Ectoganus

Ectoganus; Временски распон: 57.8–50.5 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N касни палеоцен до рани еоцен
Научна класификација
Домен:	Eukaryota
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Chordata
Класа:	Mammalia
Инфракласа:	Placentalia
Ред:	†Taeniodonta
Натпородица:	†Stylinodontoidea
Породица:	†Stylinodontidae
Потпородица:	†Stylinodontinae
Племе:	†Ectoganini; Cope, 1876
Род:	†Ectoganus; Cope, 1874
Типска врста
	†Ectoganus gliriformis; Cope, 1874
Врсте
	†Ectoganus bighornensis; †Ectoganus copei; †Ectoganus gliriformis; †Ectoganus lobdelli;
Синоними
	синоними рода: Calamodon (Cope, 1874) ; Conicodon (Cope, 1894) ; Dryptodon (Marsh, 1876) ; Lampadophorus (Patterson, 1949) ; синоними врсте: E. bighornensis: Ectoganus copei bighornensis (Schoch, 1981) ; ; E. copei: Ectoganus copei copei (Schoch, 1981) ; ; E. gliriformis: Calamodon arcamaenus (Cope, 1874) ; Calamodon arcamnaeus (Wortman, 1897) ; Calamodon arcamoenus (Cope, 1874) ; Calamodon novomehicanus (Cope, 1874) ; Calamodon simplex (Cope, 1874) ; Conicodon simplex (Cope, 1894) ; Dryptodon crassus (Marsh, 1876) ; Ectoganus gliriformis gliriformis (Schoch, 1981) ; Ectoganus novomehicanus (Cope, 1877) ; Ectoganus simplex (Guthrie, 1967) ; ; E. lobdelli: Ectoganus gliriformis lobdelli (Schoch, 1981) ; Lampadophorus expectatus (Patterson, 1949) ; Lampadophorus lobdelli (Patterson, 1949) ; Psittacotherium lobdelli (Simpson, 1929) ; ;

Ectoganus (Ектоганус — „вањски сјај”) је изумрли род плаценталних сисара из изумрлог племена Ectoganini унутар изумрле потпородице Stylinodontinae и изумрле породице Stylinodontidae, који је у периоду од касног палеоцена до раног еоцена настањивао подручје Сјеверне Америке.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Етимологија назива

Племе:	Поријекло назива од:	Значење назива:
Ectoganini	типског рода Ectoganus и таксономског наставка -ini	вањски сјај

Род:	Поријекло назива од:	Значење назива:
Ectoganus	старогрчке ријечи ектос (стгрч. ἐκτός), која значи вањско и старогрчке ријечи ганос (стгрч. γάνος), која значи сјај	вањски сјај^[13]

Врсте:	Поријекло назива од:	Значење назива:
E. bighornensis	рода Ectoganus и басену Бигхорн у Вајомингу (гдје се налази фосилни локалитет на ком су пронађени фосилни остаци ове врсте)	Ектоганус из басена Бигхорн
E. copei	рода Ectoganus и презимена америчког палеонтолога Едварда Дринкер Коупа	коупов Ектоганус
E. gliriformis	рода Ectoganus латинске ријечи глирес (лат. glires), која значи пух и латинске ријечи форма (лат. forma), што значи облик	Ектоганус сличан пуху
E. lobdelli	рода Ectoganus и презимена приналазача фосилни остатака ове врсте Ј. Ф. Лобдела	лобделов Ектоганус

Опис

Врста Ectoganus gliriformis је достизала дужину од 112,5 до 130 cm и тежину од 35,6 до 109 kg, док је врста Ectoganus copei била дуга око 90 cm у тежила је од 18,2 до 36,4 kg.^[9] Лобања врсте Ectoganus gliriformis је достизала дужину од 25 до 29 cm, док је код врсте Ectoganus copei била дуга 20 cm^[9] и запремина мозга у лобањи код ове врсте је износила 42 ml.^[14]

зуби врсте Ectoganus bighornensis

дио доње вилице врсте Ectoganus copei

илустрација главе врсте
Ectoganus gliriformis

лобања врсте Ectoganus gliriformis

дјелови два очњака врсте Ectoganus lobdelli

Систематика

Класификација

Племе: †Ectoganini (Cope, 1876)
Род: †*Ectoganus* (Cope, 1874)
Врсте:	Распрострањеност фосила и локација:	Временски распон:
†E. bighornensis (Schoch, 1981)^[15]	САД (Вајоминг)^[16]^[17]^[18]	54,9 до 54,7 мил. год.
†E. copei (Schoch, 1981)	САД (Вајоминг)	55,8 до 55,4 мил. год.
†E. gliriformis (Cope, 1874)^[19]	САД (Вајоминг,^[20] Јужна Каролина,^[21] Мериленд^[22] и Нови Мексико^[9])	56,2 до 50,5 мил. год.
†E. lobdelli (Simpson, 1929)^[23]	САД (Вајоминг,^[17]^[18] Јужна Каролина,^[24] Колорадо^[25] и Монтана)	57,8 до 54,7 мил. год.

Филогенија

Доље приказан кладограм представља филогенетске везе рода Ectoganus.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]

Placentalia

Atlantogenata

Boreoeutheria

†Palaeoryctida

†Ambilestes

†Procerberidae

†Alveugena

†Taeniodonta

†Schowalteria

	†Conoryctidae

	†Onychodectidae

†Stylinodontoidea

†Stylinodontidae

†Wortmaniinae

†Stylinodontinae

†Psittacotheriini

†Stylinodontini

†Ectoganini

†Ectoganus

	†Ectoganus bighornensis

	†Ectoganus copei

	†Ectoganus gliriformis

	†Ectoganus lobdelli

Временска распрострањенст рода Ectoganus унутар породице Stylinodontidae

Види још

Референце

^ Cope, E. D. (1876.) "On the Taeniodonta, a new group of Eocene mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Philadelphia 28:39.
^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ E. D. Cope (1894.) "Schlosser on American Eocene Vertebrata in Switzerland." Am. Nat. 28: 585-94.
^ Othniel C. Marsh (1876.) "Notice of new Tertiary mammals, V." The American Journal of Science, Series 3 12: 401--404
^ Patterson, B. (1949.) "A new genus of taeniodonts from the late Paleocene." Fieldiana, Geol., 10: 41-42.
^ Wortman, J. L. (1897.) "The Ganodonta and their relationship to the Edentata." Bulletin of the AMNH; vol. 9, article 6
^ E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
^ Daniel A. Guthrie (1967.) "The mammalian fauna of the Lysite Member, Wind River Formation (early Eocene) of Wyoming." Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 5:1-53
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г Schoch, Robert M. (1986.) "Systematics, functional morphology and macroevolution of the extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta." Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, (42).
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015.
^ S. G. Lucas, R. M. Schoch, and T. E. Williamson (1998.) "Taeniodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages
^ James G. Napoli; Thomas E. Williamson; Sarah L. Shelley; Stephen L. Brusatte (2018). „A Digital Endocranial Cast of the Early Paleocene (Puercan) 'Archaic' Mammal Onychodectes tisonensis (Eutheria: Taeniodonta)”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25 (2): 179—195. PMC 5938319 . PMID 29755252. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9381-1.
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (на језику: енглески). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Schoch R. M. "An endocranial cast of Ectoganus, an early Tertiary taeniodont." J Mammal. 1983;64(1):180–183.
^ R. M. Schoch (1981.) "Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy of the Early Tertiary Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria)" The Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part 2, v. 92
^ K. D. Rose (1981) "The Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and Mammalian Faunal Composition Across the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 26:1-197
^ ^а ^б P. D. Gingerich (1989) "New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 28:1-97
^ ^а ^б K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
^ Cope, Edward D. (1874). „Notes on the Eocene and Pliocene Lacustrine Formations of New Mexico, Including Descriptions of Certain New Species of Vertebrates”. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874. Appendix FF.
^ D. M. Schankler (1980.) "Faunal Zonation of the Willwood Formation in the Central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 24:99-114
^ R. M. Schoch (1998.) "Late Paleocene land-mammals from the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group) of South Carolina." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 88(4):229-245
^ K. D. Rose (2000.) "Land-mammals from the Late Paleocene Aquia Formation: The first early Cenozoic mammals from Maryland." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(4):855-863
^ G. G. Simpson (1929.) "Third contribution to the Fort Union fauna at Bear Creek, Montana." American Museum Novitates 345
^ R. M. Schoch (1985.) "Preliminary description of a new late Paleocene land-mammal fauna from South Carolina, U.S.A." Postilla 196:1-13
^ A. J. Kihm (1984) "Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Boulder: The University of Colorado.
^ J. J. Eberle (1999.) „"Bridging the transition between didelphodonts and taeniodonts."”. Journal of Paleontology. 73 (5): 936—944.
^ Deborah L. Rook, John P. Hunter, Dean A. Pearson, Antoine Bercovici (2010.) „"Lower Jaw of the Early Paleocene Mammal Alveugena and its Interpretation as a Transitional Fossil"”. Journal of Paleontology. 84 (6): 1217—1225.
^ Rook, Deborah L.; Paul Hunter, John (2011). „Phylogeny of the Taeniodonta: Evidence from Dental Characters and Stratigraphy”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 422—427. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..422R. S2CID 83801989. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550364.
^ Rook, D. L.; Hunter, J. P. (2013). „Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1—17. S2CID 17074668. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.
^ Williamson, T. E.; Brusatte, S. L. (2013). Viriot, Laurent, ур. „New Specimens of the Rare Taeniodont Wortmania (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Comments on the Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of "Archaic" Mammals”. PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75886. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875886W. PMC 3786969 . PMID 24098738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075886 .
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.
^ Kynigopoulou, Zoi; Brusatte, Stephen; Fraser, Nicholas; Wood, Rachel; Williamson, Tom; Shelley, Steve (2023). Phylogeny, evolution, and anatomy of Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria) and implications for the mammalian evolution after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction (Теза). University Of Edinburgh. doi:10.7488/ERA/3414. hdl:1842/40653.

Литература

E. D. Cope (1882.) "The characters of the Taeniodonta." The American Naturalist 16:72
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
O. P. Hay (1930.) "Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Carnegie Institution Publications, Washington, 390(II):1-1074
C. L. Gazin (1936.) "Fossil hares from the late Pliocene of southern Idaho." Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83:111-121
M. C. McKenna (1963.) "Primitive Paleocene and Eocene Apatemyidae (Mammalia, Insectivora) and the primate-insectivore boundary." American Museum Novitates 2160

[1] Cope, E. D. (1876.) "On the Taeniodonta, a new group of Eocene mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Philadelphia 28:39.

[2] J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[3] E. D. Cope (1894.) "Schlosser on American Eocene Vertebrata in Switzerland." Am. Nat. 28: 585-94.

[4] Othniel C. Marsh (1876.) "Notice of new Tertiary mammals, V." The American Journal of Science, Series 3 12: 401--404

[5] Patterson, B. (1949.) "A new genus of taeniodonts from the late Paleocene." Fieldiana, Geol., 10: 41-42.

[6] Wortman, J. L. (1897.) "The Ganodonta and their relationship to the Edentata." Bulletin of the AMNH; vol. 9, article 6

[7] E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

[8] Daniel A. Guthrie (1967.) "The mammalian fauna of the Lysite Member, Wind River Formation (early Eocene) of Wyoming." Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 5:1-53

[Schoch1986-9] а ^б ^в ^г Schoch, Robert M. (1986.) "Systematics, functional morphology and macroevolution of the extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta." Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, (42).

[McKenna_&_Bell-10] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015.

[Lucas1998-11] S. G. Lucas, R. M. Schoch, and T. E. Williamson (1998.) "Taeniodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages

[12] James G. Napoli; Thomas E. Williamson; Sarah L. Shelley; Stephen L. Brusatte (2018). „A Digital Endocranial Cast of the Early Paleocene (Puercan) 'Archaic' Mammal Onychodectes tisonensis (Eutheria: Taeniodonta)”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25 (2): 179—195. PMC 5938319 . PMID 29755252. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9381-1.

[13] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (на језику: енглески). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[14] Schoch R. M. "An endocranial cast of Ectoganus, an early Tertiary taeniodont." J Mammal. 1983;64(1):180–183.

[15] R. M. Schoch (1981.) "Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy of the Early Tertiary Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria)" The Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part 2, v. 92

[Rose1981-16] K. D. Rose (1981) "The Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and Mammalian Faunal Composition Across the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 26:1-197

[Gingerich1989-17] а ^б P. D. Gingerich (1989) "New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 28:1-97

[Rose2012-18] а ^б K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122

[19] Cope, Edward D. (1874). „Notes on the Eocene and Pliocene Lacustrine Formations of New Mexico, Including Descriptions of Certain New Species of Vertebrates”. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874. Appendix FF.

[20] D. M. Schankler (1980.) "Faunal Zonation of the Willwood Formation in the Central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 24:99-114

[21] R. M. Schoch (1998.) "Late Paleocene land-mammals from the Williamsburg Formation (Black Mingo Group) of South Carolina." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 88(4):229-245

[22] K. D. Rose (2000.) "Land-mammals from the Late Paleocene Aquia Formation: The first early Cenozoic mammals from Maryland." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113(4):855-863

[23] G. G. Simpson (1929.) "Third contribution to the Fort Union fauna at Bear Creek, Montana." American Museum Novitates 345

[24] R. M. Schoch (1985.) "Preliminary description of a new late Paleocene land-mammal fauna from South Carolina, U.S.A." Postilla 196:1-13

[25] A. J. Kihm (1984) "Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Boulder: The University of Colorado.

[Eberle1999-26] J. J. Eberle (1999.) „"Bridging the transition between didelphodonts and taeniodonts."”. Journal of Paleontology. 73 (5): 936—944.

[Rook2010-27] Deborah L. Rook, John P. Hunter, Dean A. Pearson, Antoine Bercovici (2010.) „"Lower Jaw of the Early Paleocene Mammal Alveugena and its Interpretation as a Transitional Fossil"”. Journal of Paleontology. 84 (6): 1217—1225.

[Rook2011-28] Rook, Deborah L.; Paul Hunter, John (2011). „Phylogeny of the Taeniodonta: Evidence from Dental Characters and Stratigraphy”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 422—427. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..422R. S2CID 83801989. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550364.

[Rook2013-29] Rook, D. L.; Hunter, J. P. (2013). „Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1—17. S2CID 17074668. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.

[Williamson2013-30] Williamson, T. E.; Brusatte, S. L. (2013). Viriot, Laurent, ур. „New Specimens of the Rare Taeniodont Wortmania (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Comments on the Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of "Archaic" Mammals”. PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75886. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875886W. PMC 3786969 . PMID 24098738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075886 .

[Bertrand2022-31] Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.

[Zoi2023-32] Kynigopoulou, Zoi; Brusatte, Stephen; Fraser, Nicholas; Wood, Rachel; Williamson, Tom; Shelley, Steve (2023). Phylogeny, evolution, and anatomy of Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria) and implications for the mammalian evolution after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction (Теза). University Of Edinburgh. doi:10.7488/ERA/3414. hdl:1842/40653.

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