Paa (Bovidae) : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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d roboti Nyongeza: th:อิมผาลา |
Nyongeza picha |
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| (marekebisho 33 ya kati na watumizi wengine 15 na yule ambaye hajaonyeshwa) | |||
| Mstari 1: | Mstari 1: | ||
{{Uainishaji |
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{{Otheruses}} |
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| rangi = #D3D3A4 |
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{{Taxobox |
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| jina = Paa |
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| picha = Common duiker kenya.jpg |
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| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| upana_wa_picha = 250px |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |year=2008|id=550|title=Aepyceros melampus|downloaded=18 January 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern</ref> |
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| maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nsya]]<br><sup>(''Sylvicapra grimmia'')</sup> |
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| trend = stable |
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| himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> |
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| image = Botswana Nxai Pan NP Impala Male.jpg |
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| faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> |
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| image_width = 200px |
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| ngeli = [[Mammalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| oda = [[Artiodactyla]] <small>(Wanyama wenye vidole viwili au vinne mguuni)</small> |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| nusuoda = [[Ruminantia]] <small>(Wanyama wanaocheua)</small> |
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
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| familia = [[Bovidae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na ng'ombe)</small> |
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| ordo = [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] |
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| bingwa_wa_familia = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1821 |
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| familia = [[Bovid]]ae |
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| nusufamilia = [[Cephalophinae]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana na [[Paa (Bovidae)|paa]])</small> |
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| subfamilia = '''Aepycerotinae''' |
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| bingwa_wa_nusufamilia = J. E. Gray, 1871 |
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| subdivision = '''Jenasi 3, spishi 21:''' |
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* ''[[Cephalophus]]'' <small>[[Charles Hamilton Smith|C. H. Smith]], 1827</small> |
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| genus_authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1847 |
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** ''[[Cephalophus adersi|C. adersi]]'' <small>[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]]'', 1918</small> |
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| species = '''''A. melampus''''' |
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** ''[[Cephalophus brookei|C. brookei]]'' <small>(Thomas, 1903)</small> |
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| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies |
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** ''[[Cephalophus callipygus|C. callipygus]]'' <small>[[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1876</small> |
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| subdivision = * ''[[Aepyceros melampus petersi|A. m. petersi]]'' |
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** ''[[Cephalophus dorsalis|C. dorsalis]]'' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1846</small> |
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* ''A. m. melampus'' |
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** ''[[Cephalophus harveyi|C. harveyi]]'' <small>Thomas, 1893</small> |
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| range_map=Leefgebied_impala.JPG |
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** ''[[Cephalophus jentinki|C. jentinki]]'' <small>Thomas, 1892</small> |
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| range_map_caption=Range map |
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** ''[[Cephalophus leucogaster|C. leucogaster]]'' <small>Gray, 1873</small> |
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| binomial = ''Aepyceros melampus'' |
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** ''[[Cephalophus natalensis|C. natalensis]]'' <small>[[Andrew Smith|Smith]], 1834</small> |
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| binomial_authority = ([[Martin Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein]], 1812) |
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** ''[[Cephalophus niger|C. niger]]'' <small>Gray, 1846</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus nigrifrons|C. nigrifrons]]'' <small>Gray, 1871</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus ogilbyi|C. ogilbyi]]'' <small>([[George Robert Waterhouse|Waterhouse]], 1838)</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus rubidus|C. rubidus]]'' <small>Thomas, 1901</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus rufilatus|C. rufilatus]]'' <small>Gray, 1846</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus spadix|C. spadix]]'' <small>[[Frederick W. True|True]], 1890</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus silvicultor|C. silvicultor]]'' <small>([[Adam Afzelius|Afzelius]], 1815)</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus weynsi|C. weynsi]]'' <small>Thomas, 1901</small> |
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** ''[[Cephalophus zebra|C. zebra]]'' <small>Gray, 1838</small> |
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* ''[[Philantomba]]'' <small>[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1840</small> |
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** ''[[Philantomba maxwellii|P. maxwellii]]'' <small>([[Charles Hamilton Smith|C.H. Smith]], 1827)</small> |
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** ''[[Philantomba monticola|P. monticola]]'' <small>([[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]], 1789)</small> |
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** ''[[Philantomba walteri|P. walteri]]'' <small[[Marc Colyn|Colyn]] ''et al.'', 2010</small> |
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* ''[[Sylvicapra]]'' <small>[[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1837</small> |
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** ''[[Sylvicapra grimmia|S. grimmia]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> |
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}} |
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Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru |
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'''Paa''' ([[ing.]] ''duiker''; huitwa pia: '''Nsya''', ''Sylvicapra grimmia''; '''Mindi''', ''Cephalophus spadix''; '''Funo''', ''Cephalophus natalensis''; na '''Chesi''', ''Philantomba monticola'') ni jina la kawaida kwa [[mnyama|wanyama]] wadogo wa [[Afrika]] wanaofanana na [[swala]] na walio na pembe fupi. Huainishwa katika [[nususfamilia]] [[Cephalophinae]] ya [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Bovidae]]. [[Paa-chonge]] ni wanyama wengine katika familia [[Tragulidae]]. |
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'''Paa''' ''(Aepyceros melampus'' Kigiriki αιπος, ''aipos'' "juu" κερος, ''ceros'' "pembe" + ''melas'' "nyeusi" ''pous'' "mguu") ni swara ambaye si mkubwa sana kutoka Afrika. Jina '''Implala''' ambalo ni jina la Paa kwa Kiingereza linatoka kutoka lugha ya [[Kizulu]] na linamaanisha "Swara". Wao hupatikana katika [[savanna]] ''[[misitu]]'' nene nchini [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Swaziland]], [[Msumbiji]], [[Namibia]] ya kaskazini, [[Botswana]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], kusini mwa [[Angola]], kaskazini mashariki mwa [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Uganda]]. Paa wa kawaida wanaweza kupatikana katika idadi ya hadi 1,600,000 barani Afrika <ref>{{IUCNlink|550}}</ref> |
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==Spishi== |
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* '''Nusufamilia Cephalophinae''' |
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** '''Jenasi ''Cephalophus''''' |
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*** ''Cephalophus adersi'', [[Paa Nunga]] ([[w:Ader's Duiker|Ader's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus brookei'', [[Paa wa Brooke]] ([[w:Brooke's Duiker|Brooke's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus callipygus'', [[Funo wa Peters]] ([[w:Peters's Duiker|Peters's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus dorsalis'', [[Paa Mgongo-mweusi]] ([[w:Bay Duiker|Bay Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus harveyi'', [[Funo wa Harvey]] ([[w:Harvey's Duiker|Harvey's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus jentinki'', [[Paa wa Jentink]] ([[w:Jentink's Duiker|Jentink's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus leucogaster'', [[Paa Tumbo-jeupe]] ([[w:White-bellied Duiker|White-bellied Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus natalensis'', [[Funo]] ([[w:Red Forest Duiker|Red Forest Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus niger'', [[Paa Mweusi]] ([[w:Black Duiker|Black Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus nigrifrons'', [[Paa Paji-jeusi]] ([[w:Black-fronted Duiker|Black-fronted Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus ogilbyi'', [[Paa wa Ogilby]] ([[w:Ogilby's Duiker|Ogilby's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus rubidis'', [[Paa Mwekundu]] ([[w:Ruwenzori Duiker|Ruwenzori Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus rufilatus'', [[Paa Mbavu-nyekundu]] ([[w:Red-flanked Duiker|Red-flanked]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus silvicultor'', [[Kipoke (paa)|Kipoke]] ([[w:Yellow-backed Duiker|Yellow-backed Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus spadix'', [[Mindi]] ([[w:Abbott's duiker|Abbott's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus weynsi'', [[Funo wa Weyns]] ([[w:Weyns's Duiker|Weyns's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Cephalophus zebra'', [[Paa Milia]] ([[w:Zebra Duiker|Zebra Duiker]]) |
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** '''Jenasi ''Philantomba''''' |
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*** ''Philantomba maxwellii'', [[Chesi wa Maxwell]] ([[w:Maxwell's Duiker|Maxwell's Duiker]]) |
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*** ''Philantomba monticola'', [[Chesi (mnyama)|Chesi]] ([[w:Blue Duiker|Blue duiker]]) |
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*** ''Philantomba walteri'', [[Chesi wa Walter]] ([[w:Walter's Duiker|Walter's Duiker]]) |
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** '''Jenasi ''Sylvicapra''''' |
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*** ''Sylvicapra grimmia'', [[Nsya]] ([[w:Common Duiker|Common Duiker]]) |
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==Picha== |
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==Taksonomia== |
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Hapo awali, wanataksonomia waliwaweka Paa katika jamii sawa na [[swara]], kob na hartebeest. Hata hivyo ilikuja kugunduliwa kwamba paa ni tofauti sana kutoka jamii hizi zote za swara ndiposa paa ikawekwa katika jamii yake yenyewe, ''Aepycerotini'' ,mtawalia. Jamii hii kwa sasa imepandishwa cheo kuwa familia kamili. |
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Kwa kawaida Spishi za aina mbili hutofautishwa, ambazo huegemewa na uchambuzi wa mitochondrial DNA. |
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*Paa aliye na sura nyeusi( Black-faced Impala ''Aepyceros melampus petersi'' ) |
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*Paa wa kawaida ((Common Impala) ''Aepyceros melampus melampus'' ) |
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==Mwonekano== |
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[[File:impala ram.jpg|thumb|left|Paa dume kutoka Kruger National Park, Afrika ya Kusini.]] Paa wanaurefu wa kati ya sentimita 73 na 92. Wastani wa uzito wa paa wa kiume ni takriban kilo 46 hadi 76 huku paa wa kike wakiwa na uzito wa takriban kilo 37 hadi 50. Rangi yao kwa kawaida ni nyekundu na kahawia(ndiposa wakapewa jina la Kiafrikana la ''"Rooibok"'' ), wana ubavu mwepesi na tumbo nyeupe alama "M" katika ngozi zao . Paa wa kiume, ambao wanajina sawa kama wa kondoo waume, wanapembe unao fanana kama aina fulani ya chombo cha muziki kinachojulikana kama 'lyre' kwa lugha ya kimombo ambayo inaweza kufikia urefi wa sentimita 90 . Paa wa kike, ambao wanajina sawa na kondoo wa kike, hawana pembe. |
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===Paa weusi=== |
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Paa weusi, hupatikana katika maeneo machache sana barani Afrika, na aina ya paa hawa ni nadra sana na wana mwili ambao ni mweusi tititit. Hifadhi ya wanyama ya kibinasi ya Botlierskop Binafsi nchini Afrika Kusini ina zaidi ya paa weusi 150 na hata zaidi ya Paa wekundu. Wanyama hawa wanaweza kufomu makundi makubwa ya zaidi ya paa 100, lakini kwa kawaida idadi ya mkusanyijo wao huwa 20. Kidude cha ukoo kinachopatikana katika Paa huwapa rangi yao. |
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==Mazingira== |
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Paa ni miongoni mwa spishi amboa wametamalaki katika aina nyingi za [[savanna]]. Wanaweza kukabiliana na mazingira tofauti kwa kuwa kwa kuwa walaji wa nyasi katika baadhi ya maeneo. Wao hula majani na nyasi wakati rangi ya majani na nyasi ni kijani na ambao unakuwa . |
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Vikundi vya paa hutumia maeneo maalum kwa matumizi yao. Paa huwa hodari wakati wote wa usiku na mchana na wanategemea maji. Mifugo ni huashiria kwa kawaida kuwa kuna maji karibu. Paa wanaweza kustawi katika maeneo ambayo walaji nyasi pekee hawezi kuishi. |
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[[File:Impala ewe behind.jpg|thumb|left|Paa mke kutoka kwa Kruger National Park, Afrika ya Kusini.]] |
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hurukaruka huku na huko ili kuwavurugia wanyama ambao wanaweza kuwala. Wao wanaweza kuruka kwa umbali wa zaidi ya mita 10 mita (fiti 33) na urefu wa mita 3(fiti 9). [[Chui]], [[Duma]], [[simba]] na [[mbwa mwitu]] ndio wanyama ambao huwawinda Paa. Paa wanaweza kufikia kasi ambao wastani wake ni maili 50 hadi 55 kwa saa moja (kilomita 80 hadi 90 kwa saa mija) <ref> http://www.safari-photo.org/zebrei.html</ref> ili kuwaepuka wanyama ambo wanaweza kuwala. |
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==Muundo wa kijamii na uzazi== |
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Paa wa kike na paa wale wachanga kufomu vikundi vya paa mia moja au mia mbili. Wakati wa chakula upo kwa wingi, paa wa kiume wazima wataimarisha wilaya na kuwazunguka paa wa kike na kuwafukuza paa kike ambao si wa jamii kundi hilo pamoja na wanyama wengine ambao wanaweza kuwala. Pia wao huwafukuza paa wa kiume wengine ambo wamebaleha. Paa wa kiume hujaribu kuzuia paa wa kike yeyote anayejaribu kuondoka katika wilaya ambao walikuwa wameutenga. Katika misimu wa ukavu, wilaya hizi hutelekezwa na kuachwa kwani vikundi hivi vya paa husafiri mbali ili kutafuta chakula. Vikunde vikubwa vya paa huanzishwa na hujumuisha paa wa kike na wa kiume. |
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Paa vijana wa kiume ambao wamefanywa kuacha vikundi vyao vya awali hufomu kundi yao ya karibu takriban paa thelathini binafsi. Paa wa kiume ambao wanaweza kutawala na kutamalaki vikundi vyao huwa wagombeaji kwa ajili ya kuchukua udhibiti wa wilaya zao. |
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[[File:GrantsGazelle1.jpg|thumb|Paa kuchungia katika Maasai Mara, Kenya]] |
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[[File:impalajump.jpg|thumb|left|Paa kurukaruka huku nchini Kenya]] |
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Msimu wa kuzaana wa Paa, ambao pia hujulikana kama [[rutting]] kwa lugha ya Kiingereza, huanza wakati unaelekea mwisho wa msimu wa mvua mwezi wa Mei. Mambo haya yote kwa kawaida hudumu kwa muda wa takriban wiki tatu. Huku paa wachanga wakizaliwa baada ya miezi saba, mama yao ana uwezo wa kuchelewa kujifungua kwa ''nyongeza'' ya mwezi moja kama hali ni mbaya. Wakati wa kujifungua paa wa kike hujitenga mwenyewe kutoka katika kundi ya paa wengine licha ya jitihada mbalimbali ya paa wa kiume kumzuia kuondoka katika wilaya yao. Paa wa kike ambaye amekuwa mama kumweka mwanawe aliyezaliwa katika doa kwa siku chache au hata kumwacha mwanawe mafichoni kwa siku, wiki kadhaa au zaidi kabla ya kurudi kwa kundi la paa wenzake. Wanawe wachangwa watajiunga na kikundi cha paa wengine na watakwenda kwa mamao tu wakati kuna shida au wakati wananjaa na wanahitaji kula. Paa wachanga hunyonya matiti ya mamao kwa muda wa kati ya miezi 4 hadi 6. Paa wa kike ambao hukomaa wanalazimika kujiondoa katika kikundi hicho na kujiunga na kundi mpya ya paa ya wanaume pekee. |
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==Hifadhi ya picha== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Cephalophus adersi 35368339.jpg|Paa nunga |
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Peters Duiker (Cephalophus callipygus) from behind, Campo Maan National Park.jpg|Funo wa Peters |
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File:Aepyceros melampus petersi.jpg| Vikundi vya paa wa kike |
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Cephalophus dorsalis.JPG|Paa mgongo-mweusi |
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File:Impala leaping from water.jpg|Paa anarukaruka kutoka kwa maji |
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Rotducker im Okapi-Wald - Zoo Leipzig.png|Funo |
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File:impala.JPG|Kundi la Paa nchini Afrika Kusini |
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Cephalophus niger.jpg|Paa mweusi |
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File:Aepyceros_melampus.jpg|Paa nchini Zambia |
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Cephalophe a front noir.jpg|Paa paji-jeusi |
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Redflankedduiker.jpg|Paa mbavu-nyekundu |
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Yellow-backed Duiker.jpg|Kipoke |
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File:104 2033SenegalAntilopes.jpg| Paa wa kike |
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Cephalophus weynsi.jpg|Funo wa Weyns |
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File:Impala_en_Tanzanie.JPG| Kundi la Paa nchini Tanzania |
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Cephalophus zebra.jpg|Paa milia |
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File:Impala_(xndr).JPG| Paa wa kike |
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Stavenn Cephalophus maxwellii.jpg|Chesi wa Maxwell |
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File:Impala_Etosha.JPG| Paa wa kiume akabiliana changamoto, katika sehemu ya Etosha, Namibia |
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Blue Duiker.jpg|Chesi |
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File:Cheetah_with_impala_kill.jpg| Duma hutegemea Paa na mamalia wengine kama chakula (Mbuga ya kitaifa ya Masai Mara , Kenya) |
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Common Duiker1.jpg|Nsya |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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{{mbegu-mnyama}} |
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==Tazama Pia== |
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*Paa mweusi |
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==Marejeo== |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide Mamalia Afrika, Including Hoofed Mamalia, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, The University of California Press |
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* [http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/impala African Wildlife Fundation - Impala] |
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* [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Aepyceros_melampus/more_info.html Arkive - Paa] |
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==Viungo vya nje== |
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{{Wikispecies|Aepyceros}} |
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{{Commons category|Aepyceros}} |
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*[http://www.awf.org/wildlives/143 Paa: muhtasari kutoka African Wildlife Foundation] |
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{{Artiodactyla|R.2}} |
{{Artiodactyla|R.2}} |
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[[Jamii:Ng'ombe na jamaa]] |
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[[Jamii:Wanyama wa Afrika]] |
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[[Category:Bovidae]] |
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[[ |
[[Jamii:Wanyama wa Biblia]] |
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[[Category:Megafauna ya Afrika]] |
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[[af:Rooibok]] |
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[[bg:Импала]] |
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[[br:Impala]] |
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[[ca:Impala]] |
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[[cs:Impala]] |
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[[de:Impala]] |
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[[en:Impala]] |
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[[eo:Impalo]] |
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[[es:Aepyceros melampus]] |
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[[fi:Impala]] |
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[[fr:Impala]] |
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[[gl:Impala]] |
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[[he:אימפלה]] |
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[[hr:Impala]] |
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[[hu:Impala]] |
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[[it:Aepyceros melampus]] |
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[[ja:インパラ]] |
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[[la:Impala]] |
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[[lb:Impala]] |
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[[lt:Impala]] |
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[[mn:Пала гөрөөс]] |
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[[ms:Impala]] |
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[[nl:Impala]] |
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[[no:Impala]] |
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[[nv:Jádí bideeʼ yisdisígíí]] |
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[[oc:Aepyceros melampus]] |
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[[pl:Impala]] |
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[[pt:Impala]] |
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[[ro:Impala]] |
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[[ru:Импала]] |
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[[simple:Impala]] |
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[[sr:Импала]] |
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[[sv:Impala]] |
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[[th:อิมผาลา]] |
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[[tr:İmpala]] |
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[[uk:Імпала]] |
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[[zh:高角羚]] |
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Toleo la sasa la 11:32, 12 Agosti 2022
| Paa | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Nsya
(Sylvicapra grimmia) | ||||||||||||||
| Uainishaji wa kisayansi | ||||||||||||||
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| Ngazi za chini | ||||||||||||||
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Jenasi 3, spishi 21:
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Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Paa (ing. duiker; huitwa pia: Nsya, Sylvicapra grimmia; Mindi, Cephalophus spadix; Funo, Cephalophus natalensis; na Chesi, Philantomba monticola) ni jina la kawaida kwa wanyama wadogo wa Afrika wanaofanana na swala na walio na pembe fupi. Huainishwa katika nususfamilia Cephalophinae ya familia Bovidae. Paa-chonge ni wanyama wengine katika familia Tragulidae.
Spishi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Nusufamilia Cephalophinae
- Jenasi Cephalophus
- Cephalophus adersi, Paa Nunga (Ader's Duiker)
- Cephalophus brookei, Paa wa Brooke (Brooke's Duiker)
- Cephalophus callipygus, Funo wa Peters (Peters's Duiker)
- Cephalophus dorsalis, Paa Mgongo-mweusi (Bay Duiker)
- Cephalophus harveyi, Funo wa Harvey (Harvey's Duiker)
- Cephalophus jentinki, Paa wa Jentink (Jentink's Duiker)
- Cephalophus leucogaster, Paa Tumbo-jeupe (White-bellied Duiker)
- Cephalophus natalensis, Funo (Red Forest Duiker)
- Cephalophus niger, Paa Mweusi (Black Duiker)
- Cephalophus nigrifrons, Paa Paji-jeusi (Black-fronted Duiker)
- Cephalophus ogilbyi, Paa wa Ogilby (Ogilby's Duiker)
- Cephalophus rubidis, Paa Mwekundu (Ruwenzori Duiker)
- Cephalophus rufilatus, Paa Mbavu-nyekundu (Red-flanked)
- Cephalophus silvicultor, Kipoke (Yellow-backed Duiker)
- Cephalophus spadix, Mindi (Abbott's Duiker)
- Cephalophus weynsi, Funo wa Weyns (Weyns's Duiker)
- Cephalophus zebra, Paa Milia (Zebra Duiker)
- Jenasi Philantomba
- Philantomba maxwellii, Chesi wa Maxwell (Maxwell's Duiker)
- Philantomba monticola, Chesi (Blue duiker)
- Philantomba walteri, Chesi wa Walter (Walter's Duiker)
- Jenasi Sylvicapra
- Sylvicapra grimmia, Nsya (Common Duiker)
- Jenasi Cephalophus
Picha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]-
Paa nunga
-
Funo wa Peters
-
Paa mgongo-mweusi
-
Funo
-
Paa mweusi
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Paa paji-jeusi
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Paa mbavu-nyekundu
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Kipoke
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Funo wa Weyns
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Paa milia
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Chesi wa Maxwell
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Chesi
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Nsya
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Makala hii kuhusu mnyama fulani bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Paa (Bovidae) kama uainishaji wake wa kibiolojia, maisha au uenezi wake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |
Ili kupata maelezo kuhusu masanduku ya uanapwa ya spishi angalia: Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc.