Tazama chanzo cha Kukwama kwa leba

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[[Picha:Illustration of a deformed female pelvis - angular distortion Wellcome L0038229.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|mchoro wa ulemavu wa Pelvis-angular ya kike ambayo inaweza kusababisha leba pingamizi]]

{{Infobox disease
 | Name           = Obstructed labour
 | Image          = Illustration of a deformed female pelvis - angular distortion Wellcome L0038229.jpg
 | Caption        = An image of a deformed pelvis, a risk factor for obstructed labour
 | DiseasesDB     = 4025
 | ICD10          = 
 | ICD9           = 
 | ICDO           = 
 | OMIM           = 
 | MedlinePlus    = 
 | eMedicineSubj  = med
 | eMedicineTopic = 3280
 | MeshID         = D004420
}}
<!--Ufasili na dalili -->
'''Kukwama kwa leba''', hali ambayo pia hujulikana kama'''distosia ya leba''', ni wakati ambapo, hata ikiwa [[uterasi]] ina mikazo ya kawaida, mtoto hatoki kupitia pelvisi wakati wa [[kuzaliwa]] kwa sababu ya kufungika.<ref name=WHO2008S1/> Kutatizika kwa mtoto hujumuisha [[Asfinksia ya wakati wa kuzaliwa|ukosefu wa oksijeni ya kutosha]] hali inayoweza kusababisha kifo.<!-- <ref name=BMJ2003/> --> Hali hii huongeza hatari kwa mama ya kupata [[maambukizi ya uke baada ya kuzaa |maambukizi]], [[kupasuka kwa uterasi]], au [[kuvuja damu baada ya kuzaa].<ref name=BMJ2003>{{cite journal|last1=Neilson|first1=JP|last2=Lavender|first2=T|last3=Quenby|first3=S|last4=Wray|first4=S|title=Obstructed labour.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-bulletin_2003_67/page/191|journal=British medical bulletin|date=2003|volume=67|pages=191-204|pmid=14711764}}</ref> Matatizo ya muda mrefu ya mama yanajumuisha [[fistula ya uzazi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2008S1/> --> Kukwama kwa leba huaminika kusababisha [[leba ya muda mrefu]], wakati awamu  tendeti ya leba inapozaidi saa kumi na mbili.<ref name=WHO2008S1/>

==Visababishi na utambuzi==
Visababisishi vikuu vya kukwama kwa leba hujumuisha: mtoto mkubwa zaidi au  aliyelala kwa namna mbaya tumboni, [[pelvisi]] ndogo, na matatizo katika njia ya uzazi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2008S1/> --> Hali za kulala tumboni zisizo za kawaida hujumuisha [[distosia ya bega]] ambapo bega la upande wa juu halipitii chini ya [[fupa la uzazi]] kwa urahisi.<ref name=WHO2008S1/> Vipengele vya hatari vya pelvisi ndogo hujumuisha [[utapiamlo]] na ukosefu wa miale ya jua hivyo kusababisha [[ukosefu wa vitamini D]].<ref name=WHO2008S2>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=9789241546669|pages=38-44|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=2015-08-17|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hali hii hutokea mara nyingi katika [[ubaleghe]] kwa sababu mara nyingi pelvisi huwa haijakamilika kukua.<ref name=BMJ2003/> Matatizo kwenye njia ya uzazi hujumuisha uke na msamba mwembamba, hali inayoweza kusababishwa na [[ukekektaji]] au [[tyuma]].<ref name=WHO2008S1/>  [[Patografu]] mara nyingi hutumika kufuatilia jinsi leba inavyoendelea na kutambua matatizo.<ref name=BMJ2003/> Hii, pamoja na uchunguzi wa kimwili unaweza kutambua leba iliyokwama.<ref name=WHO2008S3>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=9789241546669|pages=45-52|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=2015-08-17|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

==Udhibiti na epidemiolojia==
Matibabu ya leba yanaweza kuhitaji [[kuzaa kwa njia ya upasuaji]] au [[kuvuta vipande vilivyobakia]] na hata pia [[simfisiotomia |upasuaji wa kufungua simfisisi ya uzazi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2008S6/> --> Hatua nyingine hujumuisha: kuhakikisha mwili wa mwanamke una maji ya kutosha na [[antibiotiki]] ikiwa [[utando wa kifuko cha mimba|tando]] zilipasuka zaidi ya saa 18 zilizopita.<ref name=WHO2008S6>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=9789241546669|pages=89-104|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=2015-08-17|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Barani Afrika na Asia, kukwama kwa leba hutokea kwa wanawake wawili hadi watano wanaozaa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Usha|first1=Krishna|title=Pregnancy at risk : current concepts|date=2004|publisher=Jaypee Bros.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171798261|page=451|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gadYMLeYXOkC&pg=PA451}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2013, hali hii ilisababisha  vifo 19,000 tofauti na vifo 29,000 mwaka wa 1990 (takriban 8% ya visa vyote vya[[vifo vya wanawake wanaozaa|vifo vinavyohusiana na ujauzito]]).<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref><ref name=WHO2008S1>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=9789241546669|pages=17-36|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=2015-08-17|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vifo vingi vinavyosababishwa na hali hii hutokea katika [[mataifa yanayoendelea]].<ref name=BMJ2003/>

==References==
<references />

[[Jamii:Afya]]
[[Jamii:Tiba]]

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