Bioetika

Bioetika je nauka u tipski protivrječnim etičkim pitanjima koja nastaju iz nove situacije i dovode do mogućeg napretka u biologiji i medicini. Također je uključena u moralna rasuđivanja koja se odnosa na medicinske politike i prakse. Bioetičari se bave etičkim pitanjima koja se javljaju u odnosima između naukâa životu, biotehnologija, medicine, politika, zakona i filozofije . Ona također uključuje proučavanje više uobičajenih vrijednosnih pitanja vrijednosti (etika primarne zdravstvene zaštite) koja nastaju u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti i drugim grana medicine, kao i u biologiji i biotehničkim naukama.

Termin bioetika (grč. βιός - bios = život + ἠθική - ethos = ponašanje, postupanje) je 1926. skovao Fritz Jahr, koji je "anticipirao mnoge od argumenata i rasprava u sadašnjim strujanjima u biološkim istraživanjima uključujući životinje u članku "Etički imperativ", kako ih je nazvao u smislu naučne upotrebe živ otinja i biljaka.^[1] Godine 1970, američki biohemičar Van Rensselaer Potter također upotrebljava isti termin u širem značenju, uključujući solidarnost prema biosferi, na taj način stvarajući "globalnu etiku", disciplinu koja predstavlja vezu između biologije, ekologije, medicine i osnovnih ljudskih vrijednosti, u cilju postizanja opstanka i ljudska bića i drugih životinjskih vrsTA.^[2][3]

Polje bioetike obuhvata širok splet ljudskih upita, u rasponu od debate oko granice života, kao šro su npr. abortus, eutanazija), surogati, raspodjela oskudnih resursa zdravstvene zaštite (npr. donacija organa, racionalizaciju zdravstvo), pravo da se odbije medicinska pomoć iz vjerskih ili kulturnih razloga. Bioetičari često se ne slažu među sobom oko precizne granice svoje discipline, raspravljajući da li na terenu treba da se brine samo sa etičkom evaluacijom svih pitanja koja uključuju biologiju i medicinu, ili samo podskup od ovih pitanja.^[4] Neki bioetičari bi suzili etički evaluacije samo na moral medicinskih tretmana ili tehnoloških inovacija za vremena liječenja ljudi. Drugi bi proširili opseg etičkog vrednovanja uključujući i moralnost i sve radnje koje bi mogle pomoći ili štetiti organizama sposobnim da osjećaju strah.

Obim bioetike može proširiti na biotehnologije, uključujući i kloniranje, gensku terapiju, produženje života, genetičko inženjerstvo čovjeka, astro-etiku i život u svemiru.^[5] and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA, XNA and proteins.^[6] Ovakav razvoj će utjecati na buduću evoluciju, a može zahtijevati nove principe koji se odnose na život u svojoj srži, kao što je biotička etika da vrednuje sam život u osnovne biološke procese i strukture, i traži njihovu propagaciju.^[7]

Jedno od prvih usmjerenja modernih bioetiča je ljudsko eksperimentiranje. Nacionalna komisija za zaštitu ljudskih subjekata biomedicinskih i istraživanja ponašanja je prvobitno osnovana 1974. godine za identifikaciju osnovnih etičkih principa koji treba da u osnovi propišu biomedicinskih ponašanja i ponašanja u istraživanjima koja uključuju ljudske subjekte. Međutim, osnovni principi, koji su objavljeni u Belmontskom izvještaju (Belmont Report, 1979) zvanom autonomija, dobročinstvo i pravda – uticali su na razmišljanja bioetičara o širokom spektru pitanja. Drugi su dodali i neškodljivost, ljudsko dostojanstvo i svetost života na ovoj listi kardinalnih vrijednosti.

Još jedan važan princip bioetike je njegov plasman vrijednosti na diskusije i prezentacije. Brojne rasprave na osnovu bioetike, u grupama koje postoje na univerzitetima širom Sjedinjenih Država i Evrope, uključujući i Bosnu i Hercegovinu da promoviraju upravo takve ciljeve. Kao primjer se obično navodi Bioetičko društvo savezne države Ohio.^[8] and the Bioethics Society of Cornell.^[9] Bioetičko društvo Bosne i hercegovne je osnovano poćetkom 2000-tih, a veoma je aktivno, osobitio na redovnim godišnjim konferencijama. Ono okuplja širok krug naučnika i stručnjaka iz oblasti medicine, biologije, genetike i genetičkog inženjerstva, biotehnologije, sociologije, vjerskih i ostalih djelatnosti.

Područja zdravstvenih nauka koje su predmet objavljenih, recenziranih bioetičke analiza uključuju:

• Biotehnološki rizik
• Biotehnologija
• Genetičko inženjerstvo
• Genetički modificirana hrana
• Genetičko inženjerstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini
• Eugenika
• Feministički pristupi bioetici
• Neuroetika
• Preimplantacijska genetička diagnoza

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• Singer, Peter A.; Viens, A.M. (2008), Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-69443-8
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• Colson, Charles W. (ed.) (2004). Human Dignity in the Biotech Century: A Christian Vision for Public Policy. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-2783-8
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• Archimandrite Adam (Vakhtang Akhaladze)A Human in Bioethical Space and Time. 2010

• Hamdy, Sherine. "Our Bodies Belong to God: Organ Transplantation, Islam, and the Struggle for Human Dignity in Egypt" (2012) Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27176-0
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• Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey. (1984) Medical Morality Is Not Bioethics: Medical Ethics in China and the United States. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 27(3):336-360. PDF
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• Bioethics entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• The Royal Children's Hospital Children's Bioethics Centre, Melbourne, Australia
• The Program for Biomedical Ethics, Yale University
• The Hastings Center's Bioethics Forum Blog
• The Berman Institute Bioethics Bulletin Blog, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics Arhivirano 24. 10. 2018. na Wayback Machine
• VIDEOS from Bioethics Symposium, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (2011)
• The Bioethics Research Library, Georgetown University
• Southern Cross Bioethics Institute Arhivirano 5. 10. 2016. na Wayback Machine, South Australia, Australia
• Bioethique.com Arhivirano 2. 8. 2014. na Wayback Machine Bioethics France
• "Feminist Bioethics" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• BioExplorer.Net Bioethics and related web resources