November 2015 Sinjar offensive

November 2015 Sinjar offensive
Part of the Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017), Spillover of the Syrian Civil War, and the American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
Map of the concurrent offensives in al-Hawl and Sinjar, on 12 November 2015
Date 12–15 November 2015[6] 3 days) Location Nineveh Governorate, Iraq Result Kurdish-french victory[7][8][9][10][11] Peshmerga and PKK forces capture Sinjar[12][13] and Gabara[14] Kurdish/Peshmerga forces cut three roads leading to Sinjar and ISIL's main Mosul–Raqqa supply route[14]
Belligerents
Kurdistan Êzîdxan Kurdistan/Peshmerga Command[1] PKK[1][2] Rojava[1] Supported by: CJTF–OIR[3] Air support:  United Kingdom[4]  Canada[5]  United States[3] MedEvac support:  Iraq[3] France	Islamic State
Commanders and leaders
Masoud Barzani Maj. Gen. Aziz Waisi[2] Brig. Gen. Seme Mala Mohammed[15] Sheikh Alo[16] (Duhok region commander) Gen. Zaim Ali[17] (western area commander) Gen. Wahid Kovli (eastern area commander) Haydar Shesho[2] (HPŞ chief commander) Mazlum Shengal[18] (YBŞ chief commander) Berivan Arin[18] (YJÊ chief commander) Murat Karayılan (PKK leader) İsmail Özden Newroz Hatim †[6] (PKK field commander) Sipan Hemo (YPG supreme commander)	Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Mullah Ghareeb al-Turkmani Abu Askar al-Shammary Abu Eisa al-Azeri Abu A'isha al-Juburi[19]
Units involved
Iraqi Kurdistan: Peshmerga Zeravani[2] Sinjar Alliance: HPŞ[1][2] YBŞ YJÊ PKK: HPG[1][2] YJA-Star MLKP[20] Rojava: YPG YPJ United States: U.S. Special Forces[21]	Unknown
Strength
7,500+[14]	~700[14] (in Sinjar city)
Casualties and losses
Unknown	300+ killed[22][23] 300+ wounded and captured [24][25]

The November Sinjar offensive was a combination of operations of Kurdish Peshmerga, PKK, and Yezidi Kurd militias in November 2015, to recapture the city of Sinjar from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It resulted in a decisive victory for the Kurdish forces, who expelled the ISIL militants from Sinjar and regained control of Highway 47, which until then had served as the major supply route between the ISIL strongholds of Raqqa and Mosul.

The offensive was code-named "The Fury of Melek Taus", in reference to Melek Taus, a figure from Yezidi religion.^[26]

In August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launched an offensive in Northern Iraq and pushed into Kurdish held areas of Nineveh Governorate, capturing the city of Sinjar, among others.

In what is known as the Sinjar massacre, 2,000–5,000 Yazidis were killed in and around Sinjar, while 200,000 civilians fled. Amongst these, some 50,000 Yazidis fled to the Sinjar Mountains, located to the city's north, where they were facing starvation and dehydration.^[27] By the end of August, the majority of these 50,000 Yazidis were able to leave the mountains through a corridor opened by Kurdish forces, although several thousands stayed there.

While ISIL held onto Sinjar city and the southern entrance of the Sinjar Mountains, they seized further terrain north of the mountains on 21 October 2014, thereby cutting the area's escape route to Kurdish areas. Yazidi militias who were securing the holy Sherfedîn shrine, had to withdraw into the Sinjar Mountains. The number of Yazidi civilian refugees was estimated at 2,000–7,000.^[28] An American source called this new situation a partial ISIL "siege" of the mountain range.^[29]

In the course of a first, six-day-long offensive in December 2014, Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga took control over a part of the city of Sinjar and parts of the mountains, and expanded their offensive on to Tal Afar. In early 2015, Kurdish forces also pushed closer to the City of Mosul in the Mosul offensive.

On 12 November 2015, over 7,500 Kurdish fighters, backed by the US-led coalition, began their offensive to retake Sinjar. Kurdish sources reported that they captured the village of Gabara and also had cut the highway between Sinjar and Syria.^[14] According to a Peshmerga official, U.S. and British special forces were also participating in the offensive.^[22] According to the same sources, 16 ISIL suicide attacks were thwarted.^[23] Later, it was reported that K forces had cut the Sinjar-Baiji and Sinjar-Tal Afar highways, effectively besieging ISIL in Sinjar. A Peshmerga commander hinted that no prisoners would be taken during the operation. ISIL counter-attacked in the western part of Sinjar, while hundreds of Peshmerga were waiting to be deployed in battle.^[17] Kurdish forces had secured the wheat silo, cement factory, hospital and several other public buildings in the northern part of the city, with reports that ISIL had fled Sinjar prior to the offensive. However, a Peshmerga official expressed his concern about possible suicide bombers remaining within the city. Kurdish forces also secured 150 square kilometres (60 square miles) of territory around Sinjar from ISIL.^[15]

At least 30 airstrikes by American warplanes, intended to soften up ISIL's military positions and uproot its fighters, were reported to have occurred on Thursday before the ground attack.^[2]

On the morning of 13 November 2015, the operation's second day, a Kurdish force including Syrian Kurdish YPG forces and Gerila forces of the HPG advanced to the city center from the west. There they were joined by Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga forces advancing from the east, including the Iraqi Kurdish Zeravani led by Major General Aziz Waisi and independent Yazidi forces led by Heydar Shesho.^[2] Subsequently, a stream of armed personnel carriers, Humvees, SUVs and light trucks were moved into the city. With a U.S. A-10 aircraft circling over the city, they took control of the city.^[2]

Filmmaker Carsten Stormer, who was embedded with the western frontline, reported they didn't face any fighting from the side of the Islamic State: "There was no resistance — I mean zero." He also confirmed the PKK-affiliated troops arrived first in this section, only then to be joined by the Peshmerga.^[2] According to The Economist, "IS forces reportedly pulled out of the town after two days of intense fighting, allowing the Peshmerga to walk in virtually unopposed on November 12th."^[30]

The next day, YBŞ and PKK units captured a number of strategically important villages west and south of Sinjar, most importantly Emdiban near the border to Syria. In course of these clashes, both ISIL as well as coalition forces suffered casualties; among them was the PKK field commander Newroz Hatim, who was killed near Midian village.^[6]

During the whole week, Coalition aircraft had conducted over 250 airstrikes.^[3] Apart from U.S. aircraft, British Tornado GR4 and MQ-9 Reaper aircraft, operating from the Royal Air Force's Akrotiri base targeted ISIL positions near Sinjar and Tall Afar.^[4] CF-18 Hornet aircraft from the Royal Canadian Air Force were also reported to having contributed to the preparatory mission.^[5] Iraqi Security Force helicopters provided aerial MedEvac support conducting five casualty evacuations.^[3]

Though the presence of PKK, YPG and the Yezidi Kurd militias participating in the Sinjar Alliance has been covered by Kurdistan TV Broadcaster Rûdaw, both Kurdistan prime minister Nechirvan Barzani and president Massoud Barzani claimed the capture of Sinjar exclusively for the KRG's Peshmerga forces.^[1][13] Haydar Shesho, commander of the Protection Force of Sinjar (HPŞ), who before had been allied with the KRG peshmerga, warned of a "war over flags" and referred to the next battle being "the abolition of the one-party dictatorship".^[1]

Following the recapture, in Solagh, east of Sinjar city, Kurdish forces found a mass grave^[31] with the remains of at least 78 Yazidi women believed to be executed by ISIL militants.^[32] On 15 November 2015, yet another mass grave containing the remains of 50 Yezidi men was found at a place that used to be the Shingal Technical Institute's fish pond.^[33]

According to witnesses, in an alleged act of retaliation, members of the Yazidi minority looted and burned Sunni Muslim houses following the recapture of the city.^{[citation needed]} However, the report was denied by Kurdish security commanders, and could not be independently confirmed. In the course of the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive in August 2014, some Sunni inhabitants had allegedly identified local Yazidis to the jihadists, thereby enabling the following Sinjar massacre.^[34]

• American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
• December 2014 Sinjar offensive
• Al-Hawl offensive
• Tishrin Dam offensive
• Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)
• Fall of Mosul
• List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
• Spillover of the Syrian Civil War