Kambale

Kambale
Kambale mumi (Clarias gariepinus)
Uainishaji wa kisayansi
Himaya: Animalia (Wanyama) Faila: Chordata (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) Nusufaila: Vertebrata (Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo) Ngeli: Actinopterygii (Samaki walio na mapezi yenye tindi) Oda: Siluriformes (Samaki kama kambale) Familia: Clariidae Bonaparte, 1846
Ngazi za chini
Jenasi 15: Bathyclarias Jackson, 1959 Channallabes Günther, 1873 Clariallabes Boulenger, 1900 Clarias Scopoli, 1777 Dinotopterus Boulenger, 1906 Dolichallabes Poll, 1942 Encheloclarias Herre & Myers, 1937 Gymnallabes Günther, 1867 Heterobranchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 Horaglanis Menon, 1950 Platyallabes Poll, 1977 Platyclarias Poll, 1977 Tanganikallabes Poll, 1943 Uegitglanis Gianferrari, 1923 Xenoclarias Greenwood, 1958

Kambale au kambare ni samaki wa maji baridi wa familia Clariidae katika oda Siluriformes ambao wana sharubu nne na wanaweza kupumua hewa. Spishi nyingine huitwa chimwanapumba, kabwili, kibabila, pondo na sapua. Familia hii ina spishi 116 ambazo nyingi sana zinatokea Afrika, lakini spishi nyingine wanatokea Asia.

Kambale husifika na mwili uliorefuka, kuwepo kwa sharubu nne, pezimgongo na pezimkundu marefu na hasa na kuwepo kwa ogani juu ya matamvua, zilizoundwa na miundo ifananayo na miti juu ya matao ya pili na ya nne ya matamvua. Ogani hizi juu ya matamvua, zinazoitwa ogani za mzingile, zinaruhusu spishi fulani uwezo wa kusafiri umbali mfupi juu ya ardhi (kambale watembeao).

Msingi wa pezimgongo ni mrefu sana na hana mwiba mbele yake. Pezimgongo inaweza kuungana na pezimkia au la. Pezimkia lina umbo wa mviringo. Spishi kadhaa zina macho madogo na mapeziubavu na pezitumbo ni madogo au hayapo kwa ajili ya maisha ya kuchimba. Spishi chache ni vipofu.

Ndani ya familia ya Clariidae mwili hutofautiana kutoka kwa umbo la topito hadi umbo la mkunga. Spishi zikipata zaidi umbo la mkunga, seti nzima ya mabadiliko ya kiumbo imeonekana, kama vile kupunguzwa na kupoteza kwa mapezi yenye shahamu, mapezi ya pekee yasiyoendelea, kupunguzwa kwa mapezi ya jozi, kupunguzwa kwa macho, kupunguzwa kwa mifupa ya fuvu na misuli ya mataya iliyokua zaidi.

Kambale wengi ni muhimu katika uvuvi wa kisanii. Kambale mumi ametambuliwa kama moja ya spishi yenye ahadi kubwa sana kwa ufugaji wa samaki katika Afrika.

Uwezo wa kupumua hewa wa samaki hawa umeruhusu samaki kama vile Clarias batrachus kuwa spishi ya uvamizi huko Florida.

• Bathyclarias atribranchus, Kambale Malawi Matamvua-meusi (Blackgill Malawi catfish)
• Bathyclarias euryodon, Pwefu (Pwefu)
• Bathyclarias filicibarbis, Kambale Malawi Sharubu-nyuzi (Thread-barbel Malawi catfish)
• Bathyclarias foveolatus, Chimwanapumba (Pitted Malawi catfish)
• Bathyclarias longibarbis, Kabwili (Longbarbel Malawi catfish)
• Bathyclarias nyasensis, Sapua (Malawi catfish)
• Bathyclarias rotundifrons, Nkomo (Round-headed Malawi catfish)
• Bathyclarias worthingtoni, Bombe (Giant catfish)
• Clariallabes petricola, Kambale-nyoka wa Viktoria (Victoria snake catfish)
• Clarias alluaudi, Kambale wa Alluaud (Alluaud's catfish)
• Clarias gariepinus, Kambale mumi (African sharptooth catfish)
• Clarias hilli, Kambale wa Ziwa Albert (Lake Albert catfish)
• Clarias liocephalus, Kambale Malagarazi (Smoothhead catfish)
• Clarias theodorae, Kambale-nyoka (Snake catfish)
• Clarias werneri, Male (Werner's catfish)
• Dinotopterus cunningtoni, Singa (Giant Lake Tanganyika catfish)
• Heterobranchus longifilis, Pondo (Vundu)
• Tanganikallabes mortiauxi, Kibabila (Lake Tanganyika catfish)
• Xenoclarias eupogon, Kambale wa Ziwa Viktoria (Lake Victoria deepwater catfish)

• 
  Chimwamapumba
• 
  Kambale malagarazi
• 
  Pondo

• Rashid Anam & Edoardo Mostarda (2012) Field identification guide for the living marine resources of Kenya. FAO, Rome.
• Gabriella Bianchi (1985) Field guide to the commercial marine brackish-water species of Tanzania. FAO, Rome.

• Kambale kwenye hifadhidata ya samaki Archived 25 Oktoba 2019 at the Wayback Machine.