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List of threatened sharks

See also: Threatened rays

Threatened sharks are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's oldest global environmental organization.[2] It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:[3]

Photo of shark in profile surrounded by other, much smaller fish
The whale shark, the world's largest fish, is classified as Endangered.

Binding legislation and harvest management strategies... are urgently needed to address the disproportionate impact of fisheries on cartilaginous fishes.

– IUCN global study 2010 [1]

Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.[3] The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4]

In a milestone decision in 2013, CITES prohibited international trade in the fins of the scalloped hammerhead (pictured) and four other shark species.[5]

Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[6] Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries.[7] Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species had declined over 90% and population declines of 70% were not unusual by 1998.[8] In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.[9]

Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year.[10][11] Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, which some Asian countries regard as a status symbol.[12] Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water to die from suffocation or predators.[11][13] Sharks are also killed for their flesh in Europe and elsewhere.[14] The 2007 film Sharkwater documents ways in which sharks are being hunted to extinction.[15] In 2009, the IUCN Shark Specialist Group reported on the conservation status of pelagic (open water) sharks and rays. They found that over half the pelagic sharks targeted by high-seas fisheries were threatened with extinction.[16][17][18]

In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of hammerhead, oceanic whitetip and dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. China, by far the world's largest shark consumer, and Japan, which battles all attempts to extend the convention's protections to marine species, led the opposition.[19][20]

In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan,[21] and reversed course.[22][23] In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014.[24] International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."[5]

In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy is intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark attack following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010 to 2013.[25] Baited drum lines are deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch the vulnerable great white shark, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive are shot and their bodies discarded at sea.[26] The government claims they are not culling sharks, but are using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[27] Barnett has described opposition to killing the sharks as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing can change his mind.[28]

According to a 2021 study published in the journal Nature, relative fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[29] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[30][31] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[32] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[33][29]

List

edit
Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend IUCN status Fish
Base 		FAO CITES
Appendix[24]
Mackerel
shark 		  Alopias pelagicus Pelagic thresher decreasing   Endangered[34] [35] [36]
Mackerel
shark 		  Alopias superciliosus Bigeye thresher shark decreasing   Vulnerable[37] [38] [39]
Mackerel
shark 		  Alopias vulpinus Common thresher decreasing   Vulnerable[40] [41] [42]
Groundshark   Atelomycterus baliensis Bali catshark unknown   Vulnerable[43] [44]
Groundshark Aulohalaelurus kanakorum New Caledonia catshark unknown   Vulnerable[45] [46]
Carpet shark   Brachaelurus colcloughi Bluegrey carpetshark unknown   Vulnerable[47] [48]
Groundshark   Carcharhinus borneensis Borneo shark unknown   Critically Endangered[49] [50] II
Groundshark   Carcharhinus hemiodon Pondicherry shark unknown   Critically endangered[51] [52] II
Groundshark   Carcharhinus leiodon Smoothtooth blacktip shark unknown   Vulnerable[53] [54] II
Groundshark   Carcharhinus longimanus Oceanic whitetip shark decreasing   Critically endangered [55] [56] II
Groundshark   Carcharhinus obscurus Dusky shark decreasing   Vulnerable[57] [58] [59] II
Groundshark   Carcharhinus plumbeus Sandbar shark decreasing   Vulnerable[60] [61] [62] II
Groundshark   Carcharhinus signatus Night shark unknown   Vulnerable[63] [64] [65] II
Mackerel
shark 		  Carcharias taurus Sand tiger decreasing   Critically endangered[66] [67] [68]
Mackerel
shark 		  Carcharodon carcharias Great white shark unknown   Vulnerable[69] [70] [71] II
Dogfish   Centrophorus granulosus Gulper shark decreasing   Vulnerable[72] [73] [74]
Dogfish   Centrophorus harrissoni Dumb gulper shark decreasing   Endangered[75] [76] [77]
Dogfish Centrophorus lusitanicus Lowfin gulper shark unknown   Vulnerable[78] [79] [80]
Dogfish   Centrophorus squamosus Deepwater spiny dogfish decreasing   Vulnerable[81] [82] [83]
Mackerel
shark 		  Cetorhinus maximus Basking shark decreasing   Endangered[84] [85] [86] II
Groundshark   Chaenogaleus macrostoma Hooktooth shark unknown   Vulnerable[87] [88]
Groundshark   Galeorhinus galeus School shark decreasing   Vulnerable[89] [90] [91]
Groundshark Galeus mincaronei Southern sawtail catshark decreasing   Vulnerable[92] [93]
Groundshark   Glyphis gangeticus Ganges shark decreasing   Critically endangered [94] [95] II
Groundshark   Glyphis garricki New Guinea river shark decreasing   Critically endangered [96] [97] II
Groundshark   Glyphis glyphis Speartooth shark decreasing   Endangered[98] [99] II
Groundshark   Glyphis siamensis Irrawaddy river shark unknown   Critically endangered [100] [101] II
Groundshark
 
 Haploblepharus fuscus Brown shyshark unknown   Vulnerable[102] [103]
Groundshark Haploblepharus kistnasamyi Natal shyshark unknown   Critically endangered[104] [105]
Groundshark   Hemigaleus microstoma Sickle fin weasel shark decreasing   Vulnerable[106] [107]
Groundshark   Hemipristis elongata Snaggletooth shark decreasing   Vulnerable[108] [109]
Carpet shark   Hemiscyllium hallstromi Papuan epaulette shark unknown   Vulnerable[110] [111] [112]
Carpet shark   Hemiscyllium strahani Hooded carpet shark unknown   Vulnerable[113] [114] [115]
Groundshark Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Whitefin topeshark unknown   Endangered[116] [117]
Groundshark Holohalaelurus favus Honeycomb Izak decreasing   Endangered[118] [119]
Groundshark Holohalaelurus punctatus Whitespotted Izak decreasing   Endangered[120] [121]
Groundshark   Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus Daggernose shark decreasing   Critically endangered[122] [123]
Mackerel
shark 		  Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin mako decreasing   Endangered[124] [125] [126]
Mackerel
shark 		  Isurus paucus Longfin mako decreasing   Endangered[127] [128] [129]
Groundshark   Lamiopsis temminckii Broadfin shark decreasing   Endangered[130] [131] II
Mackerel
shark 		  Lamna nasus Porbeagle decreasing   Vulnerable[132] [133] III
(II eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark Mustelus fasciatus Striped smooth-hound decreasing   Critically endangered[134] [135]
Groundshark   Mustelus mustelus Common smoothhound decreasing   Vulnerable[136] [137]
Groundshark Mustelus schmitti Narrownose smoothhound decreasing   Endangered[138] [139] [140]
Groundshark   Mustelus whitneyi Humpback smoothhound decreasing   Vulnerable[141] [142]
Groundshark   Nasolamia velox whitenose shark decreasing   Endangered[138] [143]
Carpet shark   Nebrius ferrugineus Tawny nurse shark decreasing   Vulnerable[144] [145] [146]
Groundshark   Negaprion acutidens Sharptooth lemon shark decreasing   Vulnerable[147] [148] II
Mackerel
shark 		  Odontaspis ferox Small-tooth sand tiger shark decreasing   Vulnerable[149] [150] [151]
Dogfish   Oxynotus centrina Angular rough shark unknown   Vulnerable[152] [153] [154]
Carpet shark   Pseudoginglymostoma
brevicaudatum 		Shorttail nurse shark unknown   Vulnerable[155] [156]
Carpet shark   Rhincodon typus Whale shark decreasing   Endangered[157] [158] [159] II
Groundshark Schroederichthys
saurisqualus 		Lizard catshark unknown   Vulnerable[160] [161]
Groundshark   Scylliogaleus quecketti Flapnose houndshark unknown   Vulnerable[162] [163]
Groundshark   Sphyrna lewini Scalloped hammerhead decreasing   Critically endangered [164] [165] [166] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark   Sphyrna mokarran Great hammerhead decreasing   Critically Endangered[167] [168] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark   Sphyrna tiburo Bonnethead shark decreasing   Endangered[167] [169] II
Groundshark   Sphyrna tudes Smalleye hammerhead decreasing   Vulnerable[170] [171] II
Groundshark   Sphyrna zygaena Smooth hammerhead decreasing   Vulnerable[172] [173] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Dogfish   Squalus acanthias Piked dogfish decreasing   Vulnerable[174] [175] [176]
Dogfish   Squalus montalbani Philippines spurdog decreasing   Vulnerable[177] [178]
Angel shark   Squatina aculeata Sawback angelshark decreasing   Critically endangered[179] [180] [181]
Angel shark Squatina albipunctata Eastern angel shark decreasing   Vulnerable[182] [183]
Angel shark Squatina argentina Argentine angel shark decreasing   Endangered[184] [185] [186]
Angel shark Squatina formosa Taiwan angelshark unknown   Endangered[187] [188] [189]
Angel shark Squatina guggenheim Hidden angelshark decreasing   Endangered[190] [191]
Angel shark   Squatina japonica Japanese angelshark unknown   Vulnerable[192] [193] [194]
Angel shark Squatina nebulosa Clouded angelshark unknown   Vulnerable[195] [196] [197]
Angel shark   Squatina oculata Smoothback angel shark decreasing   Critically endangered[198] [199] [200]
Angel shark Squatina punctata Angular angelshark decreasing   Endangered[201] [202]
Angel shark   Squatina squatina Angel shark decreasing   Critically endangered[203] [204] [205]
Angel shark Squatina tergocellatoides Ocellated angelshark unknown   Vulnerable[206] [207] [208]
Carpet shark   Stegostoma fasciatum Zebra shark decreasing   Vulnerable[209] [210] [211]
Groundshark Triakis acutipinna Sharpfin houndshark decreasing   Endangered[212] [213]
Groundshark Triakis maculata Spotted houndshark decreasing   Vulnerable[214] [215]

See also

edit

References

edit
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Further reading

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