Hydrophiinae
| Hydrophiinae Vremenski raspon:
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|---|---|
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| Žuto-trbušna morska zmija (Hydrophis platurus) na plaži u Kostariki | |
| Naučna klasifikacija | |
| Domen: | Eukaryota |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Tip: | Chordata |
| Klasa: | Reptilia |
| Red: | Squamata |
| Podred: | Serpentes |
| Porodica: | Elapidae |
| Potporodica: | Hydrophiinae Smith, 1926 |
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| Opseg morskih zmija je prikazan zelenom bojom, izuzev široko raširene, pelagične žuto-trbušne morske zmije | |
Morske zmije, ili zmije koralnog grebena, su potporodica otrovnih elapidnih zmija, Hydrophiinae, koje nastanjuju morske sredine tokom većeg dela ili celokupnog života. Većina njih je dobro prilagođena potpuno vodenom životu i ne mogu se kretati kopnom, osim roda Laticauda, koji ima ograničeno kretanje kopnom. One se nalaze se u toplim obalskim vodama od Indijskog do Tihog okeana i usko su povezane sa otrovnim kopnenim zmijama u Australiji.[2]
Sve morske zmije imaju repove nalik veslu, a mnoge imaju bočno komprimovana tela koja im daju izgled jegulja. Za razliku od riba, nemaju škrge i moraju redovno da izrone da bi disale. Zajedno s kitovima, spadaju u najpotpunije vodene životinje od svih kičmenjaka koji dišu vazduh.[3] Neke od vrsta ove grupe imaju najmoćnije otrove od svih zmija. Deo njih ima blage dispozicije i ugrizaju samo kad su provocirane, dok su druge puno agresivnije. Trenutno je 17 rodova morskih zmija opisano.[4][5][5]
Sistematika
[уреди | уреди извор]Rodovi
[уреди | уреди извор]- Acanthophis Daudin, 1803
- Aipysurus Lacépède, 1804
- Antaioserpens Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Aspidomorphus Fitzinger, 1843
- Austrelaps Worrell, 1963
- Brachyurophis Günther, 1863
- Cacophis Günther, 1863
- Cryptophis Worrell, 1961
- Demansia Günther, 1858
- Denisonia Krefft, 1869
- Drysdalia Worrell, 1961
- Echiopsis Fitzinger, 1843
- Elapognathus Boulenger, 1896
- Emydocephalus Krefft, 1869
- Ephalophis M. A. Smith, 1931
- Furina A. M. C. Duméril, 1853
- Hemiaspis Fitzinger, 1861
- Hoplocephalus Wagler, 1830
- Hydrelaps Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille, 1801
- Kolpophis M. A. Smith, 1926
- Loveridgelaps McDowell, 1970
- Micropechis Boulenger, 1896
- Neelaps Günther, 1863
- Notechis Boulenger, 1896
- Ogmodon W. C. H. Peters, 1864
- Oxyuranus Kinghorn, 1923
- Parahydrophis Burger and Natsuno, 1974
- Parapistocalamus Roux, 1934
- Parasuta Worrell, 1961
- Paroplocephalus Keogh, Scott and Scanlon, 2000
- Pseudechis Wagler, 1830
- Pseudonaja Günther, 1858
- Rhinoplocephalus F. Müller, 1885
- Salomonelaps McDowell, 1970
- Simoselaps Jan, 1859
- Suta Worrell, 1961
- Thalassophis P. Schmidt, 1852
- Toxicocalamus Boulenger, 1896
- Tropidechis Günther, 1863
- Vermicella Gray in Günther, 1858
Vrste
[уреди | уреди извор]- Acanthophis antarcticus (Shaw and Nodder, 1802)
- Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddodk, Ellis, Doughty, A. Smith and Wüster, 2015
- Acanthophis hawkei Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Acanthophis laevis Macleay, 1878
- Acanthophis praelongus Ramsay, 1877
- Acanthophis pyrrhus Boulenger, 1898
- Acanthophis rugosus Loveridge, 1948
- Acanthophis wellsi Hoser, 1998
- Aipysurus apraefrontalis M. A. Smith, 1926
- Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869
- Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray, 1849)
- Aipysurus foliosquama M. A. Smith, 1926
- Aipysurus fuscus (Tschudi, 1837)
- Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804
- Aipysurus mosaicus Sanders, Rasmussen, Elmburg, Mumpuni, Guinea, Blias, Lee and Fry, 2012
- Aipysurus pooleorum L. A. Smith, 1974
- Aipysurus tenuis Lönnberg and Andersson, 1913
- Antaioserpens albiceps (Boulenger, 1898)
- Antaioserpens warro (De Vis, 1884)
- Aspidomorphus lineaticollis (Werner, 1903)
- Aspidomorphus muelleri (Schlegel, 1837)
- Aspidomorphus schlegelii (Günther, 1872)
- Austrelaps labialis (Jan, 1859)
- Austrelaps ramsayi (Krefft, 1864)
- Austrelaps superbus (Günther, 1858)
- Brachyurophis approximans (Glauert, 1954)
- Brachyurophis australis (Krefft, 1864)
- Brachyurophis campbelli (Kinghorn, 1929)
- Brachyurophis fasciolatus (Günther, 1872)
- Brachyurophis incinctus (Storr, 1968)
- Brachyurophis morrisi (Horner, 1998)
- Brachyurophis roperi (Kinghorn, 1931)
- Brachyurophis semifasciatus Günther, 1863
- Cacophis churchilli Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Cacophis harriettae Krefft, 1869
- Cacophis krefftii Günther, 1863
- Cacophis squamulosus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Cryptophis boschmai (Brongersma and Knaap-van Meeuwen, 1964)
- Cryptophis incredibilis (Wells and Wellington, 1985)
- Cryptophis nigrescens (Günther, 1862)
- Cryptophis nigrostriatus (Krefft, 1864)
- Cryptophis pallidiceps (Günther, 1858)
- Demansia angusticeps (Macleay, 1888)
- Demansia calodera Storr, 1978
- Demansia flagellatio Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Demansia olivacea (Gray, 1842)
- Demansia papuensis (Macleay, 1877)
- Demansia psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)
- Demansia quaesitor Shea in Shea and Scanlon, 2007
- Demansia reticulata (Gray, 1842)
- Demansia rimicola Scanlon in Shea and Scanlon, 2007
- Demansia rufescens Storr, 1978
- Demansia shinei Shea in Shea and Scanlon, 2007
- Demansia simplex Storr, 1978
- Demansia torquata (Günther, 1862)
- Demansia vestigiata (De Vis, 1884)
- Denisonia devisi Waite and Longman, 1920
- Denisonia maculata (Steindachner, 1867)
- Drysdalia coronoides (Günther, 1858)
- Drysdalia mastersii (Krefft, 1866)
- Drysdalia rhodogaster (Jan in Jan and Sordelli, 1873)
- Echiopsis curta (Schlegel, 1837)
- Elapognathus coronatus (Schlegel, 1837)
- Elapognathus minor (Günther, 1863)
- Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 1869
- Emydocephalus ijimae Stejneger, 1898
- Emydocephalus szczerbaki Dotsenko, 2011
- Ephalophis greyae M. A. Smith, 1931
- Furina barnardi (Kinghorn, 1939)
- Furina diadema (Schlegel, 1837)
- Furina dunmalli (Worrell, 1955)
- Furina ornata (Gray, 1842)
- Furina tristis (Günther, 1858)
- Hemiaspis damelii (Günther, 1876)
- Hemiaspis signata (Jan, 1859)
- Hoplocephalus bitorquatus (Jan, 1859)
- Hoplocephalus bungaroides (Schlegel, 1837)
- Hoplocephalus stephensii Krefft, 1869
- Hydrelaps darwiniensis Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis atriceps Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis belcheri (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis bituberculatus W. C. H. Peters, 1873
- Hydrophis brookii Günther, 1872
- Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis cantoris Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis coggeri (Kharin, 1984)
- Hydrophis curtus (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis czeblukovi (Kharin, 1984)
- Hydrophis donaldi Ukuwela, Sanders and Fry, 2012
- Hydrophis elegans (Gray, 1842)
- Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider, 1799)
- Hydrophis gracilis (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis hardwickii (Gray, 1835)
- Hydrophis hendersoni (Boulenger, 1903)
- Hydrophis inornatus (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis jerdonii (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis kingii Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis klossi Boulenger, 1912
- Hydrophis laboutei Rasmussen and Ineich, 2000
- Hydrophis lamberti M. A. Smith, 1917
- Hydrophis lapemoides (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis macdowelli Kharin, 1983
- Hydrophis major (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis mamillaris (Daudin, 1803)
- Hydrophis melanocephalus Gray, 1849
- Hydrophis melanosoma Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis nigrocinctus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis obscurus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis ocellatus Gray, 1849
- Hydrophis ornatus (Gray, 1842)
- Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer, 1855
- Hydrophis pacificus Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis parviceps M. A. Smith, 1935
- Hydrophis peronii (A. M. C. Duméril, 1853)
- Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Hydrophis schistosus Daudin, 1803
- Hydrophis semperi Garman, 1881
- Hydrophis sibauensis Rasmussen, Auliya and Böhme, 2001
- Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis stokesii (Gray, 1846)
- Hydrophis stricticollis Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis torquatus Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis viperinus (P. Schmidt, 1852)
- Hydrophis vorisi Kharin, 1984
- Hydrophis zweifeli (Kharin, 1985)
- Kolpophis annandalei (Laidlaw, 1901)
- Loveridgelaps elapoides (Boulenger, 1890)
- Micropechis ikaheca (Lesson in Duperrey, 1829)
- Neelaps calonotus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Notechis scutatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)
- Ogmodon vitianus W. C. H. Peters, 1864
- Oxyuranus microlepidotus (McCoy, 1879)
- Oxyuranus scutellatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1867)
- Oxyuranus temporalis Doughty, Maryan, Donnellan and Hutchinson, 2007
- Parahydrophis mertoni (Roux, 1910)
- Parapistocalamus hedigeri Roux, 1934
- Parasuta dwyeri (Worrell, 1956)
- Parasuta flagellum (McCoy, 1878)
- Parasuta gouldii (Gray, 1841)
- Parasuta monachus (Storr, 1964)
- Parasuta nigriceps (Günther, 1863)
- Parasuta spectabilis (Krefft, 1869)
- Paroplocephalus atriceps (Storr, 1980)
- Pseudechis australis (Gray, 1842)
- Pseudechis butleri L. A. Smith, 1982
- Pseudechis colletti Boulenger, 1902
- Pseudechis guttatus De Vis, 1905
- Pseudechis pailsei (Hoser, 1998)
- Pseudechis papuanus W. C. H. Peters and Doria, 1878
- Pseudechis porphyriacus (Shaw, 1794)
- Pseudechis rossignolii (Hoser, 2000)
- Pseudechis weigeli (Wells and Wellington, 1987)
- Pseudonaja affinis Günther, 1872
- Pseudonaja aspidorhyncha (McCoy, 1879)
- Pseudonaja guttata (Parker, 1926)
- Pseudonaja inframacula (Waite, 1925)
- Pseudonaja ingrami (Boulenger, 1908)
- Pseudonaja mengdeni Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Pseudonaja modesta (Günther, 1872)
- Pseudonaja nuchalis Günther, 1858
- Pseudonaja textilis (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Rhinoplocephalus bicolor F. Müller, 1885
- Salomonelaps par (Boulenger, 1884)
- Simoselaps anomalus (Sternfeld, 1919)
- Simoselaps bertholdi (Jan, 1859)
- Simoselaps bimaculatus (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Simoselaps littoralis (Storr, 1968)
- Simoselaps minimus (Worrell, 1960)
- Suta fasciata (Rosén, 1905)
- Suta ordensis (Storr, 1984)
- Suta punctata (Boulenger, 1896)
- Suta suta (W. C. H. Peters, 1863)
- Thalassophis anomalus P. Schmidt, 1852
- Toxicocalamus buergersi (Sternfeld, 1913)
- Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O'Shea, Parker and Kaiser, 2015
- Toxicocalamus grandis (Boulenger, 1914)
- Toxicocalamus holopelturus McDowell, 1969
- Toxicocalamus longissimus Boulenger, 1896
- Toxicocalamus loriae (Boulenger, 1898)
- Toxicocalamus mintoni Kraus, 2009
- Toxicocalamus misimae McDowell, 1969
- Toxicocalamus pachysomus Kraus, 2009
- Toxicocalamus preussi (Sternfeld, 1913)
- Toxicocalamus spilolepidotus McDowell, 1969
- Toxicocalamus stanleyanus Boulenger, 1903
- Tropidechis carinatus (Krefft, 1863)
- Vermicella annulata (Gray in Gray, 1841)
- Vermicella intermedia Keogh and S. A. Smith, 1996
- Vermicella multifasciata (Longman, 1915)
- Vermicella snelli Storr, 1968
- Vermicella vermiformis Keogh and S. A. Smith, 1996
Podvrste
[уреди | уреди извор]- Acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus (Shaw and Nodder, 1802)
- Acanthophis antarcticus schistos Wells and Wellington, 1985
- Acanthophis wellsi donnellani Hoser, 2002
- Acanthophis wellsi wellsi Hoser, 1998
- Aspidomorphus muelleri interruptus Brongersma, 1934
- Aspidomorphus muelleri lineatus Brongersma, 1934
- Aspidomorphus muelleri muelleri (Schlegel, 1837)
- Brachyurophis fasciolatus fasciatus (Stirling and Zietz, 1893)
- Brachyurophis fasciolatus fasciolatus (Günther, 1872)
- Brachyurophis semifasciatus semifasciatus Günther, 1863
- Brachyurophis semifasciatus woodjonesii (Thomson, 1934)
- Demansia papuensis melaena Storr, 1978
- Demansia papuensis papuensis (Macleay, 1877)
- Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Storr, 1978
- Demansia psammophis psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)
- Hydrophis caerulescens caerulescens (Shaw, 1802)
- Hydrophis caerulescens hybridus Schlegel, 1844
- Hydrophis jerdonii jerdonii (Gray, 1849)
- Hydrophis jerdonii siamensis (M. A. Smith, 1926)
- Hydrophis ornatus godeffroyi W. C. H. Peters, 1873
- Hydrophis ornatus maresinensis Mittleman, 1947
- Hydrophis ornatus ornatus (Gray, 1842)
- Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi M. A. Smith, 1920
- Hydrophis torquatus diadema Günther, 1864
- Hydrophis torquatus torquatus Günther, 1864
- Micropechis ikaheca fasciatus (Fischer, 1884)
- Micropechis ikaheca ikaheca (Lesson in Duperrey, 1829)
- Notechis scutatus occidentalis Glauert, 1948
- Notechis scutatus scutatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)
- Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Slater, 1956
- Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1867)
- Parasuta spectabilis bushi (Storr, 1988)
- Parasuta spectabilis nullarbor (Storr, 1981)
- Parasuta spectabilis spectabilis (Krefft, 1869)
- Pseudonaja affinis affinis Günther, 1872
- Pseudonaja affinis exilis Storr, 1989
- Pseudonaja affinis tanneri Worrell, 1961
- Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser, 2003
- Pseudonaja textilis textilis (A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron and A. H. A. Duméril, 1854)
- Toxicocalamus preussi angusticinctus (Bogert and Matalas, 1945)
- Toxicocalamus preussi preussi (Sternfeld, 1913)
Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ „Fossilworks: Hydrophiinae”. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 08. 2020. г. Приступљено 30. 07. 2019.
- ^ Hutchings, Pat (2008). The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management. Csiro Publishing. стр. 345. ISBN 9780643099975. „Sea snakes are true reptiles closely related to Australian venomous terrestrial snakes. Indeed, both groups are included in a single subfamily, Hydrophiinae, by most modern herpetologists.”
- ^ Parker HW, Grandison AGC. 1977. Snakes – a natural history. Second Edition. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625. ISBN 0-8014-1095-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-8014-9164-9 (paper).
- ^ „Elapidae”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Приступљено 7. 8. 2007.
- ^ а б Elapidae Архивирано 2008-10-11 на сајту Wayback Machine at the New Reptile Database. Accessed 12 August 2007.
Literatura
[уреди | уреди извор]- Graham JB, Lowell WR, Rubinoff I, Motta J. 1987. Surface and subsurface swimming of the sea snake Pelamis platurus. J. exp. Biol. 127, 27-44. PDF at the [Journal of Experimental Biology]. Accessed 7 August 2007.
- Rasmussen AR. 1997. Systematics of sea snakes; a critical review. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 70, 15-30.
- Smith MA. 1926. Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). British Museum of Natural History, London.
- Voris HK. 1977. A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). Fieldiana Zool. 70, 79-169.
- Whitaker R. 1978. Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. Macmillan India Limited.
Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]
Vikivrste imaju više informacija o članku Hydrophiinae.
- Sea Snakes in Qatar
- Sea Snakes at Scubadoc's Diving Medicine Online. Accessed 6 August 2007.
- Diving Gunung Api: Volcano Of The Sea Snakes
- Alexis Gillham, Man cheats sea snake, Townsville Bulletin, 8 November 2010. Accessed 8 November 2010