艱苦

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See also: 艰苦

Chinese

[edit]
difficult; hard; hardship
bitter; intensely; miserable
bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
 
trad. (艱苦) 艱 苦
simp. (艰苦) 艰 苦

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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艱苦

  1. arduous; laborious
  2. (Hokkien, Teochew) difficult; hard
  3. (Hokkien, Teochew) agonizing; hard to bear; unwell
  4. (Hokkien) poor; impoverished

Synonyms

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  • (laborious):
edit
Dialectal synonyms of 辛苦 (“laborious”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 辛苦, 累人, 吃重, 吃力
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 辛苦
Taiwan 辛苦
Malaysia 辛苦
Singapore 辛苦
Cantonese Guangzhou 辛苦
Hong Kong 辛苦
Taishan 辛苦
Dongguan 辛苦
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 辛苦
Singapore (Guangfu) 辛苦
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 辛苦
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 辛苦
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 辛苦
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 辛苦
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 辛苦
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 辛苦
Eastern Min Fuzhou 辛苦
Singapore (Fuqing) 辛苦
Southern Min Xiamen 艱苦
Quanzhou 艱苦
Zhangzhou 艱苦
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦
Singapore (Hokkien) 艱苦
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦
Shantou 艱苦
Shantou (Chenghai) 艱苦
Jieyang 艱苦
Singapore (Teochew) 艱苦
Pontianak (Teochew) 艱苦
Wenchang 艱苦
Singapore (Hainanese) 艱苦
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 辛苦
Wu Shanghai 辛苦, 衰瘏, 吃力
Shanghai (Chongming) 辛
Suzhou 辛苦
Danyang 吃力
Hangzhou 吃力
Ningbo 𢜭力, 吃力
Jinhua 著力, 吃力
Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 難, 困難, 艱難
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 難
Taiwan 難
Singapore 難
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 難
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 難
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 難
Wuhan 難
Guilin 難
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 難
Hefei 難
Cantonese Guangzhou 難, 惡 †
Hong Kong 難, 惡 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 難
Taishan 難, 惡 †
Yangjiang 難, 惡 †
Singapore (Guangfu) 難
Gan Nanchang 難
Hakka Meixian 難
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 難
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 難
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 難
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 難
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 難
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 難
Jin Taiyuan 難
Northern Min Jian'ou 難
Eastern Min Fuzhou 艱難, 難
Southern Min Xiamen 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Quanzhou 惡
Jinjiang 難
Zhangzhou 惡
Zhao'an 惡, 䆀 †
Dongshan 惡
Taipei 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 惡
Kaohsiung 惡
Yilan 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 惡
Taichung 惡
Tainan 惡, 歹 †
Hsinchu 惡
Kinmen 惡
Penghu (Magong) 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
Chaozhou 惡
Shantou 難, 惡
Shantou (Chenghai) 惡
Jieyang 惡, 艱苦
Haifeng 惡
Singapore (Teochew) 惡, 歹 †
Wenchang 惡
Haikou 惡
Singapore (Hainanese) 惡
Wu Suzhou 難
Wenzhou 難
Xiang Changsha 難
Shuangfeng 難
Note † - only used with a verbal complement
  • (poor):
edit

Derived terms

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Verb

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艱苦

  1. (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fall ill; to be ill
    我今仔日艱苦，無去上課。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    我今仔日艰苦，无去上课。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Góa kin-á-ji̍t kan-khó͘, bô khì siōng-khò. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    I was sick today and I did not attend class.

Synonyms

[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 生病 (“to fall ill; to be ill”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 生病, 得病, 患, 患病, 害病, 染病, 發病, 病倒, 帶病, 抱病, 抱恙, 罹病, 罹患
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 病, 得病, 鬧病, 不舒服
Taiwan 病, 生病, 不舒服
Ulanhot 病
Tongliao 病
Chifeng 病
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 病
Harbin 病, 作病
Malaysia 生病
Singapore 生病
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 長病, 病, 不好, 不熨貼, 不舒坦, 不得勁兒, 鬧症候
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 得病, 病病兒, 不濟, 不熨貼
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 害病, 生病, 病, 有病兒, 不好, 不老兒好, 不美氣
Wanrong 犯病, 難過
Zhengzhou 病, 不得勁
Xi'an 害病, 得病, 病, 不受活 of an adult, 不乖 of a child
Xining 病下, 得病, 不爽快
Xuzhou 得病, 害病, 病, 不舒坦, 不舒服, 不如適, 出故事 of a child, 出症兒 of a child, 出症 of a child
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 得病, 病下, 不行下, 不受活, 不乖 of a child
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 得病, 害病, 不受活, 不乖 of a child
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 害病, 有病, 得病, 不好, 不清乾 Hui
Bayanhot 害病, 病
Lanzhou 病下, 不舒坦, 不爽快, 不輕身 of an adult, 不乖 of a child, 變狗 of a child
Ürümqi 病下, 害病, 不舒服
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 害病, 得病, 病, 不好, 不安逸
Wuhan 害病, 病, 有病, 不好, 不舒服, 不乖 of a child, 做狗狗 of a child
Guiyang 痛病, 痛, 生病, 不好在, 不安逸, 逗狗 of a child
Kunming 不好
Guilin 病
Liuzhou 病, 做狗崽 of a child, 做狗 of a child
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 生病, 害病, 不爽快, 不爽, 不舒服
Yangzhou 害病, 不好過
Nantong 不好過
Hefei 害病, 病, 不伸坦
Cantonese Guangzhou 病, 唔舒服, 唔精神, 唔自然
Hong Kong 病, 唔舒服, 唔精神 dated, 唔自然 dated
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 病
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 病
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 有病
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 有病
Macau 病
Guangzhou (Panyu) 病
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 唔精神
Guangzhou (Conghua) 病
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 病, 唔精神
Foshan 病
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 病
Foshan (Shunde) 唔精神
Foshan (Sanshui) 唔精神
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 病
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 病
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 病
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 病
Zhuhai (Doumen) 病, 唔精神
Jiangmen (Baisha) 病
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 病
Taishan 病
Kaiping (Chikan) 病, 唔精神
Enping (Niujiang) 病, 唔舒服
Heshan (Yayao) 病
Dongguan 病, 唔精神
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 唔養得
Yangjiang 病, 得病, 無自由
Nanning 生病, 病
Wuzhou 生病
Yulin 生病
Hepu (Lianzhou) 發病
Danzhou 有病
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 病
Singapore (Guangfu) 病
Gan Nanchang 生病, 病, 不好過, 不舒服
Lichuan 病
Pingxiang 病, 不熨貼
Hakka Meixian 發病, 起病, 唔自然, 唔舒服, 犯病
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 有病
Dongguan (Qingxi) 唔做得
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 唔做得
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 病
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 病
Yudu 病
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 發病仔, 發病, 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 發病, 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 發病, 著病, 破病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔快活, 唔自然
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 發病仔, 發病, 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 破病, 著病, 無快活, 無堵好
Hong Kong 病
Luchuan (Daqiao) 生病
Senai (Huiyang) 病
Huizhou Jixi 害病, 起病
Jin Taiyuan 病, 害病, 鬧病, 難活
Xinzhou 難過
Taibus (Baochang) 病
Linhe 病
Jining 病
Hohhot 難過
Baotou 病
Dongsheng 病
Haibowan 難活
Northern Min Jian'ou 病, 凊著, 伓鬆爽
Eastern Min Fuzhou 破病, 病去, 𣍐爽快, 做犬 of a child
Southern Min Xiamen 破病, 著病, 致病, 無爽, 無好勢, 艱苦
Quanzhou 破病, 毋好, 著病, 致病, 艱苦
Jinjiang 破病
Yongchun 破病
Zhangzhou 破病, 著病, 致病, 毋愛, 𣍐乖 of a child
Taipei 破病
New Taipei (Sanxia) 破病
Kaohsiung 破病, 艱苦
Yilan 破病, 艱苦
Changhua (Lukang) 破病
Taichung 破病, 艱苦
Taichung (Wuqi) 破病
Tainan 破病, 艱苦
Taitung 破病
Hsinchu 破病
Kinmen 破病
Penghu (Magong) 破病
Penang (Hokkien) 破病
Singapore (Hokkien) 破病
Manila (Hokkien) 毋好, 破病
Pingnan (Shangdu) 病
Chaozhou 生病, 唔好, 無若好
Shantou 破相, 儂孬
Shantou (Chenghai) 破相, 儂孬
Jieyang 著病, 破病, 生毛
Bangkok (Teochew) 唔寬活, 儂孬
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 破病
Singapore (Teochew) 破病
Leizhou 惡抵
Wenchang 惡耐, 生病
Haikou 病, 病痛, 惡抵, 惡耐
Qionghai 病, 惡耐
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 唔精神
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 病
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 病
Wu Shanghai 生病, 生毛病, 有毛病, 勿適意, 勿舒服
Shanghai (Chongming) 無得力氣
Suzhou 生病, 生毛病, 勿適意, 勿鬆 suburbs
Wuxi 生病
Danyang 生病, 害病, 弗好過, 無本事
Hangzhou 生毛病, 不舒服
Wenzhou 生病, 病, 否好過
Jinhua 生病, 弗好過
Xiang Changsha 得病, 病, 不好過
Loudi 病
Shuangfeng 病, 不好過
Quanzhou 生病

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (艱苦):
  • → Vietnamese: gian khổ (艱苦)

Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term
艱苦

Adjective

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艱苦

  1. chữ Hán form of gian khổ (“hard; difficult; arduous”).
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