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See also:
U+4EC1, 仁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EC1

[U+4EC0]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4EC2]

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 9, +2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人一一 (OMM), four-corner 21210, composition )

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 91, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 349
  • Dae Jaweon: page 193, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 107, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4EC1

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𡰥

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts



References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *njin) : phonetic (OC *njin) + semantic .

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (heart; brain; mind) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with Tangkhul Naga ning (mind), Manipuri ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ (pookneeng, heart; mind), Kinnauri [script needed] (stiŋ, heart), Garo taning (brain), Ngochang Achang nhaiqlom (heart), Bisu นืงบา (nɨŋba, heart), Burmese အနှစ် (a.hnac, kernel). Possibly related to Tibetan ཉིང (nying, pith, essence) (Schuessler, 2007).

For a parallel semantic development, compare Tibetan སྙིང་རྗེ (snying rje, compassion; kindness; mercy), from Tibetan སྙིང (snying, heart; mind).

Pronunciation

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Note: Erhuayin for the kernel sense only.
Note: ngan4 - alternative pronunciation for "kernel".
Note:
  • zen - literary;
  • gnin - vernacular.

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (38)
    Final () (43)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter nyin
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ȵiɪn/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ȵin/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ȵʑjen/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ȵin/
    Li
    Rong
    /ȵiĕn/
    Wang
    Li
    /ȵʑĭĕn/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ȵʑi̯ĕn/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    rén
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    jan4
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    rén
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ nyin ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*niŋ/
    English kind

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 10801
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*njin/

    Definitions

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    1. compassionate; humane
        ―  rén  ―  benevolent
    2. humaneness; benevolence; kindness
      殺身成杀身成  ―  shāshēnchéngrén  ―  to die for a righteous cause
    3. (literary) person of virtue
    4. kernel
      芝麻  ―  bái zhīmá rén  ―  white sesame seeds

    Compounds

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    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    (Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. benevolence

    Readings

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    Compounds

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    Proper noun

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    (ひとし) or (じん) or (まさし) (Hitoshi or Jin or Masashi

    1. a male given name

    Korean

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Chinese (MC nyin).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅀᅵᆫ (Yale: zìn)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 클〮 (Yale: khúl) ᅀᅵᆫ (Yale: zìn)

    Pronunciation

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    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 어질 (eojil in))

    1. hanja form? of (benevolence)

    Compounds

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    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Nôm readings: nhân, nhơn

    1. benevolence

    References

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