Euklides
Euklides (takr. 365 KK - 300 KK, kwa Kigiriki Εὐκλείδης, Eukleidēs, yaani Mashuhuri, kwa Kiingereza Euclid[1]) alikuwa mwanahisabati wa Misri ya Kale. Anaitwa pia Euklides wa Aleksandria ili kumtofautisha na Euklide wa Megara, akihesabiwa pia kati ya wataalamu wa Ugiriki ya Kale maana mji wa Aleksandria nchiniMisri iliundwa na Wagiriki na kukaliwa na Wagiriki hasa kwa karne nyingi, hivyo inahesabiwa zaidi kama sehemu ya utamaduni wa Ugiriki kuliko Misri.
Anaitwa mara nyingi "Baba wa Jiometria".
Maisha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Habari zake hazina uhakika kamili kuhusu miaka ya maisha yake lakini anaaminiwa alitokea katika familia ya Kigiriki akaishi huko Aleksandria wa Misri.
Hakuna mengi yanayojulikana kwa hakika juu ya maisha yake. Huaminiwa ya kwamba alizaliwa Aleksandria mnamo 365 KK akapata mafunzo ya juu kwenye akademia ya Athens, Ugiriki.
Kazi yake alifanya wakati wa Farao Ptolemaio I (323 KK–283 KK) akifundisha hisabati.
Alipata kuwa maarufu kwa njia ya vitabu vyake 13 vinavyofundisha hisabati vilivyoitwa Στοιχεῖα stoicheia au "Misingi". Tafsiri za vitabu hivyo zilitumiwa hadi karne ya 19.[2][3][4]
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Euclidean (adj.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 18, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Ball, pp. 50–62.
- ↑ Boyer, pp. 100–19.
- ↑ Macardle, et al. (2008). Scientists: Extraordinary People Who Altered the Course of History. New York: Metro Books. g. 12.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Artmann, Benno (1999). Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98423-2.
- Ball, W.W. Rouse (1960) [1908]. A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (tol. la 4th). Dover Publications. ku. 50–62. ISBN 0-486-20630-0.
- Boyer, Carl B. (1991). A History of Mathematics (tol. la 2nd). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-54397-7.
- Douglass, Charlene (2007). "Euclid". Math Open Reference. With extensive bibliography.
- Heath, Thomas (ed.) (1956) [1908]. The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements. Juz. la 1. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-60088-2.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - Heath, Thomas L. (1908), "Euclid and the Traditions About Him Archived 27 Januari 2010 at the Wayback Machine.", in Euclid, Elements (Thomas L. Heath, ed. 1908), 1:1–6, at Perseus Digital Library Archived 27 Januari 2010 at the Wayback Machine..
- Heath, Thomas L. (1981). A History of Greek Mathematics, 2 Vols. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24073-8 / ISBN 0-486-24074-6.
- Kline, Morris (1980). Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502754-X.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Euclid of Alexandria", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- Proclus, A commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements, translated by Glenn Raymond Morrow, Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-691-02090-7.
- Struik, Dirk J. (1967). A Concise History of Mathematics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-60255-9.
- Van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert; Taisbak, Christian Marinus (Oktoba 30, 2014). "Euclid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Iliwekwa mnamo Novemba 21, 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Marejeo mengine
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- DeLacy, Estelle Allen (1963). Euclid and Geometry. New York: Franklin Watts.
- Knorr, Wilbur Richard (1975). The Evolution of the Euclidean Elements: A Study of the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes and Its Significance for Early Greek Geometry. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel. ISBN 90-277-0509-7.
- Mueller, Ian (1981). Philosophy of Mathematics and Deductive Structure in Euclid's Elements. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13163-3.
- Reid, Constance (1963). A Long Way from Euclid. New York: Crowell.
- Szabó, Árpád (1978). The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics. A.M. Ungar, trans. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel. ISBN 90-277-0819-3.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Works by Euclid katika Project Gutenberg
- Euclid's Elements, All thirteen books, with interactive diagrams using Java. Clark University
- Euclid's Elements Archived 19 Aprili 2014 at the Wayback Machine., with the original Greek and an English translation on facing pages (includes PDF version for printing). University of Texas.
- Euclid's Elements, books I–VI, in English pdf, in a Project Gutenberg Victorian textbook edition with diagrams.
- Euclid's Elements, All thirteen books, in several languages as Spanish, Catalan, English, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Italian, Russian and Chinese.
- Elementa Geometriae 1482, Venice. From Rare Book Room.
- Elementa 888 AD, Byzantine. From Rare Book Room.
- Texts on Ancient Mathematics and Mathematical Astronomy PDF scans (Note: many are very large files). Includes editions and translations of Euclid's Elements, Data, and Optica, Proclus's Commentary on Euclid, and other historical sources.
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