Nemačko doseljavanje na istok

Faze nemačkog istočnog naseljavanja u roze i tri nijanse zelene boje; crna linija predstavlja granicu Svetog rimskog carstva (Nemačke) prema Namislovskom ugovoru iz 1348. godine

Ostsiedlung (doslovno „Istočno naselje“) je termin za ranosrednjovekovnu i visokosrednjovekovnu migraciju etničkih Nemaca na teritorije u istočnom delu Franačke, Istočne Franačke i Svetog Rimskog Carstva i šire; i posledice po razvoj naselja i društvene strukture u područjima naseljavanja. Uglavnom retko i u nekim unutrašnjim oblastima tek relativno nedavno naseljenim slovenskim, baltičkim i finskim narodima, najnaseljenije područje bilo je poznato kao Germania Slavica. Ostali regioni su takođe bili naseljeni, ali ne u toj meri. Nemačko doseljavanje na istok je obuhvatao više modernih i istorijskih regiona kao što su Nemačka istočno od reka Sale i Elbe, države Donja Austrija i Štajerska u Austriji, Livonija, Poljska, Češka, Slovačka, Slovenija, Mađarska i Transilvanija u Rumuniji.^[1]^[2]

Od 1980-ih, istoričari tumače nemačko doseljavanje na istok kao deo građanskog i društvenog razvoja, nazvanog Konsolidacija zemljišta visokog srednjeg veka (нем. Hochmittelalterlicher Landesausbau). U panevropskom procesu intenziviranja od jezgra karolinško-anglosaksonskih zemalja do periferije kontinenta, društva su napredovala u kulturi, religiji, pravu i administraciji, trgovini i poljoprivredi.^[3]

Većina doseljenika nemačkog doseljavanje na istok kretala se pojedinačno, u samostalnim naporima, u više etapa i na različitim rutama. Mnogi naseljenici su bili ohrabreni i pozvani od strane lokalnih prinčeva i regionalnih gospodara,^[4]^[5]^[6] koji su ponekad čak proterivali starosedeoce da bi napravili mesta za nemačke naseljenike.^[а]

Manje grupe migranata prvi put su se preselile na istok tokom ranog srednjeg veka. Veći pohodi doseljenika, koji su uključivali naučnike, monahe, misionare, zanatlije i zanatlije, često pozivane, u neproverljivom broju, prvi put su se pomerili na istok sredinom 12. veka. Vojna teritorijalna osvajanja i kaznene ekspedicije otonskih i salijskih careva tokom 11. i 12. veka ne čine deo ove migracije, pošto ove akcije nisu rezultirale nikakvim značajnim osnivanjem naselja istočno od reka Elbe i Sale. Smatra se da je nemačko doseljavanje na istok bio čisto srednjovekovni događaj, jer se završio početkom 14. veka. Pravne, kulturne, jezičke, verske i ekonomske promene izazvane pokretom imale su dubok uticaj na istoriju istočne centralne Evrope između Baltičkog mora i Karpata do 20. veka.^[8]^[9]^[10]

U 20. veku, nemački nacionalisti (uključujući nacistički pokret)^[11] su u velikoj meri iskorištavali izveštaje o nemačkom naseljavanju da bi opravdali teritorijalne pretenzije Nemačke i da bi demonstrirali navodnu nemačku superiornost nad negermanskim narodima, čija su kulturna, urbana i naučna dostignuća u toj eri bili potkopani, odbačeni ili predstavljeni kao nemački.^[12]^[13]^[14] Posle Prvog svetskog rata (1914–1918), činjenica da su Nemačka i Austrija izgubile deo svojih teritorija na istoku pojavila se kao kontrapunkt nemačkom doseljavanju na istok, jer su neki od Nemaca na istoku postali strani državljani kada njihovi domovi više nisu bili u sastavu Nemačke i Austrije. Nemci na istoku van Nemačke i Austrije nisu proterani, a regionima koje su Nemačka i Austrija izgubile na istoku dominirali su nenemački narodi, tako da nemački gubitak ovde nije bio tako težak kao posle Drugog svetskog rata.

Napomene

^ „Nemačkom naseljavanju u nekim oblastima su prethodila vojna osvajanja i proterivanje starosedelačkog stanovništva. Međutim, drugde su domorodački prinčevi pozivali doseljenike, pa čak i proterivali deo autohtonog stanovništva da ustupe mesto pridošlicama.“^[7]

Reference

^ Alan V. Murray (15. 5. 2017). The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands. Taylor & Francis. стр. 23—. ISBN 978-1-351-88483-9.
^ Nora Berend (15. 5. 2017). The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. Taylor & Francis. стр. 194—. ISBN 978-1-351-89008-3.
^ Christian Lübke. „Ostkolonisation, Ostsiedlung, Landesausbau im Mittelalter” (PDF). MGH-Archive. Приступљено 25. 7. 2020.
^ Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius (9. 12. 2010). The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present – p. 1. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960516-3.
^ Ostsiedlung – ein gesamteuropäisches Phänomen. GRIN Verlag. 25. 5. 2002. ISBN 978-3-640-04806-9. Приступљено 25. 7. 2020.
^ Szabo 2008, стр. 9.
^ Palgrave Macmillan UK 1999, стр. 11.
^ Bartlett 1998, стр. 14.
^ Szabo 2008, стр. 10.
^ Katalin Szende. „Iure Theutonico ? German settlers and legal frameworks for immigration to Hungary in an East-Central European perspective”. Приступљено 28. 9. 2020.
^ "The Slippery Memory of Men": The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450), by Paul Milliman. Brill: Leiden, 2013, page 2 – "There is a huge literature on this topic in Polish and German, which was until recently lumped together with a whole host of other topics (including the peaceful settlement in East Central Europe of Germans and other western Europeans, who had been invited by Slavic lords) as the Drang nach Osten. Because of this term's associations with nineteenth-century nationalism and twentieth-century Nazism, it has for the most part been scrapped, only to be replaced by the deceptively benign 'Ostsiedlung' or the even more problematical 'Ostkolonisation[...]' [...]."
^ The Slippery Memory of Men (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450) by Paul Milliman page 2.
^ Jan M. Piskorski: "The historiography of the so-called 'east colonisation' and the current state of research" in: The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways ...: Festschrift in Honor of Janos M.Bak [Hardcover] Balázs Nagy (Editor), Marcell Sebok (Editor) page 654, 655.
^ The Holocaust as Colonial Genocide: Hitler's 'Indian Wars' in the 'Wild East' – page 38; Carroll P. Kakel III – 2013: "Within National Socialist discourse, the Nazis purposefully and skillfully presented their eastern colonization project as a 'continuation of medieval Ostkolonisation [eastern colonization], celebrated in the language of continuity, legacy, and colonial grandeur".

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[8] „Nemačkom naseljavanju u nekim oblastima su prethodila vojna osvajanja i proterivanje starosedelačkog stanovništva. Međutim, drugde su domorodački prinčevi pozivali doseljenike, pa čak i proterivali deo autohtonog stanovništva da ustupe mesto pridošlicama.“^[7]

[Murray2017-1] Alan V. Murray (15. 5. 2017). The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands. Taylor & Francis. стр. 23—. ISBN 978-1-351-88483-9.

[Berend2017-2] Nora Berend (15. 5. 2017). The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. Taylor & Francis. стр. 194—. ISBN 978-1-351-89008-3.

[3] Christian Lübke. „Ostkolonisation, Ostsiedlung, Landesausbau im Mittelalter” (PDF). MGH-Archive. Приступљено 25. 7. 2020.

[Liulevicius2010-4] Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius (9. 12. 2010). The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present – p. 1. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960516-3.

[5] Ostsiedlung – ein gesamteuropäisches Phänomen. GRIN Verlag. 25. 5. 2002. ISBN 978-3-640-04806-9. Приступљено 25. 7. 2020.

[FOOTNOTESzabo20089-6] Szabo 2008, стр. 9.

[FOOTNOTEPalgrave_Macmillan_UK199911-7] Palgrave Macmillan UK 1999, стр. 11.

[FOOTNOTEBartlett199814-9] Bartlett 1998, стр. 14.

[FOOTNOTESzabo200810-10] Szabo 2008, стр. 10.

[sze-11] Katalin Szende. „Iure Theutonico ? German settlers and legal frameworks for immigration to Hungary in an East-Central European perspective”. Приступљено 28. 9. 2020.

[12] "The Slippery Memory of Men": The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450), by Paul Milliman. Brill: Leiden, 2013, page 2 – "There is a huge literature on this topic in Polish and German, which was until recently lumped together with a whole host of other topics (including the peaceful settlement in East Central Europe of Germans and other western Europeans, who had been invited by Slavic lords) as the Drang nach Osten. Because of this term's associations with nineteenth-century nationalism and twentieth-century Nazism, it has for the most part been scrapped, only to be replaced by the deceptively benign 'Ostsiedlung' or the even more problematical 'Ostkolonisation[...]' [...]."

[Men_1450_page_2-13] The Slippery Memory of Men (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450) by Paul Milliman page 2.

[Many_Devices_page_654,_655-14] Jan M. Piskorski: "The historiography of the so-called 'east colonisation' and the current state of research" in: The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways ...: Festschrift in Honor of Janos M.Bak [Hardcover] Balázs Nagy (Editor), Marcell Sebok (Editor) page 654, 655.

[ReferenceA-15] The Holocaust as Colonial Genocide: Hitler's 'Indian Wars' in the 'Wild East' – page 38; Carroll P. Kakel III – 2013: "Within National Socialist discourse, the Nazis purposefully and skillfully presented their eastern colonization project as a 'continuation of medieval Ostkolonisation [eastern colonization], celebrated in the language of continuity, legacy, and colonial grandeur".

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