-em

• -hna (Gheg)

Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).

• IPA^(key): /em/ (Standard)

-em

1. (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
2. Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice

   active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)

   active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)

3. Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives

   adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-steem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)

• Standard Albanian/Tosk personal suffixes for verbs:

mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular)
	indicative	subjunctive	conditional	optative	admirative
	(dëftore)	(lidhore)	(kushtore)	(dëshirore)	(habitore)
present	-em	(të) -em	(do të) -esha	(u) -sha / -fsha	(u) -am
continuous present	(po) -em	(po të) -em	(po do të) -esha		(po u) -am
imperfect	-esha	(të) -esha			(u) -ësha
continuous imperfect	(po) -esha	(po të) -esha			(po u) -ësha
aorist	(u) -a / (u) -va	-	-	-	-
perfect	j-am (+ participle)	(të) j-em (+ participle)		qof-sha (+ participle)	qenk-am (+ participle)
past perfect I	isha (+ participle)	(të) isha (+ participle)	(do të) isha (+ participle)		qenk-ësha (+ participle)
past perfect II (aorist II)	q-eshë (+ participle)
future I	k-am (për t'u + participle)		(do të) -em
future perfect	k-am (për të qenë + participle)		(do të) j-em (+ participle)

• -hem
• -hna
• -na

• -im
• -um

English him, 'em

-em

1. Indicates a transitive verb
   • 2008, Miriam Meyerhoff, Social lives in language--sociolinguistics and multilingual speech‎^[1], →ISBN, page 344:

     Bang i wantem mi faen from mi ovaspen.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

-em

1. (added to possessive nouns) our (exclusive)

-em

1. Romanization of -𐌄𐌌

From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.

• IPA^(key): /əm/

-em

1. masculine and neuter dative suffix, used in most determiners/pronouns and in strong adjectives

Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.

• IPA^(key): /əm/, /ɛm/
• Most or all places are locally pronounced with /əm/, but /ɛm/ is not rarely heard from outsiders.

-em

1. Alternative form of -heim (placename suffix)

• Sechtem

Ultimately a backformation from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma), whence German Phonem.

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːm/

• Audio:

  (file)

-em n

1. (linguistics) -eme

• IPA^(key): [ɛm]
• Rhymes: -ɛm

-em

2. (personal suffix, indefinite conjugation) Forms the first-person singular present indicative of -ik verbs.

   ‎eszik (“to eat”) + ‎-em → ‎eszem (“I eat, I am eating”)

4. (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Forms the definite first-person singular present indicative of verbs.

   ‎ért (“to understand”) + ‎-em → ‎értem (“I understand [him/her/it]”)

6. (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎kertem (“my garden”)

• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -ok is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

  -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs

  -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs

  -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs

• (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Variants:

  -om is added to back-vowel verbs

  -em is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -öm is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)

  ‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)

  ‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)

  ‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)

  -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)

  -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)

  -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)

  ‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)

  -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

(possessive suffix):

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	-em	—
accusative	-emet	—
dative	-emnek	—
instrumental	-emmel	—
causal-final	-emért	—
translative	-emmé	—
terminative	-emig	—
essive-formal	-emként	—
essive-modal	-emül	—
inessive	-emben	—
superessive	-emen	—
adessive	-emnél	—
illative	-embe	—
sublative	-emre	—
allative	-emhez	—
elative	-emből	—
delative	-emről	—
ablative	-emtől	—
non-attributive possessive - singular	-emé	—
non-attributive possessive - plural	-eméi	—

-em

2. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun or a verb to form a noun. A final single -l may become long -ll-.

   ‎jel (“sign”) + ‎-em → ‎jellem (“character”)

   ‎szél (“wind”) + ‎-em → ‎szellem (“ghost, spirit”)

   ‎illik (“to suit, to be proper”) + ‎-em → ‎illem (“good manners, proper behaviour”)

• (noun-forming suffix) Variants:

  -am is added to back-vowel words

  -em is added to front-vowel words

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	-em	-emek
accusative	-emet	-emeket
dative	-emnek	-emeknek
instrumental	-emmel	-emekkel
causal-final	-emért	-emekért
translative	-emmé	-emekké
terminative	-emig	-emekig
essive-formal	-emként	-emekként
essive-modal	-emül	-emekül
inessive	-emben	-emekben
superessive	-emen	-emeken
adessive	-emnél	-emeknél
illative	-embe	-emekbe
sublative	-emre	-emekre
allative	-emhez	-emekhez
elative	-emből	-emekből
delative	-emről	-emekről
ablative	-emtől	-emektől
non-attributive possessive - singular	-emé	-emeké
non-attributive possessive - plural	-eméi	-emekéi

Possessive forms of -em
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	-emem	-emeim
2nd person sing.	-emed	-emeid
3rd person sing.	-eme	-emei
1st person plural	-emünk	-emeink
2nd person plural	-emetek	-emeitek
3rd person plural	-emük	-emeik

• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /em/, [ɛ̃ˑ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /em/, [ɛm]

See -ēs (suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns).

-em f

1. accusative singular of -ēs

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

-em

1. first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

-em

1. accusative singular of -s

• IPA^(key): [əβ̃]

From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.^[1]

-em m

1. Forms occupational nouns.

   ‎flaith (“rule”) + ‎-em → ‎flaithem (“ruler”)

   ‎breth (“judgement”) + ‎-em → ‎brithem (“judge”)

   ‎fíach (“debt”) + ‎-em → ‎féchem (“debtor”)

Masculine n-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-em	-emainL	-emain
Vocative	-em	-emainL	-emnaH
Accusative	-emainN	-emainL	-emnaH
Genitive	-eman	-emanL	-emanN
Dative	-emainL, -emL	-emnaib	-emnaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

• -am (broad form)

From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.

-em f

1. Forms verbal nouns of class A II weak verbs with roots ending in dentals.

   ‎feithid (“to watch over”) + ‎-em → ‎fethem (“watching over”)

   ‎moídid (“to boast”) + ‎-em → ‎moídem (“boasting”)

   ‎ad·gládathar (“to converse with”) + ‎-em → ‎acaldam (“conversation”)

Feminine ā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-emL	—	—
Vocative	-emL	—	—
Accusative	-imN	—	—
Genitive	-meH	—	—
Dative	-imL	—	—
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

• -am (after a broad consonant)

• Irish: -amh
• Scottish Gaelic: -amh

• -im
• -um

English him, 'em

-em

1. Indicates a transitive verb

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

-em

1. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the first-person singular past tense.

-em

1. An inanimate collective morpheme for a group of things

• IPA^(key): /ɛm/

-em

1. (literary) verb suffix for the first-person plural imperfect/conditional