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1ES 1959+650

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1ES 1959+650
The BL Lac object 1ES 1959+650.
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationDraco
Right ascension19h 59m 59.85s
Declination+65° 08′ 54.65″
Redshift0.047000
Heliocentric radial velocity14,090 km/s
Distance676 Mly (207.26 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)12.8
Characteristics
TypeBL Lac, Flat-Spectrum Radio Source
Apparent size (V)37.15 kiloparsecs (121,200 light-years)
(diameter; 2MASS K-band total isophote)[1]
Other designations
2MASX J19595975+6508547, LEDA 2674942, NVSS J195959+650854, TXS 1959+650, TeV J1959+651

1ES 1959+650 is a BL Lacertae object or a BL Lac object located in the eastern constellation of Draco, about 676 million light years from Earth.[1] It was first discovered as an astronomical radio source in 1987 by Green Bank Radio Telescope and further categorized as both a flat-spectrum radio source and an X-ray source during the Einstein IPC Slew Survey conducted in the early 1990s.[2]

Characteristics

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1ES 1959+650 has an active galactic nucleus. It is classified as a high energy-peaked BL Lac object[3] or a synchrotron peaked blazar with a synchrotron peak of the spectral energy distribution appearing in ultraviolet and X-ray bands.[4][5]

The host galaxy of 1ES 1959+650 is a gas-rich elliptical galaxy with a dust lane[6][7] located 0.8" north of its nucleus.[2] Its structure is complex, indicating a past galaxy merger.[2] The supermassive black hole in the center of 1ES 1959+650 is estimated to be ~ 1.3 x 108 Mʘ.[8]

1ES 1959+650 is violently variable. It exhibits multiple outburst episodes across its electromagnetic spectrum,[9][10][11] In its low flux state between 2000 and 2001, 1ES 1959+650 was observed with HEGRA Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope system, which it showed a Crab flux of 5.3%. During its flaring state in May 2002, the blazar's flux level increased significantly as high as 2.2 Crab.[12] Furthermore, an orphan flare, not accompanied by increasing activity in spectral bands, was also shown.[13][14][15] The gamma emission in 1ES 1959+650 displays 'softer-when-brighter' evolution in a 0.1-300 GeV band while the X-ray emission showed 'harder-when-brighter' evolution in a 0.6-10 KeV band.[8]

In addition to its variability, 1ES 1959+650 shows gamma ray flares from short to long timescales.[16] X-ray flares were also detected in the blazar, apart from gamma ray flares.[17][18] Between August 2015 and January 2016, a powerful and prolonged X-ray flare was detected in 1ES 1959+650.[19] That same year, the second strongest X-ray flare occurred with a 5.5 month interval separation after the first flare.[20]

The source in 1ES 1959+650 is unresolved on a kiloparsec scale. By looking at a parsec scale, it is found to be dominated by a luminous core. There is also presence of some extended unpolarized emission to the north, which the electric vector position angle is found parallel to it while the core polarization on the other hand, is roughly 1.5 percent. This suggests a component emerging towards north with average polarization of 4 percent.[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b "By Name NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
  2. ^ a b c "1ES 1959+650 - Frankfurt Quasar Monitoring". quasar.square7.ch. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
  3. ^ Hu, Xin-Ke; Yu, Yu-Wei; Zhang, Jin; Wu, Tan-Zheng; Lian, Ji-Shun; Wang, Xiang-Gao; Zhang, Hai-Ming; Liang, En-Wei (2024-03-01). "X-Ray Polarization Variability of High Spectral Peak BL Lacertaes: Cases of 1ES 1959+650 and PKS 2155–304". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 963 (2): L41. arXiv:2312.01755. Bibcode:2024ApJ...963L..41H. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad2a4f. ISSN 2041-8205.
  4. ^ Wani, Kiran; Gaur, Haritma; Patil, M. K. (2023-07-01). "X-Ray Studies of Blazar 1ES 1959+650 Using Swift and XMM-Newton Satellite". The Astrophysical Journal. 951 (2): 94. arXiv:2305.03246. Bibcode:2023ApJ...951...94W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd186. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ^ Nowakowski, Tomasz; Phys.org. "Blazar 1ES 1959+650 investigated with Swift and XMM-Newton satellites". phys.org. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
  6. ^ Jannuzi, Buell T.; Yanny, Brian; Impey, Chris (1997-12-10). "Hubble Space TelescopeImaging of the Host Galaxies of Three X-Ray–selected BL Lacertae Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 491 (1): 146–152. arXiv:astro-ph/9910106. Bibcode:1999A&A...352...85F. doi:10.1086/304944. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ Perlman, Eric S.; Stocke, John T.; Schachter, Jonathan F.; Elvis, Martin; Ellingson, Erica; Urry, C. Megan; Potter, Michael; Impey, Chris D.; Kolchinsky, Peter (June 1996). "The Einstein Slew Survey Sample of BL Lacertae Objects". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 104: 251. Bibcode:1996ApJS..104..251P. doi:10.1086/192300. ISSN 0067-0049.
  8. ^ a b Ghosal, B; Tolamatti, A; Bhattacharyya, S; Bhatt, N; Yadav, K K; Chandra, P; Das, M P; Tickoo, A K; Rannot, R C; Gaur, K K; Goyal, A; Kumar, N; Marandi, P; Agarwal, N K; Kothari, M (2022-11-10). "Gamma-ray spectral variability of HBL 1ES 1959+650 during MJD 57400–58000 and its consequence on leptonic blazar emission model". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 517 (4): 5473–5482. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2950. ISSN 0035-8711.
  9. ^ Shah, Zahir; Ezhikode, Savithri H; Misra, Ranjeev; Rajalakshmi, T R (2021-05-03). "AstroSat observation of the HBL 1ES 1959+650 during its October 2017 flaring". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 504 (4): 5485–5495. arXiv:2104.13472. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1244. ISSN 0035-8711.
  10. ^ Kapanadze, Bidzina; Dorner, Daniela; Romano, Patrizia; Vercellone, Stefano; Tabagari, Lela (2018-04-20). "The TeV blazar 1ES 1959+650 - a short review". Proceedings of XII Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources Workshop — PoS(MULTIF2017). Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab: 033. doi:10.22323/1.306.0033.
  11. ^ Patel, S. R.; Shukla, A.; Chitnis, V. R.; Dorner, D.; Mannheim, K.; Acharya, B. S.; Nagare, B. J. (March 2018). "Broadband study of blazar 1ES 1959+650 during flaring state in 2016". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 611: A44. arXiv:1711.08583. Bibcode:2018A&A...611A..44P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731987. ISSN 0004-6361.
  12. ^ Aharonian, F.; Akhperjanian, A.; Beilicke, M.; Bernlöhr, K.; Börst, H.-G.; Bojahr, H.; Bolz, O.; Coarasa, T.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Denninghoff, S.; Fonseca, M. V.; Girma, M.; Götting, N.; Heinzelmann, G. (July 2003). "Detection of TeV gamma-rays from the BL Lac 1ES 1959+650 in its low states and during a major outburst in 2002" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 406 (1): L9–L13. Bibcode:2003A&A...406L...9A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030838. ISSN 0004-6361.
  13. ^ Reimer, A.; Bottcher, M.; Postnikov, S. (September 2005). "Neutrino Emission in the Hadronic Synchrotron Mirror Model: The "Orphan" TeV Flare from 1ES 1959+650". The Astrophysical Journal. 630 (1): 186–190. arXiv:astro-ph/0505233. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630..186R. doi:10.1086/431948. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ^ Reimer, A.; Böttcher, M.; Postnikov, S. (2005-09-01). "Neutrino Emission in the Hadronic Synchrotron Mirror Model: The "Orphan" TeV Flare from 1ES 1959+650". The Astrophysical Journal. 630 (1): 186. arXiv:astro-ph/0505233. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630..186R. doi:10.1086/431948. ISSN 0004-637X.
  15. ^ Krawczynski, H.; Hughes, S. B.; Horan, D.; Aharonian, F.; Aller, M. F.; Aller, H.; Boltwood, P.; Buckley, J.; Coppi, P.; Fossati, G.; Gotting, N.; Holder, J.; Horns, D.; Kurtanidze, O. M.; Marscher, A. P. (2004-01-20). "Multiwavelength Observations of Strong Flares from the TeV Blazar 1ES 1959+650". The Astrophysical Journal. 601 (1): 151–164. arXiv:astro-ph/0310158. Bibcode:2004ApJ...601..151K. doi:10.1086/380393. ISSN 0004-637X.
  16. ^ Santander, Marcos (2017-08-16). "The exceptional TeV flaring activity of the blazar 1ES 1959+650 in 2015 and 2016 as observed with VERITAS". Proceedings of 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2017). Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab. p. 622. doi:10.22323/1.301.0622.
  17. ^ Kapanadze, Bidzina (2017-05-01). "Another X-ray Flare in TeV-detected blazar 1ES 1959+650". The Astronomer's Telegram. 10430: 1. Bibcode:2017ATel10430....1K.
  18. ^ Chandra, Sunil; Boettcher, Markus; Goswami, Pranjupriya; Singh, Kulinder Pal; Zacharias, Michael; Kaur, Navpreet; Bhattacharyya, Sudip; Ganesh, Shashikiran; Dorner, Daniela (2021-09-01). "X-Ray Observations of 1ES 1959+650 in Its High-activity State in 2016–2017 with AstroSat and Swift". The Astrophysical Journal. 918 (2): 67. arXiv:2105.08119. Bibcode:2021ApJ...918...67C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac01d1. ISSN 0004-637X.
  19. ^ Kapanadze, B.; Dorner, D.; Vercellone, S.; Romano, P.; Kapanadze, S.; Mdzinarishvili, T. (2016-03-28). "A recent strong X-ray flaring activity of 1ES 1959+650 with possibly less efficient stochastic acceleration". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 461 (1): L26–L31. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw054. ISSN 1745-3925.
  20. ^ Kapanadze, B.; Dorner, D.; Vercellone, S.; Romano, P.; Hughes, P.; Aller, M.; Aller, H.; Reynolds, M.; Kapanadze, S.; Tabagari, L. (2017-09-27). "The second strong X-ray flare and multifrequency variability of 1ES 1959+650 in 2016 January–August". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 473 (2): 2542–2564. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2492. ISSN 0035-8711.
  21. ^ Bondi, M.; Marchã, M. J. M.; Polatidis, A.; Dallacasa, D.; Stanghellini, C.; Antón, S. (July 2004). "VLBA polarization observations of BL Lac objects and passive elliptical galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 352 (1): 112–124. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.352..112B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07903.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
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