Benin

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa France ndipo pamanyuma pa kujithemba pa Ogasiti 1, 1960, charu ichi chikachemeka Dahomey, pamanyuma pa Ufumu wa Dahomey. Pa Novembala 30, 1975, boma la Benin likasintha zina la charu ichi.^[15] Chirwa ichi chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Benin, ndipo zina la nyanja iyi lili kufuma ku Ufumu wa Benin, uwo uli ku Nigeria.

 

Pambere chaka cha 1600 chindafike, charu cha Benin chikaŵa na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vyaru ivi mukaŵa misumba iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja (manyumba agha ghakaŵa gha fuko la Aja, kweniso gha Yoruba na Gbe) kweniso gha mafuko agho ghakaŵa mukati mwa charu. Ufumu wa Oyo, uwo ukaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Benin, ukaŵa ufumu wa ŵasilikari mu chigaŵa ichi.^[16] Vinthu vikasintha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, apo Ufumu wa Dahomey, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Fon, ukazengeka pa malo gha Abomey ndipo ukamba kupoka vigaŵa vinyake mumphepete mwa nyanja.^[17] Kuzakafika mu 1727, Themba Agaja la Ufumu wa Dahomey likapoka misumba ya Allada na Whydah. Dahomey wakaŵa kuti wazgoka chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Oyo, ndipo wakalimbananga na msumba wa Porto-Novo uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Oyo kweni wakawukira yayi.^[18] Kuwuka kwa Dahomey, mphindano yake na Porto-Novo, na ndyali za mafuko mu cigaŵa ca kumpoto vikalutilira mu nyengo ya ukoloni na ya pamanyuma pake.^[19]

Vinthu vikasintha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, apo Ufumu wa Dahomey, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Fon, ukazengeka pa malo gha Abomey ndipo ukamba kupoka vigaŵa vinyake mumphepete mwa nyanja.^[20]

 

Mathemba gha ku Dahomey ghakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵawo ku vyaru vinyake panji kuŵakoma mwakuyana na kaluso kawo. Kuzakafika mu 1750, Themba la Dahomey likasanganga ndalama zakukwana £250,000 pa chaka pakuguliska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe.^[21][22] Malo agha ghakacemekanga kuti "Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Ŵazga" cifukwa ca malonda gha ŵazga agho ghakacitikanga. Malango gha khoti agho ghakakanizganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakoleka ku nkhondo ŵadumulikeko mitu, ghakachepeskanga unandi wa ŵazga awo ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwera kufuma pa 102,000 mu 1780 kufika pa 24,000 mu 1860. Cigaŵa cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici cicepe nchakuti mu 1807, boma la Britain likakanizga kuguliska ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuchepa m'paka mu 1885 apo boti laumaliro la ŵazga likafumako ku Benin Republic na kuluta ku Brazil. Msumba ukuru wa Porto-Novo ("New Port" mu Ciphwitikizi) ukaŵa msumba wa malonda gha ŵazga.

Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Dahomey awo ŵakulongozgeka na themba, ŵakuluta ku nkhondo, 1793.

Vinthu vinyake ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakapenjanga ni vinthu vyakuŵaja vya mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Benin ŵakavipanga nga ni viŵiya vyakusungiramo mchere, matambulara, na masengwe.^[23]

 

Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca Dahomey "cikamba kulopwa na kutaya mazaza ghake". Mu 1892 Ŵacifurenci ŵakatora malo agha. Mu 1899, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha French Dahomey.

France sought to benefit from Dahomey and the region "appeared to lack the necessary agricultural or mineral resources for large-scale capitalist development". As a result, France treated Dahomey as a sort of preserve in case future discoveries revealed resources worth developing.^[24]

Boma la France likakanizga kugura na kuguliska ŵazga. Ŵenecho ŵa ŵazga ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵambeso kulamulira ŵazga nga umo ŵakachitiranga na malo, ŵekhaŵekha, na ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yawo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Dahomean ŵambeso kulimbana, "kwamba mu 1895 m'paka 1920, kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangapokera malo na ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi iyi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵamanye mphaka za malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Masuzgo gha cisopa ghakaŵa nga ni mphindano za caru na malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakalimbananga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa mbumba zikuruzikuru".

Mu 1958, France yikapeleka wanangwa ku Republic of Dahomey, na wanangwa wakukwana pa 1 August 1960 uwo ukukondwelereka chaka chilichose nga ni Zuŵa la Wanangwa, holide ya chalo. Pulezidenti uyo wakalongozga caru kuti ciŵe na wanangwa wakaŵa Hubert Maga.^[25][26]

Pamasinda pa 1960, pakaŵa mabutha na kusintha kwa boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa Hubert Maga, Sourou Apithy, Justin Ahomadégbé, na Émile Derlin Zinsou ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Ŵabali ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵapangenge wupu wa pulezidenti pamanyuma pa viwawa ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha mu 1970.

Pa Meyi 7, 1972, Maga wakapeleka mazaza kwa Ahomadégbé. Pa Okutobala 26, 1972, Lt. Mubali uyu ni Kol. Mathieu Kérékou wakawuskapo boma la ŵanthu ŵatatu, ndipo wakazgoka pulezidenti. Pa Novembala 30, 1974, wakapharazga kuti caru ici nchakuzomerezgeka na Marxist, ndipo cikulongozgeka na Wupu wa Nkhondo wa Revolution (CMR), uwo ukaŵa na nchito ya mafuta na mabanki. Pa Novembala 30, 1975, wakasinthaso zina la charu ichi kuŵa Benin People's Republic. Boma la Benin likasintha mu nyengo iyo likaŵako: nyengo ya kusankhana mitundu (1972-1974); nyengo ya kusankhana mitundu (1974-1982); na nyengo ya kujura ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kuleka vinthu vinyake (1982-1990).^[27][28][29]

Mu 1974, pasi pa mazaza gha ŵawukirano ŵakugaluka - "Ligueurs" - boma likamba ndondomeko ya socialist: kukanizga vyalo vya ndyali, kunozga ndondomeko ya masambiro, kukhazikiska mabungwe gha vyalo na maboma gha vigaŵa, na kampeni yakuwuskamo "magulu gha ŵasilikari" kusazgapo mafuko. Boma likakanizga ŵanthu ŵakususka. Mathieu Kérékou wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na National Revolutionary Assembly mu 1980, ndipo wakasankhikaso mu 1984. Wakamba kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku China, North Korea, na Libya, ndipo "pafupifupi" bizinesi yose na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikaŵa pasi pa boma. Kérékou wakayezga kunozga masambiro, ndipo wakayowoya mazgu ghakuti "Ukavu ni suzgo yayi". Boma ili likagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama izo likaguliskanga pakugura vyakukanizgika vya nyukiliya kufuma ku Soviet Union na ku France.^[30]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, caru ca Benin cikakura comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma (15.6% mu 1982, 4.6% mu 1983 na 8.2% mu 1984), m'paka apo ŵakajara mphaka ya Nigeria na Benin. Boma likaŵavya nkhongono zakupelekera malipiro ku ŵateŵeti ŵa boma. Mu 1989, pakawuka vivulupi apo boma likaŵavya ndalama zakukwana kuti lilipire ŵasilikari. Mabanki ghakawa. Paumaliro, Kérékou wakaleka chisopa cha Marx, ndipo ungano ukamucicizga kuti wafwature ŵakayidi ŵa ndyali na kunozga vyakusankha. Marxism-Leninism yikalekeka kuŵa boma.

Zina la caru ili likasinthika kuŵa Republic of Benin pa 1 Malichi 1990, pamanyuma pakuti boma liphya lakhalako.^[31]

 

Kerékou wakatondeka kupokera mazaza kufuma kwa Nicéphore Soglo mu 1991 ndipo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba mu Africa uyo wakataya mazaza ghake. Kerékou wakawelera ku mazaza wakati watonda pa mavoti gha mu 1996. Mu 2001, Kerékou wakathereskeka pa mavoti ghanyake. Mu 1999, Kérékou wakaphepiska pa mulimo ukuru uwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakacita pa malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic.

Kérékou na pulezidenti wakale Soglo ŵakathemba yayi pa mavoti gha 2006, cifukwa wose ŵaŵiri ŵakakanizgika na malango gha boma pa nkhani ya vilimika na nyengo ya mavoti. Pa 5 March 2006, chisankho chikapangiska kuti Yayi Boni na Adrien Houngbédji ŵasankhane. Chisankho chachiwiri chinachitika pa 19 March ndipo chinapambana ndi Boni, yemwe adagwira ntchito pa 6 April. Boni wakasankhika mu 2011, wakatora mavoti 53.18% mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba kuwina pa maungano gha chigaŵa kufuma apo boma likakhazikiskikira mu 1991.

Pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha March 2016 apo Boni Yayi wakakanika na dango la chalo kuti wazakaŵepo pa nyengo yachitatu, wamalonda Patrice Talon wakathereska chigaŵa chachiŵiri na mavoti 65.37%, wakatonda banki ya ndalama na nduna yikuru yakale Lionel Zinsou. Talon wakalapa pa 6 April 2016. Apo wakayowoyanga pa zuŵa leneilo khoti la malango likakhozgeranga mavoti, Talon wakati "pambere tindayowoyepo, tichitengepo kanthu pa kusintha malango gha boma". Wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuchepeska ŵa mu boma kufuma pa 28 kufika pa 16. Mu Epulero 2021, Pulezidenti Patrice Talon wakasankhikaso, na mavoti ghakujumpha 86.3%, mu mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Benin. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Pulezidenti Talon ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira nyumba ya malango.

Mu Febuluwale 2022, boma la Benin likaŵa na vivulupi vikuru comene kuluska vyose.^[32]

Kweniso mu 2022, ŵakawezgera ku Benin vyakuvwara 26 vyakuzunulika kufuma ku France, vyaka 129 pamanyuma pakuti vyatoleka na ŵasilikari.^[33]

Boma la Benin lili na vigaŵa vinandi. Mu charu ichi, pulezidenti wakuŵa mutu wa boma kweniso wa boma. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ŵali na mazaza gha kupanga malango. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, kweni Talon ndiyo wakuŵalongozga. Ndondomeko ya ndyali yili kufuma ku Dango la 1990 la Benin na kusintha kwa demokilase mu 1991.

Pa vyaru 52 vya mu Africa, charu ichi chili pa nambara 18 ndipo chili na masambiro ghapachanya pa nkhani ya chivikiliro na malango kweniso vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Pa lipoti la wupu wa Reporters Without Borders lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu pa charu chose mu 2007, charu cha Benin chili pa nambara 53 pa vyaru 169. Mu 2016, apo Talon wakamba kuwusa, malo agha ghakaŵa pa nambara 78. Mu 2005, boma la Benin likaŵa pa nambara 88 pa vyaru 159 pa nkhani ya vimbundi vya ŵapolisi, ŵamalonda, na ŵandyali.^[34]

Ndondomeko yake ya demokilase "yasezgeka" kufuma apo Pulezidenti Talon wakamba kuwusa. Mu 2018, boma lake likapeleka malango ghaphya ghakwendeskera mavoti na kukwezga mtengo wa kulembeska. Wupu wa vyakusankha, uwo ukazura na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Talon, ukazomerezga yayi kuti magulu ghose ghakwimikana na boma ghaŵepo pa maungano ghaparamende mu 2019, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakolerana na Talon ndiwo ŵalutilire kuŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Paumaliro, nyumba ya malango iyi yikasintha malango gha vyakusankha mwakuti munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti wakwenera kuzomerezgeka na ŵimiliri 10 pa 100 ŵa boma la Benin. Pakuti Talon ndiyo wakulongozga pa nkhani ya ivyo vikuchitika mu Nyumba ya Ufumu na mu maofesi ghanandi gha meya, ndiyo wakulongozga pa nkhani ya awo ŵangasankha kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa boma. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakususka ivyo vikachitika ndipo boma la United States likamazga wovwiri wa vyachuma ku charu ichi.^{[35][36][37][38]}

 

Charu cha Benin chili na vigaŵa 12 (French: départements) ivyo vili na vikaya 77. Mu 1999, madipatimenti 6 ghakale ghakagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ndipo ghakazgoka madipatimenti 12 ghakale.^[39]

Departments of Benin

 

Pa ŵanthu 11,485,000 awo ŵakukhala mu Benin, ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 62. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 42, kusazgapo Ŵayoruba (awo ŵakafuma ku Nigeria m'ma 1200 C.E.); Ŵandidi (awo ŵakafuma ku Mali m'ma 1500 C.E.); Ŵabaliba na Ŵafula (awo ŵakafuma ku Mali m'ma 1500 C.E.); Ŵabetammaribe na Ŵasomba (awo ŵakukhala mu mapiri gha Atakora); Ŵafoni (awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Abomey) kumwera kwa charu ichi, kweniso Ŵamina, Xueda, na Aja (awo ŵakafuma ku Togo) awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja.^[40]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakwiza ku Benin, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria, Togo, na Mali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵali nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku India awo ŵakuchita malonda. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuteŵetera mu maofesi gha ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Europe, mu maofesi ghakovwira ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake, mu mawupu gha wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na mu magulu gha ŵamishonale ŵalipo pa ŵanthu 5,500 mu Europe.^[40]Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵali kufuma ku Benin.

Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Benin According to the 2013 Census[41]
	Mndandanda		Department	Ŵanthu
Cotonou   Porto-Novo	1	Cotonou	Littoral	679,012
	2	Porto-Novo	Ouémé	264,320
	3	Parakou	Borgou	255,478
	4	Godomey	Atlantique	253,262
	5	Abomey-Calavi	Atlantique	117,824
	6	Djougou	Donga	94,773
	7	Bohicon	Zou	93,744
	8	Ekpè	Ouémé	75,313
	9	Abomey	Zou	67,885
	10	Nikki	Borgou	66,109

 

Visopa vikuruvikuru ni Cikhristu, ico cikulondezgeka kumwera na pakati pa Benin ndiposo mu caru ca Otammari mu Atakora, na Cisilamu, ico cikayambiskika na Ufumu wa Songhai na ŵamalonda ŵa Hausa, ndipo cikulondezgeka mu vigaŵa vyose vya Alibori, Borgou na Donga, kweniso pakati pa Ŵayoruba (awo nawo ŵakulondezga Cikhristu). Ŵanyake ŵakulutilira kugomezga visambizgo vya Vodun na Orisha ndipo ŵali kunjizga cisopa ca Vodun na Orisha mu Cikristu. Gulu la Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, ilo lili kwamba mu ma 1800, lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi.

Mu 2013, ŵanthu 48.5% ŵa mu Benin ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu (25.5% Ŵaroma Ŵakatolika, 6.7% ŵa Tchalitchi la Khristu, 3.4% ŵa Methodist, 12.9% ŵa visopa vinyake vya Chikhristu), 27.7% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 11.6% ŵakasopanga Vodun, 2.6% ŵakasopanga visopa vinyake vya ku malo agha, 2.6% ŵakasopanga visopa vinyake, ndipo 5.8% ŵakatenge ŵalije chisopa.^[1][43] Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na boma mu 2011 na 2012 wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakaŵa 57.5% (Ŵakatolika ŵakaŵa 33.9%, Ŵamethodisti 3.0%, Ŵakuchanya 6.2% na Ŵakhristu ŵanyake 14.5%), apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 22.8%.

Visopa ivi ni vya ku Atakora (vigaŵa vya Atakora na Donga), kweniso vya ku Yoruba na Tado. Msumba wa Ouidah, uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndiwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Benin ŵakutemwa kusopa.^[44]

 

Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba: mu 2015 chikaŵa 38.4% (49.9% ku ŵanalume na 27.3% ku ŵanakazi). Ku Benin ŵanthu wose ŵakusambira pulayimale, ndipo hafu ya ŵana (54%) ŵakalembeska masambiro gha sekondare mu 2013, kuyana na lipoti la UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

Nangauli nyengo yinyake masambiro ghakaŵa ghaulere yayi, kweni sono Benin wali kuwuskapo ndarama za sukulu ndipo wakuchita ivyo vikayowoyeka pa ungano wa mu 2007.^[45] Kufuma mu 2009, boma lapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene za pa GDP ku masukulu. Kuyana na lipoti la UNESCO Institute for Statistics, mu 2015, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhani ya masambiro (pa vigaŵa vyose) zikakwana 4.4% ya GDP. Pa ndalama izi, caru ca Benin cikapeleka cigaŵa cimoza pa masambiro ghapacanya: 0.97% ya GDP.

Pakati pa 2009 na 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambiranga pa yunivesite chikakwera kufuma pa 10% kufika pa 12% pa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 25. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapachanya chikakwera chomene pakati pa 2006 na 2011, kufuma pa 50,225 kufika pa 110,181. Ŵasambiri awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya na ghapachanya (postsecondary) awo ŵalije digiri, ndiwo ŵali na masambiro agha.^[46]

Mu caka ca 2013, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS ku Benin cikaŵa 1.13% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa vyaka 15-49. Maleriya ni suzgo likuru ku Benin, ndipo ndico cikupangiska kuti ŵana awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka vinkhondi ŵalwarenge na kufwa.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska 30% mu caru ici ndiwo ŵakasanganga wovwiri wa munkhwala. Pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, ŵana 203 ndiwo ŵakufwa. Ndondomeko ya ku Bamako yikasintha vinthu ivi mwa kunozga vyakupwelelera umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵapelekenge wovwiri wakukwana.^[47] Mu 2015, caru ca Benin cikaŵa pa nambara 26 pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi pa nkhani ya kufwa kwa ŵanakazi. Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, likati ŵanakazi 13 pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵaliwose ŵakomeka. Ndondomeko iyi yikakhwaska vigaŵa vyose vya ndopa, ndipo pamasinda vinthu vikasintha pa nkhani ya ndopa. Wupu wa Demographic and Health Surveys, ukuchita kafukufuku pa nkhani iyi mu Benin kwambira mu 1996.^[48]

 

Chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumwera kwa Africa chili pakati pa latitude 6° na 13°N, kweniso longitude 0° na 4°E. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Togo, kumpoto na Burkina Faso na Niger, kumafumiro gha dazi na Nigeria, ndipo kumwera na Benin Bay. Mtunda kufuma ku Mlonga wa Niger kumpoto m'paka ku Nyanja ya Atlantic kumwera ni makilomita pafupifupi 650. Nangauli mumphepete mwa nyanja muli mtunda wa makilomita 121, kweni charu ichi chili na mtunda wa makilomita 325 pa malo ghakupambanapambana. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 5.86/10, ndipo chili pa 93 pa vyaru 172.^[49]

 

 

Charu cha Benin chili na malo ghakupambanapambana ndipo chingagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi kufuma kumwera kuya kumpoto, kwambira pa malo gha pasi, gha mchenga, gha mumphepete mwa nyanja (malo ghapachanya 10 m (32.8 ft)) agho ghali na usani wa makilomita 10. Charu ichi chili na mathipa, nyanja, na nyanja zinandi. Kumanyuma kwa nyanja kuli mapiri gha kumwera kwa Benin agho ghali na nkhorongo za nkhorongo za ku Guinea.

Chifukwa cha malo agha, charu ichi chikusuzgika na kusintha kwa nyengo. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ŵakukhala ku malo ghapacanya, kukwera kwa nyanja kungapangiska kuti vinthu viheni vichitikenge. Ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto, vigaŵa vinyake vizamuzgoka mapopa. Chigaŵa icho chili na mapiri ghatali ghakukwana mamita 400 chili pafupi na Nikki na Save.

Pa mphaka ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici pali mapiri ghanandi agho ghakumanyikwa kuti Atacora. Phiri la Sokbaro lili pa mtunda wa mamita 658. Mu Benin muli minda, makuni gha mangrove, na nkhorongo. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, makuni gha baobab ghakukhala mu thengere. Makuni ghanyake ghali mumphepete mwa milonga. Kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Benin, kuli njovu, nkharamu, viyuni vya mu mphepete mwa nyanja, na vinyama vinyake nga ni mphoyo.^[40] Nkhorongo ya Pendjari, Arli, na W, ku Burkina Faso na Niger, ni malo agho nkhalamu za ku West Africa zikukhala. Ku W-Arli-Pendjari kuli nkharamu zakukwana 356 (vyakuŵapo: 246 466). Kwamba kale, mu Benin mukaŵa ntcheŵe yakuchemeka Lycaon pictus.

Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja, kukulokwa maji pafupifupi mamita 1,300 pa chaka. Mu Benin, mu chaka mukuŵa nyengo ziŵiri za vula na nyengo ziŵiri za chilangalanga. Nyengo ya vula yikwamba kufuma mu Epulero m'paka kuumaliro wa Julayi, ndipo kufuma mu Seputembala m'paka Novembala kukuŵa nyengo yifupi ya vula. Nyengo ya chilangalanga yikwamba mu Disembala m'paka mu Epulero, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikwamba mu Julayi m'paka Seputembala. Ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, kuthukira na kuthukira kwa maji ni vinandi. Ku Cotonou, kutentha kwapakati pa nyengo ni 31 °C (87.8 °F); ndipo kwapasi ni 24 °C (75.2 °F).^[50]

Para munthu wakwenda kumpoto na kujumpha mu viŵaya na mapiri ghakututuŵa na kuluta ku Sahel, matenthedwe ghakusazgikira. Mphepo yakufuma ku Sahara yakucemeka Harmattan yikuputa kufuma mu Disembala mpaka mu Malichi, apo utheka ukufota, vyakumera vinyake vikuŵa vyakubinkha, ndipo fuvu likunjilira mu caru, ndipo kucanya "kukubenekelera". Kweniso ni nyengo iyo ŵalimi ŵakotcha makuni mu minda yawo.^[40][40][51]

 

 

 

Charu ichi chikuthemba pa ulimi, kupanga katoni, na malonda. Makuni gha katoni ghakukwana 40% gha GDP na pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska.^[52]

Kukura kwa GDP ku malo ghakukhala ŵanthu kukakanizgika pa 5,1% mu 2008 na 5,7% mu 2009. Cinthu cikuru ico cikovwira kuti caru ici cikure ni vyakurya, ndipo katoni ndiyo yikuguliskika comene, apo mauteŵeti ghakuluska comene GDP, comenecomene cifukwa ca malo agho Benin yili, agho ghakovwira kuti vinthu vyamalonda, vya mendero, na vyakusanguluska vicitikenge makora mu vyaru vyapafupi.^[53] Vinthu vikenda makora mu charu cha Benin mu 2017, ndipo chiŵelengero chikakura pafupifupi 5.6%. Vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora ni vyakumera makuni, doko la Cotonou, na mawoko. Ku Cotonou, boma likukhumba kusazgirako ndalama izo likusanga. Mu 2017, charu cha Benin chikaguliska katundu wa madola pafupifupi 2.8 biliyoni nga ni mpunga, nyama na viŵeto, moŵa, mafuta gha pulasitiki, makina gha migodi na ghakujulira, mawoko, magalimoto gha ŵanthu, na vinthu vyakutoweskera. Vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni makuni gha makuni gha makuni, makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni, makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni gha makuni, makuni gha cashew, mafuta gha shea, na makuni.

Vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni vicoko comene kuluska umo viliri pa caru cose. Mu 2016, charu cha Benin chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 0.9 gha vyakumera pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose.^[54] Mu 2016, charu cha Benin chikagwiliskira ntchito malo ghakukwana mahekitala 1.4 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito "vigaŵa viŵiri" vya malo agho Benin wali. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Benin cili na suzgo la vyamoyo.

Munda wa katoni kumpoto kwa Benin.

Kuti caru ici cikure makora, Benin yikukhumba kukopa ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kuŵika mtima comene pa vyakusanguluska, kovwira kuti vyakurya na vyakurya viŵe makora, na kukhozga vyakupharazga. Mu Malichi 2006, boma la Benin likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 307 miliyoni gha ku United States kuti viwovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuchita bizinesi.^[55]

Wupu wa Paris Club na ŵakukongozga ŵaŵiri ŵakawovwira kuchepeska ngongoli ya caru cose. Kuŵavya magesi ghakukwana kukulutilira "kutimbanizga" vyachuma cha Benin ndipo boma lacitapo kanthu kuti likure magesi.

Nangauli wupu wa vyamalonda ku Benin ukuwovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 75% pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakugwira ntchito, kweni wupu wa International Trade Union Confederation (ITCU) ukuti mu vyamalonda muli masuzgo ghanandi, kusazgapo kusowa kwa malipiro ghakuyana waka ku ŵanakazi, kugwiliskira ntchito ŵana, kweniso ntchito ya kuchichizgika. Charu cha Benin chili mu wupu wa Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).^[56]

Ku Cotonou ndiko kuli dowoko la nyanja na chiŵanja cha ndege pera. Maliri gha Benin ghali na misewu ya mizere yiŵiri iyo yikukolerana na vyaru vinyake (Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, na Nigeria). Mafoni gha pa foni ghalipo mu caru cose ici. Mu vigaŵa vinyake muli Intaneti ya ADSL. Boma la Benin lili pa Intaneti kwizira mu wayilesi (kwambira mu 1998) kweniso pa wayilesi ya SAT-3/WASC (kwambira mu 2001). Ŵakuwona kuti "malipiro ghapachanya" ghazamumara para ŵamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya Africa Coast to Europe mu 2011.

Pakuti ciŵelengero ca GDP ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukura cafika pa 4 na 5 peresenti kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 20, ukavu ukulutilira kusazgikira. Wupu wa National Institute of Statistics and Economic Analysis ku Benin ukati ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu ŵakwera kufuma pa 36.2% mu 2011 kufika pa 40.1% mu 2015.^{[57][58][59][60]}

Unduna wa vya masambiro ghapachanya na kafukufuku wa vya sayansi ndiwo ukuchita milimo ya sayansi. Wupu wa National Directorate of Scientific and Technological Research ndiwo ukucita mulimo wa kunozga na kwendeska vinthu, apo wupu wa National Council for Scientific and Technical Research na National Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters uli na mulimo wa kucenjezga. Wupu wa Benin National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation ndiwo ukupeleka ndalama. Wupu wa Benin wakuvikilira vinthu vya sayansi na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake, ukupeleka vinthu vya sayansi kwizira mu kupanga na kuthandazga vinthu ivi. Charu cha Benin chili pa malo gha 128 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 123 mu 2019.^{[61][62][63][64]}

Ndondomeko iyi yikwamba kusintha kufuma mu 2006 apo ndondomeko ya sayansi yikanozgeka. Buku ili lasinthika na kusazgikirapo na mabuku ghaphya ghakukhwaskana na sayansi na vyakupanga vinthu vinyake (chaka icho likapelekekera ni pakati pa mabokosi):^[46]

• a manual for monitoring and evaluating research structures and organizations (2013);
• a manual on how to select research programmes and projects and apply to the National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation (2013) for competitive grants;
• a draft act for funding scientific research and innovation and a draft code of ethics for scientific research and innovation were both submitted to the Supreme Court in 2014;
• a strategic plan for scientific research and innovation (under development in 2015).

Equally important are Benin's efforts to integrate science into existing policy documents:

• Benin Development Strategies 2025: Benin 2025 Alafia (2000);
• Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction 2011–2016 (2011);
• Phase 3 of the Ten-year Development Plan for the Education Sector, covering 2013–2015;
• Development Plan for Higher Education and Scientific Research 2013–2017 (2014).

Mu 2015, vigaŵa vya Benin ivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene pa kafukufuku wa sayansi vikaŵa: umoyo, masambiro, vyakuzenga na vinthu vyakuzengera nyumba, mendero na malonda, mitheto, vyakusanguluska na mawoko, makuni gha katoni na vyakuvwara, vyakurya, nkhongono na kusintha kwa nyengo.^[46]

Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuchita makora kafukufuku mu Benin ni ivi:^[46]

• the unfavorable organizational framework for research: weak governance, a lack of co-operation between research structures and the absence of an official document on the status of researchers;
• the inadequate use of human resources and the lack of any motivational policy for researchers; and
• the mismatch between research and development needs.

Mu 2007, ku Benin kukaŵa ŵasayansi 1,000. Ichi chikulongora kuti pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni, pali ŵasayansi 115. "Vipinda vikuruvikuru vya kafukufuku" ni Center for Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Research, National Institute for Training and Research in Education, Office of Geological and Mining Research na Center for Entomological Research.^[46]

Yunivesite ya Abomey-Calavi yikasankhika na Banki ya Charu Chose mu 2014 kuti yikateŵeterenge mu mapulojekiti gha Centres of Excellence, chifukwa cha umanyi wake wa masamu. Pa mulimo uwu, Banki ya Caru Cose yili kupeleka ngongoli ya madola 8 miliyoni ku Benin. Wupu wa African Universities uli kupokera ndalama izo zikovwira kuti ukolerane na masukulu 19 gha ku West Africa agho ghakupokelera ntchito iyi.

Palije "maukaboni" ghakukhwaskana na unandi wa ndalama izo Benin wakuŵika pa kafukufuku.^[46]

Mu 2013, boma likapeleka 2.5% ya GDP ku vya umoyo. Mu Disembala 2014, ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka 150 ŵakufuma ku Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, na Nigeria, ŵakaluta ku Guinea, Liberia, na Sierra Leone kuti ŵakateŵetere lumoza na wupu wa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Nthenda ya Ebola yikutikumbuska kuti ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa kulije ndalama zinandi zakovwilira ŵanthu.^[46]

Boma la Benin likapeleka ndalama zakukwana 5% ya GDP ku ulimi mu 2010, apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikazomerezga kuti vipelekenge ndalama zakukwana 10% ya GDP ku vyaru ivi mu Maputo Declaration ya 2003. Iwo ŵakakhozga cilato ici mu Malabo Declaration iyo yikazomerezgeka mu Equatorial Guinea mu 2014. Mu mazgu ghaumaliro agha, iwo ŵakakhozga khumbo lawo lakuti "ŵapeleke 10% ya bajeti yawo ya vyalo vyawo kuti viwovwire vyalo vyawo, ndipo ŵakakolerana pa vilato vyakuti vyalo viŵe na vyakurya vinandi, kuchepeskako kuchepa kwa vyakurya na kuchepeskako ku 10% mu vyalo vya mu Africa". Pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya ku Africa ku Equatorial Guinea, ŵakutondeka kumazga nkhani ya kuŵika ndondomeko yakuyana ya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuchita kuti ŵafiske vilato vya 10 peresenti.^[65]

Benin ndiyo yili na mabuku ghanandi chomene gha sayansi mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu 2014, mu database iyi mukaŵa nkhani za sayansi 25.5 pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni. Ivi vikupambana na 65.0 ku Gambia, 49.6 ku Cape Verde, 23.2 ku Senegal na 21.9 ku Ghana. Kufuma mu 2005 m'paka mu 2014, mabuku agho ghali mu kabuku aka ghakwandana chomene mu Benin. Pakati pa 2008 na 2014, ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na Benin ŵakaŵa ŵa ku France (529), United States (261), United Kingdom (254), Belgium (198) na Germany (156).^[46]

Mu Benin, ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa msewu, sitima, maji, na ndege. Mu Benin muli misewu ya makilomita 6,787, ndipo misewu iyi yili na misewu ya makilomita 1,357. Pa misewu yikuruyikuru ya mu caru ici, pali misewu 10 iyo yikwenda mwaluŵiro. Ici cikung'anamura kuti pali misewu ya makilomita 5,430 yambura kujintha. Msewu wa Trans-West African Coastal Highway ukujumpha mu Benin, ndipo ukukolerana na Nigeria kumafumiro gha dazi, na Togo, Ghana, na Ivory Coast kumanjiliro gha dazi. Para mulimo wa kuzenga wa kumalizgika ku Liberia na Sierra Leone, msewu uwu uzamulutilira kulazga kumanjiliro gha dazi ku vyaru vinyake 7 vya ECOWAS. Msewu unyake uwo uli na mathabwa, ukwendera kumpoto kwa Benin m'paka ku Niger.

Mtunda wa njanji mu Benin ni mtunda wa makilomita 578 (359 mi) wa njanji yimoza ya mita 1,000. Ntchito ya kuzenga yikamba pa mizere ya pa caru cose iyo yikukolerana na Benin na Niger na Nigeria. Benin nayo wazamunjira mu AfricaRail.

Ndege za Cadjehoun, izo zili ku Cotonou, zikwenda mwakudunjika ku Accra, Niamey, Monrovia, Lagos, Ouagadougou, Lomé, na Douala, na misumba yinyake ya mu Africa. Ku Cotonou kuli maulendo ghakudunjika ghakuya ku Paris, Brussels, na Istanbul.

 

 

Mabuku gha mu Benin ghakalembeka na mulomo pambere Chifurenchi chindaŵe chiyowoyero chikuru. Mu 1929, Félix Couchoro wakalemba buku lakwamba mu ciyowoyero ca Benin, lakuti L'Esclave (Muzga).

Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Ghana chazakaŵa na wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ghana ŵakamba kwimba sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Ghana, French cabaret, American rock, funk and soul, na rumba ya ku Congo.

Biennale ya Benin, yikulutilira na mapulojekiti gha mawupu ghanyake na ŵantchito, yikamba mu charu ichi mu 2010 nga ni chiphikiro chakuchemeka "Regard Benin". Mu 2012, ntchito iyi yikamba kuchitika pa vigaŵa viŵiri, ndipo yikendeskekanga na wupu wa Consortium, uwo ni wupu wa mawupu gha mu vigaŵa ivi. Abdellah Karroum na gulu lake ndiwo ŵakulongozga chiphikiro ichi.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Benin awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi ŵali na mazina gha mu chiyowoyero cha Akan agho ghakulongora zuŵa ilo ŵakababikira. Ici nchifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Akan nga ni Akwamu na ŵanji.^[66]

Viyowoyero vya mu cigaŵa ici ndivyo vikusambizgika pa masukulu gha pulayimare, ndipo ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci cikamba kusambizgika pamanyuma pa vilimika vinandi. Pa sukulu ya sekondare, ciyowoyero ca ku France ndico cikusambizgika. Viyowoyero vya ku Benin vikulembeka na chilembo chapadera pa lizgu lililose ilo likupulikikwa, m'malo mwa vilembo vyakupambanapambana nga umo viliri mu Chifurenchi panji vilembo vya digraph nga umo viliri mu Chingelezi. Ichi chikusazgapo chiyowoyero cha Beninese Yoruba, icho ku Nigeria chikulembeka na vilembo vyakupambanapambana. Mwachiyelezgero, mu viyowoyero vya ku Benin, mazgu ghapakati gha vwayelo ghakulembeka kuti é, è, ô, o mu Chifurenchi ghakulembeka kuti e, ɛ, o, ɔ, apo mu Chingelezi mazgu gha pa chiŵaya ghakulembeka kuti ng na sh panji ch, ghakulembeka kuti ŋ na c. Ma digraph ghakugwiliskirika nchito pa ma vowel gha mu mphuno na ma consonants gha mu milomo gha kp na gb, nga umo viliri mu zina la ciyowoyero ca Fon Fon gbe /fõ ɡ͡be/, ndipo ma diacritics ghakugwiliskirika nchito nga ni vimanyikwiro. Mu mabuku gha Cifurenci, mazgu gha Cifurenci na Cibenini ghakusangika pamoza.

 

Mu vyakurya vyawo ŵakuŵa na vyakurya viphya ivyo ŵakuphika pamoza na vyakurya vinyake. Mu vyakurya vya kumwera kwa charu cha Benin, chakurya ichi chikuŵa na chiŵiya cha chimanga icho ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakunozga ufu uwo ŵakupeleka pamoza na msuzi wa phere panji wa tomato. Ŵakurya somba na nkhuku, nyama ya ng'ombe, mbuzi, na mphumphi. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Benin, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya yamsisi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto ŵakurya nyama ya ng'ombe na ya nkhumba iyo ŵayiphika mu mafuta gha makuni gha maolive panji gha phesulu. Mu vyakurya vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito cheese. Ŵanthu ŵakurya mphangwe, mpunga, na vipasi, kweniso vipambi nga ni mango, lalanje, avokado, nthochi, kiwi, na anyezi.

Ŵanthu ŵakuti para munthu wakurya wakurya nyama yichoko ndipo wakurya mafuta ghanandi. Para munthu wakuphika nyama mu mafuta gha phura panji gha phesulu, ndipo wakuphika somba mu Benin. Para munthu wakuphika tirigu, wakugwiliskira ntchito mashini ghakupwanthira tirigu. "Chicken on the spit" ni nthowa iyo nkhuku yikuwotchekera pa moto. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakuŵika mizu ya khuni la maolive mu chiŵiya na maji gha mchere na adyo kuti yiŵe yituŵa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuphika na viŵiya vyadongo kuwaro.

Maseŵero ghakurughakuru mu Benin ni bola, basketball, gofu, njinga, baseball, softball, tennis na rugby union. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa maseŵero gha baseball.^[67][68]

Charu cha Benin chili na maufumu ghanandi ghambura mazaza, ghanandi mwa maufumu agha ghakafuma ku maufumu agho ghakaŵako pambere charu chindambe kulamulira (nga ni Arda). Mafumu agho ghakuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu yayi, ghakuŵa na mazaza yayi, kweni ghakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na dango. Nangauli vili nthena, iwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za ndyali mu vigaŵa vyawo ndipo kanandi ŵandyali ŵa ku Benin ŵakuŵawovwira. Magulu ghakuvikilira ŵanthu nga ni Wupu wa Mathemba gha ku Benin ndiwo ghakwimira mathemba gha mu charu chose.^[69][70]

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• Index of Benin-related articles
• Outline of Benin
• Telephone numbers in Benin

• Country Profile from BBC News
• Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Benin from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• BBC, Civilisations - BBC Two: "Western reactions to Benin bronzes" on YouTube, Apr 10, 2018.
• Benin at Curlie
• commons:Atlas of Benin
• Benin Exports
• Forecasts for Benin Development

Government

• Government of Benin (official website) (in French)
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members
• Global Integrity Report: Benin^{[permanent dead link]}

News media

• Directory of Benin news sources from Stanford University

Trade

• World Bank Benin 2010 Summary Trade Statistics

Sports

• Baseball Archived 5 Ogasiti 2016 at the Wayback Machine

6°28′N 2°36′E / 6.467°N 2.600°E / 6.467; 2.600