area of Zhangzhou in the west and south.
Economy
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016) |
Babao seal paste was invented by the druggist Wei Changan as a traditional medicine in 1673. It was repurposed for artistic use a few years later and gained imperial favor under the Qianlong Emperor. It remains prized for its bright color and pleasant smell.
A major petrochemical plant, producing paraxylene, owned by Taiwan-based Xianglu Group is located in Zhangzhou's Gulei Peninsula. The plant suffered major fires in 2013 and 2015.[17]
Transportation
editTwo passenger stations serve Zhangzhou:
- Zhangzhou East Railway Station on the older Yingtan–Xiamen Railway, northeast of the city;
- Zhangzhou Railway Station, the junction of the high-speed Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway and Longyan–Xiamen Railway, opened in 2012, south of the city.
Education
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016) |
Notable residents
edit- Chen Yuanguang (657–711), a leader of the movement to sinicize Fujian and northern Guangdong.
- Khaw Soo Cheang (1786–1882), merchant and governor of a Thai province.
- Lim Gu Tong (1895–1976), international author, cultural ambassador and inventor.
- Fang Zhouzi (1967), science writer.
Sister city
editZhangzhou is twinned with the following regions, cities and towns:[18]
Palembang, South Sumatra (since 2002)[19]
Isahaya, Nagasaki
Gödöllő, Pest County
Wageningen, Gelderland
Honolulu, Hawaii
See also
edit- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
- Yuegang, important seaport during Ming and Ming-Qing transition in modern Zhangzhou and Xiamen
References
edit- ^ "China: Fújiàn (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ 福建省统计局、国家统计局福建调查总队 (August 2021). 《福建统计年鉴－2021》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-9510-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- ^ "Zhangzhou". Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ a b c Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 391
- ^ a b Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 1 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 748.
- ^ a b c Van der Loon, Piet (1967). "The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2" (PDF). Asia Major. New Series. 13: 95–186.
- ^ Pitcher, Philip Wilson (1893). Fifty Years in Amoy or A History of the Amoy Mission, China. New York: Reformed Church in America. p. 33.
- ^ a b Yule, Henry (1878), , in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 673
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ 漳州 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ Yule, Henry (2002). The Travels of Friar Odoric. p. 123.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 1 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 878.
- ^ Chen Jiongming Anarchism and the Federalist State
- ^ Zhang Rong; et al. (2005), Mao: The Unknown Story, p. 117.
- ^ Zhangzhou Government. "Approaching Zhangzhou". Zhangzhou Government.
- ^ "A contentious chemical plant in China has exploded for the second time in two years". Quartz. 2015-04-07. Archived from the original on 2022-08-20.
- ^ "福建省与国外友城关系一览表" (in Simplified Chinese). 福建省人民政府外事办公室. Archived from the original on 2008-03-16. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ "南苏门答腊省概况" (in Chinese). Retrieved 17 December 2020.
External links
edit- Official website (in Chinese)
- Historic US Army map of Zhangzhou, 1945