[go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Uliberali

Uliberali ni falsafa, mtazamo au msimamo wa kupenda uhuru na usawa katika jamii.

Agreement of the People (1647) ilikuwa tangazo la mabadiliko yaliyopendekezwa na kundi la Levellers wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe Uingereza.
Bill of Rights ya mwaka 1689 ni hatua muhimu katika upatikanaji wa sheria za kiliberali.

Falsafa hiyo imebadilikabadilika katika mfululizo wa nyakati kuanzia msisitizo juu ya ubinafsi hadi ule juu ya ustawi wa jamii.[1]

Vilevile Waliberali wanatofuatiana kadiri ya nchi husika, lakini kwa jumla wanatetea uhuru wa dhamiri, uhuru wa dini, uhuru wa mawazo, uhuru wa kusema na kuandika, haki za kiraia, demokrasia, serikali kutokuwa na dini maalumu na ushirikiano wa kimataifa.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Asili ya jina

hariri

Mzizi wa jina hilo ni neno la Kilatini liber, yaani "huru".[9]

Historia

hariri

Uliberali ulijitokeza kwa mara ya kwanza katika siasa wakati wa Falsafa ya Mwangaza (Enlightenment), ambapo ilikubaliwa na wanafalsafa na wachumi wengi katika nchi za Magharibi dhidi ya mila za usharifu, dini rasmi na ufalme usio na katiba.

Mwanafalsafa wa karne ya 17 John Locke huko Uingereza ndiye anayehesabiwa mara nyingi kama mwanzilishi wa uliberali. Locke alitetea hoja ya kwamba kila mtu ana haki asili za kuishi, kuwa huru na kumiliki,[10] akiongeza kwamba serikali hazitakiwi kutenda kinyume cha haki hizo.

Falsafa hiyo ilichangia mapinduzi katika nchi mbalimbali, kama vile Mapinduzi ya Marekani na Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa na baada ya hapo ilienea haraka Ulaya na Amerika.[11]

Katika karne ya 20, Uliberali ulizidi kuenea kutokana na ushindi wa nchi zilizoufuata katika vita vikuu vyote viwili.[12][13]

Hadi leo, vyama vya Kiliberali vinaendelea kutawala au kuathiri nchi mbalimbali duniani kote, na ubepari, kama tokeo la kulinda sana soko huria kwa msingi wa uliberali, ndio mfumo wa uchumi ulioenea karibu duniani kote baada ya ukomunisti kushindikana Urusi na katika nchi nyingine kadhaa.

Hata hivyo hoja nyingi zinazidi kutolewa dhidi ya ubepari na uliberali kwa jumla, kutokana na kuacha umati wa watu pembezoni mwa jamii kwa kuzidiwa katika ushindani usioratibiwa kati ya nchi zilizoendelea na nchi zinazoendelea, watu tajiri na mafukara.

Tanbihi

hariri
  1. ↑ Russell 2000, pp. 577–8; Young 2002, p. 39.
  2. ↑ "The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-02-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-20.
  3. ↑ Nader Hashemi (2009-03-11). Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199717514. Liberal democracy requires a form of secularism to sustain itself
  4. ↑ Kathleen G. Donohue (2003-12-19). Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer (New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801874260. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-12-31. Three of them – freedom from fear, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion – have long been fundamental to liberalism.
  5. ↑ The Economist, Volume 341, Issues 7995-7997. The Economist. 1996. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-12-31. For all three share a belief in the liberal society as defined above: a society that provides constitutional government (rule by laws, not by men) and freedom of religion, thought, expression and economic interaction; a society in which ...
  6. ↑ Sehldon S. Wolin (2004). Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691119779. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-12-31. While liberalism practically disappeared as a publicly professed ideology, it retained a virtual monopoly in the ... The most frequently cited rights included freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, property, and procedural rights
  7. ↑ Edwin Brown Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, John Woodland Welch (1990). Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9780931464393. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-12-31. There is no need to expound here the foundations and principles of modern liberalism, which emphasises the values of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ John Joseph Lalor (1883). Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States. Nabu Press. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-12-31. Democracy attaches itself to a form of government: liberalism, to liberty and guarantees of liberty. The two may agree; they are not contradictory, but they are neither identical, nor necessarily connected. In the moral order, liberalism is the liberty to think, recognised and practiced. This is primordial liberalism, as the liberty to think is itself the first and noblest of liberties. Man would not be free in any degree or in any sphere of action, if he were not a thinking being endowed with consciousness. The freedom of worship, the freedom of education, and the freedom of the press are derived the most directly from the freedom to think.
  9. ↑ Gross, p. 5.
  10. ↑ "All mankind...being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions", John Locke, Second Treatise of Government
  11. ↑ New Liberalism: Matthew Kalkman: 9781926991047: Amazon.com: Books. ASIN 1926991044. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Check |asin= value (help)
  12. ↑ Often referred to simply as "liberalism" in the United States.
  13. ↑ Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (1956) from: The Politics of Hope (Boston: Riverside Press, 1962).

    Liberalism in the U.S. usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any other country, save possibly Britain.

Marejeo

hariri
  • Adams, Ian. Ideology and politics in Britain today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-7190-5056-1
  • Alterman, Eric. Why We're Liberals. New York: Viking Adult, 2008. ISBN 0-670-01860-0
  • Ameringer, Charles. Political parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992. ISBN 0-313-27418-5
  • Amin, Samir. The liberal virus: permanent war and the americanization of the world. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004.
  • Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-19-954059-4
  • Arnold, N. Scott. Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 0-495-50112-3
  • Auerbach, Alan and Kotlikoff, Laurence. Macroeconomics Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. ISBN 0-262-01170-0
  • Barzilai, Gad. Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities University of Michigan Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-472-03079-8
  • Bell, Duncan. "What is Liberalism?". Political Theory, 42/6 (2014).
  • Brack, Duncan and Randall, Ed (eds.). Dictionary of Liberal Thought. London: Politico's Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84275-167-1
  • George Brandis, Tom Harley & Donald Markwell (editors). Liberals Face the Future: Essays on Australian Liberalism, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1984.
  • Alan Bullock & Maurice Shock (editors). The Liberal Tradition: From Fox to Keynes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
  • Chodos, Robert et al. The unmaking of Canada: the hidden theme in Canadian history since 1945. Halifax: James Lorimer & Company, 1991. ISBN 1-55028-337-5
  • Coker, Christopher. Twilight of the West. Boulder: Westview Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8133-3368-7
  • Colomer, Josep Maria. Great Empires, Small Nations. New York: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 0-415-43775-X
  • Cook, Richard. The Grand Old Man. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-4191-6449-X
  • Delaney, Tim. The march of unreason: science, democracy, and the new fundamentalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-280485-5
  • Diamond, Larry. The Spirit of Democracy. New York: Macmillan, 2008. ISBN 0-8050-7869-X
  • Dobson, John. Bulls, Bears, Boom, and Bust. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006. ISBN 1-85109-553-5
  • Dorrien, Gary. The making of American liberal theology. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. ISBN 0-664-22354-0
  • Farr, Thomas. World of Faith and Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2008. ISBN 0-19-517995-1
  • Falco, Maria. Feminist interpretations of Mary Wollstonecraft. State College: Penn State Press, 1996. ISBN 0-271-01493-8
  • Fawcett, Edmund. Liberalism: The Life of an Idea. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-691-15689-7
  • Flamm, Michael and Steigerwald, David. Debating the 1960s: liberal, conservative, and radical perspectives. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. ISBN 0-7425-2212-1
  • Frey, Linda and Frey, Marsha. The French Revolution. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0-313-32193-0
  • Gallagher, Michael et al. Representative government in modern Europe. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001. ISBN 0-07-232267-5
  • Gifford, Rob. China Road: A Journey into the Future of a Rising Power. Random House, 2008. ISBN 0-8129-7524-3
  • Godwin, Kenneth et al. School choice tradeoffs: liberty, equity, and diversity. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. ISBN 0-292-72842-5
  • Gould, Andrew. Origins of liberal dominance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. ISBN 0-472-11015-2
  • Gray, John. Liberalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8166-2801-7
  • Grigsby, Ellen. Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Florence: Cengage Learning, 2008. ISBN 0-495-50112-3
  • Gross, Jonathan. Byron: the erotic liberal. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-7425-1162-6
  • Hafner, Danica and Ramet, Sabrina. Democratic transition in Slovenia: value transformation, education, and media. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006. ISBN 1-58544-525-8
  • Handelsman, Michael. Culture and Customs of Ecuador. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30244-8
  • Hartz, Louis. The liberal tradition in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1955. ISBN 0-15-651269-6
  • Heywood, Andrew (2003). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-96177-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hodge, Carl. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1944. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. ISBN 0-313-33406-4
  • Jensen, Pamela Grande. Finding a new feminism: rethinking the woman question for liberal democracy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996. ISBN 0-8476-8189-0
  • Johnson, Paul. The Renaissance: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2002. ISBN 0-8129-6619-8
  • Kanazawa, Satoshi (2010). "Why Liberals and Atheists Are More Intelligent". Social Psychology Quarterly. 73 (1): 33–57. JSTOR 25677384. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Karatnycky, Adrian. Freedom in the World. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-7658-0760-2
  • Karatnycky, Adrian et al. Nations in transit, 2001. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7658-0897-8
  • Kelly, Paul. Liberalism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7456-3291-2
  • Kirchner, Emil. Liberal parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-32394-0
  • Knoop, Todd. Recessions and Depressions Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0-313-38163-1
  • Koerner, Kirk. Liberalism and its critics. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1985. ISBN 0-7099-1551-9
  • Leroux, Robert, Political Economy and Liberalism in France: The Contributions of Frédéric Bastiat, London and New York, 2011.
  • Leroux, Robert, Davi M. Hart (eds), French Liberalism in the 19th Century, London and New York: London, 2012.
  • Lightfoot, Simon. Europeanizing social democracy?: the rise of the Party of European Socialists. New York: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0-415-34803-X
  • Losurdo, Domenico. Liberalism: a counter-history. London: Verso. 2011
  • Lyons, Martyn. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-312-12123-7
  • Mackenzie, G. Calvin and Weisbrot, Robert. The liberal hour: Washington and the politics of change in the 1960s. New York: Penguin Group, 2008. ISBN 1-59420-170-6
  • Manent, Pierre and Seigel, Jerrold. An Intellectual History of Liberalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-691-02911-3
  • Donald Markwell. John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Mazower, Mark. Dark Continent. New York: Vintage Books, 1998. ISBN 0-679-75704-X
  • Monsma, Stephen and Soper, J. Christopher. The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. ISBN 0-7425-5417-1
  • Palmer, R.R. and Joel Colton. A History of the Modern World. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1995. ISBN 0-07-040826-2
  • Perry, Marvin et al. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2008. ISBN 0-547-14742-2
  • Pierson, Paul. The New Politics of the Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-829756-4
  • Puddington, Arch. Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. ISBN 0-7425-5897-5
  • Riff, Michael. Dictionary of modern political ideologies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-7190-3289-X
  • Rivlin, Alice. Reviving the American Dream Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8157-7476-1
  • Ros, Agustin. Profits for all?: the cost and benefits of employee ownership. New York: Nova Publishers, 2001. ISBN 1-59033-061-7
  • Routledge, Paul et al. The geopolitics reader. New York: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 0-415-34148-5
  • Russell, Bertrand (2000) [1945]. History of Western Philosophy. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22854-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Ryan, Alan. The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill. Humanity Books: 1970. ISBN 978-1573924047.
  • Ryan, Alan. The Making of Modern Liberalism (Princeton UP, 2012)
  • Ryan, Alan. On Politics: A History of Political Thought: From Herodotus to the Present. Allen Lane, 2012. ISBN 978-0-87140-465-7.
  • Shell, Jonathan. The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People. New York: Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 0-8050-4457-4
  • Shaw, G. K. Keynesian Economics: The Permanent Revolution. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 1-85278-099-1
  • Sinclair, Timothy. Global governance: critical concepts in political science. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 2004. ISBN 0-415-27662-4
  • Song, Robert. Christianity and Liberal Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-826933-1
  • Stacy, Lee. Mexico and the United States. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. ISBN 0-7614-7402-1
  • Steinberg, David I. Burma: the State of Myanmar. Georgetown University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-87840-893-2
  • Steindl, Frank. Understanding Economic Recovery in the 1930s. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. ISBN 0-472-11348-8
  • Susser, Bernard. Political ideology in the modern world. Upper Saddle River: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. ISBN 0-02-418442-X
  • Van den Berghe, Pierre. The Liberal dilemma in South Africa. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1979. ISBN 0-7099-0136-4
  • Van Schie, P. G. C. and Voermann, Gerrit. The dividing line between success and failure: a comparison of Liberalism in the Netherlands and Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Berlin: LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006. ISBN 3-8258-7668-3
  • Various authors. Countries of the World & Their Leaders Yearbook 08, Volume 2. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. ISBN 0-7876-8108-3
  • Venturelli, Shalini. Liberalizing the European media: politics, regulation, and the public sphere. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-823379-5
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism trimphant 1789-1914. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011.
  • Wempe, Ben. T. H. Green's theory of positive freedom: from metaphysics to political theory. Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004. ISBN 0-907845-58-4
  • Whitfield, Stephen. Companion to twentieth-century America. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 0-631-21100-4
  • Wolfe, Alan. The Future of Liberalism. New York: Random House, Inc., 2009. ISBN 0-307-38625-2
  • Worell, Judith. Encyclopedia of women and gender, Volume I. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001. ISBN 0-12-227246-3
  • Young, Shaun (2002). Beyond Rawls: An Analysis of the Concept of Political Liberalism. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-2240-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Zvesper, John. Nature and liberty. New York: Routledge, 1993. ISBN 0-415-08923-9

Viungo vya nje

hariri
WikiMedia Commons 
WikiMedia Commons
Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
Stub icon  Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya siasa bado ni mbegu. Unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuongezea habari.
Rudishwa kutoka "https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uliberali&oldid=1193919"